2023年考研考博-考博英語-首都師范大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案

2023年考研考博-考博英語-首都師范大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案第1卷一.綜合題(共25題)1.翻譯題Adynamicviewseestheplusesofchangeaswellastheminuses.Anditappreciateshownew,unforeseentechnologiesorsocialchangescansolvecurrentproblems.Bycontrast,theenvironmentalmovementhasbeenbuiltoncrisisContrarytothedoomsayers,bothpastantipresent,peoplehaveaknackforinnovatingtheirwayoutof"crises"iftheyhaveboththepermissionandtheincentivetodoso.

Wefindthatpeopledevelopedpetroleumaswhaleoilbecamescarce,thatfarmersturnedtodripirrigationaswaterpricesrose,andthatdriversboughtfuel-efficientcarswhengaspriceswentup.Toalargedegree,greenideologyisnotaboutfacts.Itisaboutvalues,andtheenvironmentmovementisaboutenforcingthosevaluesthroughpoliticalaction.—“

Greenpolitics，’’writeBritishgreensJonathanPorrittandDavidWinner,“demandsawhollynewethicinwhichviolent,plunderinghumankindabandonsitsdestructiveways,recognizesitsdependenceonPlanetEarth,andstartslivingonamoreequalfootingwiththerestofnature

Thedangerliesnotonlyintheoddmaverick(—意孤行者)pollutingfactory，industry，ortechnology,butinthefundamentalnatureofoureconomicsystems.Itisindustrialismitself——asuper-ideology,embracedbythecapitalistWestwhichthreatensus.

2.翻譯題Canapersonconsiderhimselfathinking,creative,responsiblecitizenandnotcareabouthistory?Cananinstitutionthatproposestofostersuchattributesdosowithoutincludinghistoryinitscurriculum?Manycollegestudentswouldanswersuchaquestionwithanimmediate"Yes!"Butthosewhoarequicktoanswerdosowithoutreflectingonwhathistorytrulyisandhowandwhyitisimportant.Historyisboring,complainmanystudents.Unfortunately,alotofpeoplepickupabadtasteofhistoryfromtheprimaryandsecondaryschools.Toomanylower-levelhistorycourses(andcollegelevel,too)arerifewithrotememorizationofdatesandeventsdeemedimportantbytheteacherandtextbooks,coupledwithmonotonelecturesthatcouldinducecomasinhyperactivechildren.

InsteadofsimplymakingstudentsmemorizewhenPearlHarborwasattackedbyJapanese,teachersshouldconcentrateoninstillinganunderstandingofwhytheJapanesefelttheyhadnoalternativebuttoattacktheUnitedStates.Historyisadisciplineofunderstanding,notmemorization.Anothercommoncomplaintisthathistoryisunimportant.Buteventhemostfanaticantihistorystudents,iftheywerehonest,wouldhavetoadmitthathistoryisimportantatleastwithinthenarrowconfinesoftheirowndisciplinesofstudy.Whybeanartistifyouaremerelygoingtorepeatthepast(andprobablynotasexpertly,sinceyouwouldhavetospendyourtimeformulatingtheoriesRevolutionagain?Howcouldanyonehopetobeamathematician,orascientist,withoutknowingthefield'shistory?Evenageniusneedsabasefromwhichtobuild.Historyhelpsprovidethatbase.3.單選題Theyhaveconsideredtheirhighstandardoflivinga(n)（

）forpracticingtheirbasicbeliefs.問題1選項(xiàng)A.awardB.rewardC.resultD.consequence4.單選題Whereassuddengreatdisastersareinstantaneous,others,suchasdroughts,are（

）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.cumulativeB.formidableC.eternalD.prospective5.單選題Theremarkable（

）oflifeontheGalapagosIslandsinspiredCharlesDarwintoestablishhistheoryofevolution.問題1選項(xiàng)A.classificationB.varietyC.densityD.diversion6.單選題Althoughsports（

）thehousehold,Joedrewthelinewhentheyinterferedwithfamilytraditionsaroutine.問題1選項(xiàng)A.overwhelmedB.affectedC.dominatedD.influenced7.單選題Exerciseseemstobenefitthebrainpowerofhealthyandsick,youngandold（

）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.alikeB.aliveC.togetherD.included8.單選題Thousandsof（

）atthestadiumcametotheirfeettopaytributetoanoutstandingperformance.問題1選項(xiàng)A.audienceB.participantsC.spectatorsD.observers9.單選題Despitetheirgoodservice,mostinnsarelesscostlythanhotelsof（

）standards.問題1選項(xiàng)A.equivalentB.alikeC.uniformD.likely10.翻譯題Threepassions,simplebutoverwhelminglystrong，havegovernedmylife—thelongingforlove，thesearchforknowledge,andtheunbearablepityforthesufferingofmankind.Thesepassions,likegreatwinds,haveblownmehitherandthither,inawaywardcourse,overadeepoceanofanguish,reachingtotheveryvergeofdespair.Ihavesoughtlove,first,becauseitbringsecstasy—ecstasysogreatthatIwouldoftenhavesacrificedalltherestoflivingforafewhoursofthisjoy.Ihavesoughtit,next,becauseitrelievesloneliness—thatterriblelonelinessinwhichoneshiveringconsciousnesslooksovertherimoftheworldintothecoldunfathomablelifelessabyss.

Ihavesoughtitfinally，becauseintheunionofloveIhaveseentheprefiguringvisionoftheheaventhatsaintsandpoetshaveimagined.ThisiswhatIsought,andthoughitmightseemtoogoodforhumanlife,atlast.Ihavefound.Onefairlycommonreasonisthatparentsoverindulgetheirchildrenoutofasenseofguilt.

Parentswhobothholddownfull-timejobsmayfeelguiltyabouttheamountoftimetheyspendawayfromtheirchildrenandmayattempttocompensatebyshoweringthemwithmaterialpossessions.Otherparentsoverindulgebecausetheywanttheirchildrentohaveeverythingtheyhadwhilegrowingup,alongwiththosethingstheparentsyearnedforbutdidn’tget.Stillothersareafraidtosaynototheirchildren’sendlessrequestsfortoysforfearthattheirchildrenwillfeelunlovedorwillberidiculediftheydon’thavethesameplaythingstheirfriendshave.

TheBritisharethemostvoraciousnewspaperreadersintheworld.Theyreadnewspapersatbreakfast:theywalktothebusreadinganewspaper:theyreadnewspaperonthebus,astheygotowork:andonthewaybackhome,afterwork,theyareengrossedinaneveningnewspaper.Therearemanymorningpapers,bothnationalandprovincial.ThemostfamousisTheTimes.Contrarytowhatmanyforeignersbelieve,thisisnotagovernmentnewspaper.Thevariousnewspapersusuallyhavetheirownviewsonpolitics,buttheyarenotorgansofthepoliticalparties.BoldheadlinesandavarietyofphotographsarefeaturesofBritishpress.Somenewspapers,suchasthesoberDailyTelegraphandtheTimes,usephotographssparingly.Themore“popular”newspapers,suchastheDailyMail,andtheSun,usepicturesextensively.11.單選題In1914,anapparentlyinsignificanteventinaremotepartofEasternEurope（

）Europeintoagreatwar.問題1選項(xiàng)A.imposedB.pitchedC.insertedD.plunged12.單選題TheGovernment'spolicieswillcomeunderclose（

）intheweeksbeforetheelection.問題1選項(xiàng)A.appreciationB.scrutinyC.specificationD.apprehension13.單選題What,besideschildren,connectsmothersaroundtheworldandacrosstheseasoftime?It'schickensoup,oneprominentAmericanfood,expertsays.FromRussianvillagestoAfricaandAsiachickensouphasbeentheremedyforthoseweakinbodyandspiritMotherspassedtheirknowledgeontoancientwritersofGreece.ChinaandRome,andeventhe12thcenturyphilosopherandphysicianMosesMaimonidesextolleditsvirtues.Amongtheancients,Aristotlethoughtpoultryshouldstandinhigherestimationthanfour-leggedanimalsbecausetheairislessdensethantheearthChickensgotanotherboostintheBookofGenesis,whereitiswrittenthatbirdsandfishwerecreatedonthefifthday,adaybeforefour-leggedanimals.ButaccordingtoMimiSheraton,whohasspentmuchofthepastthreeyearsexploringtheworldofchickensoup,muchofthereasonforchicken'srealorimaginedcurativepowerscomesfromitscolor.HerbookTheWholeWorldLovesChickenSouplooksatthebelovedandmysteriousbrew,withdozensofrecipesfromaroundtheworld.Throughouttheages,shesaid,“therehasbeenalotoffeelingthatwhite-coloredfoodsareeasiertoeatfortheweakwomenandtheill.”Inaddition,“soups,oranythingforthatmattereatenwithaspoon,”areconsidered"comfortfoods"Sheratonsaid,“IlovesoupandIlovemakingsoupandasIwascollectingrecipesIbegantoseethisasaninternationaldish...Ithasauniversalmystiqueassomethingcurative,astrengthbuilder,”SheratonsaidfromherNewYorkhome.Herbooktreatstheoldestremedyasifitwasbrandnew.TheNationalBroilerCouncil,thetradegrouprepresentingthechickenindustry,reportedthat51%ofthepeopleitsurveyedsaidtheyboughtchickenbecauseitwashealthier,50%saiditwasversatile,41%saiditwaseconomicaland46%saiditwaslowinfat.1.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthepassage?2.Sinceancienttimes,thevalueofchickensouphasbeen（

）.3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?4.Itcanbesaidfromthesurveythatchickenis（

）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.ProminentAmericanFoodsB.ChickenSoup,aUniversalCure-allC.ChickenSoupRecipesD.HistoryoftheChickenSoup問題2選項(xiàng)A.widelyacknowledgedB.over-estimatedC.appreciatedonlybyphilosophersD.knownonlytomothers問題3選項(xiàng)A.Chickensouphasaverylonghistory.B.Sinceancienttimes,chickensouphasbeenahomeremedy.C.Poultryusuallystandshigherthanfour-leggedanimals.D.Four-leggedanimalsweresaidtobecreatedonthesixthday.問題4選項(xiàng)A.apopularfoodB.amaindishC.cheaperthananyotherfoodD.alloftheabove14.單選題Ahealthydietincludeslotsof（

）naturalfoodwithplentyofproteinsandvitamins.問題1選項(xiàng)A.indigestibleB.wholesomeC.leftoverD.heavy15.單選題Tosurvive,psychologicallyaswellasphysically,humanbeingmustinhabitaworldthatisrelativelyfreeofambiguityandreasonablypredictable.Somesortofstructuremustbeplacedupontheendlessprofusionofincomingsignals.Theinfant,bornintoaworldofflashing,hissing,movingimages,soonlearnstoadaptbyresolvingthischaosintotoysandtables,dogsandparents.Evenadultswhohavehadtheirvisionorhearingrestoredthroughsurgerydescribetheworldasafrighteningandsometimesunbearableexperience;onlyafterdaysofeffortaretheyabletotransformblurandnoiseintomeaningfulandthereforemanageableexperiences.Itiscommonplacetotalkasiftheworld"has"meaning,toaskwhat"is"themeaningofaphrase,agesture,apainting,acontract.Yetwhenthoughtabout,itisclearthateventsaredevoidofmeaninguntilsomeoneassignsittothem.Thereisnoappropriateresponsetoaboworahandshake,ashoutorawhisper,untilitisinterpreted.Adropofwaterandthecolorredhavenomeaning,theysimplyexist.Theaimofhumanperceptionistomaketheworldintelligiblesothatitcanbemanagedsuccessfully;theattributionofmeaningisaprerequisitetoandpreparationforaction.Peopleareneverpassivereceivers,merelyabsorbingeventsofobvioussignificance,butareactiveinassigningmeaningtosensation.Whatanyeventacquiredinthewayofmeaningappearstoreflectatransactionbetweenwhatistheretobeseenorheard,andwhattheinterpreterbringstoitinthewayofpastexperienceandprevailingmotive.Thustheattributionofmeaningisalwaysacreativeprocessbywhichtherawdataofsensationaretransformedtofittheaimsoftheobserver.Thediversityofreactionsthatcanbetriggeredbyasingleexperience-meetingastranger,negotiatingacontract,attendingatextileconferenceisimmense.Eachobserverisforcedtoseeitthroughhisowneyes,interpretitinthelightofhisownvalues,fitittotherequirementsofhisowncircumstances.Asaconsequence,everyobjectandmessageisseenbyeveryobserverfromasomewhatdifferentperspective.Eachpersonwillnotesomefeaturesandneglectothers.EachwillacceptsonicrelationsamongthefactsanddenyothersEachwillarriveatsomeconclusion,tentativeorcertain,asthesoundsandformsresolveintoa"temple"or"barn",a"compliment"or"insult".1.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat（

）.2.Inordertoassignmeaningtoanythingintheworld,oneneedsto（

）.

3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?4.Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthisarticleisto（

）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.theworldisbewilderingtotheinfantandtotheadultalike.B.surgerywillrestoreameaningfulworldtothosewhoundertakeitC.anyresponsetotheworldwouldbeimpossibleifmeaningwerenotfirstassignedtoitD.theworldwillbedevoidofmeaningifpeoplefailtounderstandthespecialincomingsignals問題2選項(xiàng)A.haveafullknowledgeofthestructureoftheworldB.transformtheincomingsignals,withthehelpofpreviousexperiences,sothattheycanserveone'sownpurposeC.differentiateincomingsignalsthatareofsignificanceandthosethatarenotD.beendowedwithcreativeness問題3選項(xiàng)A.OnlyvisualimagescanbeassignedmeaningB.IncomingsignalsexistforthepurposeofconveyingmeaningtopeopleC.AnindividualmighthavetoadapthimselftothediversifiedexperienceinthisworldD.Peoplemayhavedifferentresponsestothesameincomingsignal.問題4選項(xiàng)A.illustratethedifferentperspectivespeoplemaytakeininterpretinganexperienceB.showthatmeaningisbutasubjectivematterC.demonstratehowwecanassignmeaningtotheworldD.arguethatoneneedstohavesomeinsighttounderstandtheworld16.單選題LatinoyouthsneedbettereducationforArizonatotakefulladvantageofthepossibilitiestheirexplodingpopulationoffers.Arizona'sfast-growingLatinopopulationoffersthestatetremendouspromiseandachallenge.Evenmorethantheagingofthebabyboomers,theLatinoboomisfundamentallyreorientingtheslate'seconomicandsocialstructure.Immigrationandnaturalincreasehaveadded600,000youngLatinoresidentstothestate'spopulationinthepastdecade.Halfofthepopulationyoungerthan18inbothPhoenixandTucsonisnowLatino.Within20years,Latinowillmakeuphalfofthehomegrownentry-levellaborpoolinthestate'stwolargestlabormarkets.Whatismore,Hispanicsarebecomingkeyeconomicplayers.Mostpeopledon’tnoticeit,butLatinosborninArizonamakeupmuchoftheirimmigrantparents'economicandeducationaldeficits.Forexample;second-generationMexican-Americanssecureanaverageof12gradesofschoolingwheretheirparentsobtainedlessthannine.Thatmeanstheyerase70percentoftheirparents'lagbehindthird-generationnon-HispanicWhitesinasinglegeneration.Allofthishandsthestateagoldenopportunity.Atatimewhenmanystateswillstrugglewithlaborshortagesbecauseofmodestpopulationgrowth,Arizonahasapricelesschancetobuildapopulous;hardworkingandskilledworkforceonwhichtobasefutureprosperity.TheproblemisthatArizonaanditsLatinoresidentsmaynotbeabletoseizethisopportunity.FartoomanyofArizona'sLatinosdropoutofhighschoolorfailtoobtainthebasiceducationneededformoreadvancedstudy.Asaresult,educationaldeficitsareholdingbackmanyLatinos—andthestateaswell.Tobesure,constructionandlow-endjobscontinuetoabsorbtensofthousandsofLatinoimmigrantswithlittleformaleducation.Butoverthelongterm,mostofArizona'sLatinocitizensremainill-preparedtoprosperinanincreasinglydemandingknowledgeeconomy.Forthisreason,theeducationalupliftofArizona'shugeLatinopopulationmustmovetothecenterofthestate'sagenda.Afterall,theeducationdeficitsofArizona'sLatinopopulationwillseverelycrampthefortunesofhardworkingpeopleiftheygounaddressedandcouldwellundercutthestate'sabilitytocompeteintheneweconomy.Attheentrylevel,slowergrowthratesmaycreatemorecompetitionforlow-skilljobs,displacingLatinosfromasignificantmeansofsupport.Atthehigherend,shortagesofLatinoseducationallyreadytomoveupwillmakeitmuchharderforknowledge-basedcompaniestostaffhigh-skillpositions.1.TheLatinopopulationischangingArizona's（

）.2.Whatcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraph?3."Educationaldeficits"(Line6,Para4)mostprobablymeansthat（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,Arizonashouldgivehighestpriorityto（

）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.agingproblemB.educationalsystemC.economicstructureD.financialdeficits問題2選項(xiàng)A.TheLatinopopulationinArizonaismadeupofHispanicsandMexican-Americans.B.Thefirst-generationLatinosareimmigrantsinsteadofbeingborninAmerica.C.70percentofthefirst-generationLatinoshadlessschoolingthannineyears.D.Theeducationalsystemusedtobeinfavorofthenon-HispanicWhites.問題3選項(xiàng)A.thestatedidnotputmuchmoneyintoeducationB.manyLatinosaretoopoortoobtaineducationC.educationisnotaprofitableenterpriseD.manyLatinosarenotwell-educated問題4選項(xiàng)A.controllingtheLatinopopulationB.enhancingtheeducationalleveloftheLatinopopulationC.improvingtheknowledge-basedeconomyD.buildingtheLatinopopulationintohardworkingandskilledworkforce17.單選題Thisdocumentis（

）unlessitisofficiallystamped.問題1選項(xiàng)A.invalidB.acuteC.deliberateD.confidential18.單選題Theactualprocessbywhichcoalisextractediswell（

）,ifyougetthechanceandarewillingtotakethetrouble.問題1選項(xiàng)A.worthwatchingB.worthtobewatchedC.worthywatchingD.worthytobewatched19.單選題Thenewspapermustprovideforthereaderobjectivelyselectedfacts;Butinthesedaysofcomplexnewsitmustprovideinterpretation,themeaningofthefacts.However,theopponentsofinterpretationinsistthatthewriterandtheeditorshouldconfinethemselves（1）the"facts":Thisinsistence

（2）twoquestions:Whatarethefacts?Arethebarefactsenough?Astothefirstquestion,considerhowaso-called"factual"storycomesabout.Thereportercollects（3）

fiftyfacts;outofthesefiftyhisspace（4）

beingnecessarilyrestricted,heselectsten（5）

heconsidersmostimportant.ThisisJudgmentNumberOne.Thenheorhiseditordecideswhichofthesetenfactsshall（6）

theleadofthepiece.(Thisisanimportantdecisionbecausemanyreadersdonot（7）

eyondthefirstparagraph.)ThisisJudgmentNumberTwo.Thenthenighteditordetermineswhetherthearticleshallbepresentedonpageone,whereithasalargeimpact,（8）

onpagetwenty-four,whereithaslittle.JudgmentNumberThree.Thus,inthepresentationofaso-called"factual"or"objective"story,atleastthreejudgmentsareinvolved.Andtheyarejudgmentsnotatallunlike（9）

involvedininterpretation,inwhichreporterandeditor,calling（10）

theirresearchresources,theirgeneralbackground,andtheir"newsneutralism"arriveataconclusionastothesignificanceofthenews.問題1選項(xiàng)A.withB.byC.throughD.to問題2選項(xiàng)A.raisesB.risesC.arisesD.rouses問題3選項(xiàng)A.speakB.stateC.remarkD.say問題4選項(xiàng)A.agreementB.assignmentC.allotmentD.arrangement問題5選項(xiàng)A.whatB.whichC.howD.whether問題6選項(xiàng)A.determineB.involveC.constituteD.organize問題7選項(xiàng)A.progressB.prolongC.prospectD.proceed問題8選項(xiàng)A.ratherB.thanC.orD.instead問題9選項(xiàng)A.thatB.thisC.theseD.those問題10選項(xiàng)A.upB.offC.uponD.for20.單選題Theserviceoperates36librariesthroughoutthecountry,whilesix（

）librariesspeciallyservethecountryside.問題1選項(xiàng)A.mobileB.driftingC.shiftingD.rotating21.單選題Tosaythatthechildlearnsbyimitationandthatthewaytoteachistosetagoodexampleoversimplifies.Nochildimitateseveryactionhesees.Sometimes,theexampletheparentwantshimtofollowisifporedwhilehetakesovercontrarypatternsfromsomeotherexample.Thereforewemustturntoamoresubtletheorythan"Monkeysee,monkeydo."Lookatitfromthechild'spointofview.Hereheisinanewsituation,lackingareadyresponse.Heisseekingaresponsewhichwillgaincertainends.Ifhelacksareadyresponseforthesituation,andcannotreasonoutwhattodo,heobservesamodelwhoseemsabletogettherightresult.Thechildlooksforanauthorityorexpertwhocanshowwhattodo.Thereisasecondelementatworkinthissituation.Thechildmaybeabletoattainhisimmediategoalonlytofindthathismethodbringscriticismfrompeoplewhoobservehim.Whenshoutingacrossthehouseachieveshisimmediateendofdeliveringamessage,heistoldemphaticallythatsucharacket(叫嚷)isunpleasant,thatheshouldwalkintothenextroomandsayhissayquietly.Thus,thedesiretosolveanyobjectivesituationisoverlaidwiththedesiretosolveitproperly.Oneoftheearlythingsthechildlearnsisthathegetsmoreattentionandapprovalwhenhisparentslikehisresponse.Thenotheradultsrewardsomeactionsandcriticizeothers.Ifoneistomaintainthesupportofothersandhisownself-respect,hemustadoptresponseshissocialgroupapproves.Infindingtrialresponses,thelearnerdoesnotchoosemodelsatrandom.Heimitatesthepersonwhoseemsagoodpersontobelike,ratherthanapersonwhosesocialstatushewishestoavoid.Ifthepupilwantstobeagoodviolinist,hewillobserveandtrytocopythetechniquesofcapableplayers,whilesomeotherpersonmaymostinfluencehisapproachtobooks.Admirationofonequalityoftenleadsustoadmireapersonasawhole,andhebecomesanidentifyingfigure.Weusepeopleasmodelsoverawiderangeofsituations,imitatingmuchthattheydo.Welearnthattheyaredependableandrewardingmodelsbecauseimitatingthemleadstosuccess.1.Forachildthefirstelementinhislearningis（

）.2.Apartfromachievinghisdesiredresult,achildshouldalsolearnto（

）.

3.Childrentendtoimitatethemodels（

）.

4."Anidentifyingfigure"(Line2,Para.5)referstoaperson（

）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.theneedtofindanauthorityB.theneedtofindawaytoachievethedesiredresultC.theneedformoreaffectionfromhisparentsD.thedesiretomeetthestandardsofhissocialgroup問題2選項(xiàng)A.behaveproperlyB.attainhisgoalassoonaspossibleC.showhisaffectionforhisparentsD.talkquietly問題3選項(xiàng)A.whodonotcriticizethemB.whobringthemunexpectedrewardsC.whomtheywanttobelikeD.whosesocialstatusishigh問題4選項(xiàng)A.whoservesasamodelforothersB.whoisalwayssuccessfulC.whocanbedependeduponD.whohasbeenrewardedforhissuccess22.單選題Ifwecontinuetoargueoverminorpointswewon’tget（

）nearasolution.問題1選項(xiàng)A.somewhereB.nowhereC.anywhereD.everywhere23.單選題Thoughshewasnotaprofessionalwriter,shebecamean（

）memberoftheWriter’sAssociation.問題1選項(xiàng)A.honourB.honourableC.honouredD.honorary24.單選題Sincethecouplecouldn't（

）theirdifference,theydecidedtogetadivorce.問題1選項(xiàng)A.reviseB.resumeC.reconcileD.repel25.單選題（

）thecaraccident,theywouldhavearrivedearlier.問題1選項(xiàng)A.ExceptforB.ButforC.BesidesD.Savefor第1卷參考答案一.綜合題1.【答案】（1）動(dòng)態(tài)的觀點(diǎn)既能看到變化的好處，也能看到變化的壞處。它還贊賞新技術(shù)或不可預(yù)見的社會(huì)變革如何能夠解決當(dāng)前的問題。（2）我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)鯨油變得匱乏時(shí)，人們開發(fā)了石油；當(dāng)水價(jià)上漲時(shí)，農(nóng)民轉(zhuǎn)而采用了滴灌；當(dāng)油價(jià)上漲時(shí)，司機(jī)們紛紛購買了節(jié)能車。（3）在很大程度上，綠色觀念是與事實(shí)無關(guān)的，而是關(guān)于價(jià)值觀的。而環(huán)保運(yùn)動(dòng)則是通過政治行動(dòng)實(shí)施這些價(jià)值觀。（4）“綠色政治”，綠色行動(dòng)者JonathanPorritt和DavidWinner寫道，“需要一套全新的道德觀。在這種道德觀的指導(dǎo)下，殘忍掠奪成性的人類可以放棄破壞性的方式，認(rèn)識(shí)到自己對(duì)地球的依賴，開始和其他生物平等共處……”（5）危險(xiǎn)不僅僅來自于一意孤行污染環(huán)境的工廠、工業(yè)或技術(shù)，還來自于我們經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的基本性質(zhì)。2.【答案】（1）一個(gè)人可以自認(rèn)為是有思想、有創(chuàng)造性、有責(zé)任心的人，卻對(duì)歷史毫不在意嗎？一所提倡培養(yǎng)人的這類優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)的學(xué)院會(huì)沒有歷史課程嗎？（2）很多低年級(jí)的歷史課程（甚至是大學(xué)的歷史課程）都只是要求學(xué)生對(duì)老師和教科書認(rèn)為重要的歷史日期和事件進(jìn)行死記硬背，還伴隨著枯燥乏味的講課，使原本思想活躍的學(xué)生都變得昏昏欲睡。（3）老師們不宜讓學(xué)生只是簡單記住日本偷襲珍珠港事件的時(shí)間，還應(yīng)該將日本為何別無選擇地襲擊美國的原因慢慢灌輸給學(xué)生，最終讓他們理解。（4）然而，即使是那些十分盲目地反對(duì)歷史的學(xué)生，只要他們還算誠實(shí)，也不得不承認(rèn)，至少在他們自己所學(xué)的學(xué)科中，歷史對(duì)他們來說是重要的。（5）如果一個(gè)人不知道數(shù)學(xué)界或科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的歷史，他又怎能有望成為數(shù)學(xué)家或者科學(xué)家呢？即使是頗有天賦的人，也需要有一個(gè)良好的基礎(chǔ)去發(fā)展成為天才。歷史就是幫助打牢基礎(chǔ)的關(guān)鍵因素。3.【答案】B【解析】考查名詞辨析。award獎(jiǎng)，獎(jiǎng)品；reward回報(bào)，獎(jiǎng)賞，常與for搭配；result結(jié)果；consequence后果。句意：他們認(rèn)為自己的高生活水準(zhǔn)是對(duì)他們踐行基本信仰的一種回報(bào)。由空格前后部分的句意可知B項(xiàng)符合題意。答案B4.【答案】A【解析】考查形容詞辨析。cumulative累積的，漸增的；formidable可怕的，強(qiáng)大的；eternal永恒的，不朽的；prospective預(yù)期的，未來的。句意：盡管突發(fā)的大災(zāi)難是瞬間的，然而其他災(zāi)難，比如干旱卻是___。由whereas表示對(duì)比關(guān)系可知此空應(yīng)選與“instantaneous即刻的，即時(shí)的”意思相反的詞，故A項(xiàng)“累積的”符合題意，答案A5.【答案】B【解析】考查名詞辨析。classification“分類，類別”；variety“多樣化”；density“密度”；diversion“轉(zhuǎn)移，消遣”。句意：加拉帕戈斯群島上生物顯著的多樣性激發(fā)了達(dá)爾文去建立自己的進(jìn)化論。由后半句“激發(fā)了達(dá)爾文去建立自己的進(jìn)化論”可推知該島上的生物是多樣的。答案B6.【答案】C【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。overwhelm淹沒，壓垮；affected影響；dominate控制，在…中占主要地位；influenced影響。句意：盡管運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)家庭有決定性影響，Joe認(rèn)為當(dāng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)擾亂了家庭傳統(tǒng)與日常生活時(shí)，應(yīng)該拒絕運(yùn)動(dòng)。由although可推知前后性質(zhì)相反，后半句提到了“interferedwith…干擾…”是屬于不利的一面，故前半句應(yīng)為好的一面。故C項(xiàng)正確。7.【答案】A【解析】考查形容詞辨析。alike同樣的；alive活著的，有生氣的；together一起；included包括在內(nèi)的。句意：運(yùn)動(dòng)似乎對(duì)他們的腦力有益，無論對(duì)健康的人、生病的人，還是年輕人、老人都一樣。A項(xiàng)符合句意，答案A。8.【答案】C【解析】考查名詞辨析。audience聽眾；participant參與者；spectator觀眾，看客；observer觀察者。句意：體育場內(nèi)成千上萬的觀眾起立，向這場出色的表演致敬。此句語境為去體育場觀看表演，所以主體為觀眾。答案C9.【答案】A【解析】考查形容詞辨析。equivalent“同等的”；alike“相似的，相同的”；uniform“統(tǒng)一的”；likely“很可能的”。由despite表讓步關(guān)系，以及后半句中的innsarelesscostlythanhotels可推知在同等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條件下才能將旅館與酒店的收費(fèi)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。句意：盡管旅館的服務(wù)很好，但是大多數(shù)旅館的收費(fèi)相比同等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的酒店更低。答案A10.【答案】（1）對(duì)愛的渴望，對(duì)知識(shí)的追求，對(duì)人類苦難的難以承受的同情，是支配我一生的單純而強(qiáng)烈的三種感情。（2）我最終找到了愛，因?yàn)樵趷鄣慕Y(jié)合中，我看到了古今圣賢以及詩人們所夢想的天堂，這正是我所追尋的人生境界。雖然它對(duì)一般的人類生活也許太美好了，但這正是我透過愛情所得到的最終發(fā)現(xiàn)。（3）全職工作的父母可能會(huì)為自己許多時(shí)間不在孩子的身邊而感到內(nèi)疚，從而可能通過給孩子買大量東西來補(bǔ)償。（4）英國人是世界上最如饑似渴的讀者。在吃早飯時(shí)，在去趕公交車的路上，在去上班的公交車上他們都讀報(bào)，而在下班回家的路上，他們會(huì)全神貫注地讀晚報(bào)。（5）不同的報(bào)紙通常有自己的政治觀點(diǎn)，但他們不是政治黨派的人。醒目的標(biāo)題和各種各樣的照片是英國新聞界的特色。11.【答案】D【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。impose強(qiáng)加，征稅；pitch投擲，傾斜；insert插入；plunge跳入，使陷入。句意：1914年，東歐一件明顯微不足道的小事讓整個(gè)歐洲陷入一場大戰(zhàn)爭中。由insignificantevent與agreatwar可知兩者存在聯(lián)系，即小事件引起大戰(zhàn)爭，D項(xiàng)符合題意。答案D12.【答案】B【解析】考查名詞辨析。appreciation“欣賞，感謝”；scrutiny“審查，細(xì)看”；specification“規(guī)格，說明書”；apprehension“理解”。句意：選舉前的幾周，政府的政策將會(huì)接受詳細(xì)審查。由Government’spolicies及close“嚴(yán)密的”可知B項(xiàng)“審查”能與之搭配。答案B13.【答案】第1題:B第2題:A第3題:C第4題:A【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。由第二段“FromRussianvillagestoAfricaandAsiachickensouphasbeentheremedyforthoseweakinbodyandspirit.MotherspassedtheirknowledgeontoancientwritersofGreece,ChinaandRome,andeventhe12thcenturyphilosopherandphysicianMosesMaimonidesextolleditsvirtues.從俄羅斯的村莊到非洲和亞洲，雞湯一直是那些身體和精神虛弱的人的良藥。母親們把她們的知識(shí)傳給了古希臘，中國和羅馬的作家，甚至12世紀(jì)的哲學(xué)家和醫(yī)生摩西?邁蒙尼德都贊美它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。”全文都在贊頌雞湯的治愈力。答案B。其他選項(xiàng)不能體現(xiàn)文章主旨。第2題:推理判斷題。由第一段以及第二段“FromRussianvillagestoAfricaandAsiachickensouphasbeentheremedyforthoseweakinbodyandspirit…MosesMaimonidesextolleditsvirtues.從俄羅斯的村莊到非洲和亞洲，雞湯一直是那些身體和精神虛弱的人的良藥。母親們把她們的知識(shí)傳給了古希臘，中國和羅馬的作家，甚至12世紀(jì)的哲學(xué)家和醫(yī)生摩西?邁蒙尼德都贊美它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)?！笨芍u湯的價(jià)值流傳已久，廣為人知。故A項(xiàng)正確。第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。從文章第三段“Aristotlethoughtpoultryshouldstandinhigherestimationthanfour-leggedanimalsbecausetheairislessdensethantheearth.亞里士多德認(rèn)為家禽應(yīng)該比四條腿的動(dòng)物站得更高，因?yàn)榭諝獾拿芏缺鹊厍蛐?。”這只是亞里士多德的猜想，并非事實(shí)，故C項(xiàng)內(nèi)容錯(cuò)誤。答案C第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。從最后一段可知，調(diào)查表明雖然人們購買雞肉的原因不同，但卻側(cè)面說明雞肉是一種受歡迎的食物。C和D不符合常識(shí)，B項(xiàng)文中未提及。答案A14.【答案】B【解析】考查形容詞辨析。indigestible難消化的；wholesome益于健康的；leftover剩余的，殘留物。句意：健康的飲食包含許多益于健康的純天然食物，這些食物含有豐富的蛋白質(zhì)和維生素。根據(jù)healthydiet可知空格處應(yīng)填B，答案B15.【答案】第1題:C第2題:B第3題:D第4題:B【解析】第1題:推理判斷題。由第二段最后一句“Theaimofhumanperceptionistomaketheworldintelligiblesothatitcanbemanagedsuccessfully;theattributionofmeaningisaprerequisitetoandpreparationforaction.人類感知的目的是使世界變得可理解，以便成功地管理世界;意義的歸屬是行動(dòng)的前提和準(zhǔn)備?！笨芍狢項(xiàng)“如果世界沒有提前被賦予具體意義，那么對(duì)于世界的任何反應(yīng)都是不可能的”正確。第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第三段可知“whattheinterpreterbringstoitinthewayofpastexperienceandprevailingmotive.Thustheattributionofmeaningisalwaysacreativeprocessbywhichtherawdataofsensationaretransformedtofittheaimsoftheobserver.這是解釋者根據(jù)過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普遍的動(dòng)機(jī)而得出的結(jié)論。因此，意義的歸屬始終是一個(gè)創(chuàng)造性的過程，通過這個(gè)過程，原始的感覺被轉(zhuǎn)化為符合觀察者的目標(biāo)?！贝鸢窧第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第四段“everyobjectandmessage