內(nèi)燃機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)說(shuō)明書(shū)畢業(yè)論文

沈陽(yáng)理工大學(xué)課程設(shè)計(jì)論文·目錄1柴油機(jī)基本參數(shù)的選定 11.1柴油機(jī)基本參數(shù)選用 11.1.1柴油機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)指示 11.2.2柴油機(jī)基本結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的選用 12柴油機(jī)近似熱計(jì)算 32.1燃料燃燒熱化學(xué)計(jì)算 32.2換氣過(guò)程計(jì)算 42.3壓縮過(guò)程計(jì)算 42.4燃燒過(guò)程計(jì)算 52.5膨脹過(guò)程計(jì)算 82.6示功圖繪制 92.7柴油機(jī)性能指標(biāo)計(jì)算 103活塞的設(shè)計(jì) 123.1活塞的工作條件 123.2活塞設(shè)計(jì)要求 123.3活塞的材料 133.4活塞主要尺寸設(shè)計(jì) 133.5活塞三維實(shí)體建模 133.6活塞二維圖的繪制 154動(dòng)力計(jì)算 174.1活塞位移、速度、加速度的計(jì)算 174.2活塞連桿作用力分析 184.3曲柄銷(xiāo)載荷和連桿軸承載荷 204.3.1曲柄銷(xiāo)載荷 204.3.2連桿軸承載荷 214.4總切向力的計(jì)算 224.5校核指示功率和有效功率 221柴油機(jī)基本參數(shù)的選定1.1柴油機(jī)基本參數(shù)選用1.1.1柴油機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)指示設(shè)計(jì)一臺(tái)新的四沖程非增壓柴油機(jī)，必須提出設(shè)計(jì)指示。（1）功率Pe有效功率是柴油機(jī)基本性能指標(biāo)。Pe由柴油機(jī)的用途選定，任務(wù)書(shū)已經(jīng)指定所需柴油機(jī)有效功率Pe=132kw。（2）轉(zhuǎn)速n轉(zhuǎn)速的選用既要考慮被柴油機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的工作機(jī)械的需要，也要考慮轉(zhuǎn)速對(duì)柴油機(jī)自身工作的影響。一般車(chē)用柴油機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速為2000r/min--4000r/min,本設(shè)計(jì)中的柴油機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速為n=2900r/min，（3）沖程數(shù)τ本設(shè)計(jì)中的車(chē)用柴油機(jī)都采用四沖程，即τ=4。（4）平均有效壓力Pme平均有效壓力表示每一循環(huán)中單位氣缸工作容積所做的有效功，是柴油機(jī)的強(qiáng)化指標(biāo)之一，一般車(chē)用柴油機(jī)的平均有效壓力為0.55Mpa--1.0Mpa，本設(shè)計(jì)中的柴油機(jī)平均有效壓力Pme=0.825Mpa。（5）有效燃油消耗率be這是柴油機(jī)最重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)性指標(biāo)。影響柴油機(jī)經(jīng)濟(jì)性地因素很多，在設(shè)計(jì)中要仔細(xì)分析。四沖程非增壓柴油機(jī)有效燃油消耗率為195--285g/kw?h。（6）可靠性和壽命可靠性和壽命是車(chē)用柴油機(jī)的基本要求之一，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)必須提出具體指標(biāo)，但本課程設(shè)計(jì)從略。1.2.2柴油機(jī)基本結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的選用由有效功率計(jì)算公式：Pe=，可知由于Pe、Pme、n、τ已選定，則柴油機(jī)的總排量：i×Vs===6.618L下一步設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)選定柴油機(jī)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)：氣缸直徑d、活塞行程S、缸數(shù)i及其他一些參數(shù)。（1）氣缸直徑d氣缸直徑d的選取影響柴油機(jī)的尺寸和重量，還影響柴油機(jī)的機(jī)械負(fù)荷和熱負(fù)荷。為了系列化，常選用固定的缸徑系列。任務(wù)書(shū)規(guī)定了柴油機(jī)的缸徑d=113mm。（2）活塞行程S增大活塞行程S使活塞平均速度提高，機(jī)械負(fù)荷加大一般車(chē)用柴油機(jī)的Vm≦14m/s；同時(shí)S也是柴油機(jī)基本結(jié)構(gòu)指標(biāo)S/d的決定因素，車(chē)用柴油機(jī)的S/d=1.0--1.3。本設(shè)計(jì)給出的S=110mm，S/d=105/98=1.07,Vm===10.63m＜14m滿(mǎn)足要求。（3）氣缸數(shù)i及氣缸排列方式由于i×Vs=6.618L而Vs=·d2·S=×(113)2×110×10=1.103L所以i===6，并且采用直列的氣缸排列方式。（4）連桿長(zhǎng)度L與曲軸連桿比λ=R/L連桿長(zhǎng)度加大,會(huì)使柴油機(jī)總高度增加；雖然連桿擺角減小，側(cè)壓力減小，但效果不明顯；而且連桿重量加大，往復(fù)慣性力加大。因而盡量采用短連桿，一般λ值在1/3--1/5之間。選取連桿長(zhǎng)L=200mm，而R=S/2=55mm，則λ=0.25在要求范圍之內(nèi)。（5）氣缸中心距l(xiāng)o及其與氣缸直徑之比lo/dlo/d影響柴油機(jī)的長(zhǎng)度尺寸和重量指標(biāo)，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)力求縮小lo/d的值。Lo/d值得影響因素可從曲軸中心線(xiàn)方向的尺寸分配和氣缸上部的尺寸分配兩方面分析，一般其值為1.2--1.6。選取lo/d=1.3則lo=148mm。（6）壓縮比ε選用壓縮比ε也就是選用燃燒室容積。選用壓縮比時(shí)要考慮柴油機(jī)的經(jīng)濟(jì)性能、工作可靠性、冷啟動(dòng)性能等。任務(wù)書(shū)給定的ε在18--23，選取ε=202柴油機(jī)近似熱計(jì)算柴油機(jī)工作過(guò)程熱計(jì)算是對(duì)柴油機(jī)各工作過(guò)程中工質(zhì)的狀態(tài)參數(shù)、主要性能指標(biāo)進(jìn)行計(jì)算，并繪制示功圖。通過(guò)熱計(jì)算可以分析各工作過(guò)程的影響因素，找出提高動(dòng)力性和經(jīng)濟(jì)性的途徑，又為動(dòng)力計(jì)算、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)提供數(shù)據(jù)。柴油機(jī)實(shí)際循環(huán)熱計(jì)算有近似熱計(jì)算和模擬熱計(jì)算二種。本設(shè)計(jì)要求進(jìn)行近似熱計(jì)算。2.1燃料燃燒熱化學(xué)計(jì)算理論空氣量LoLo=(千摩爾/千克柴油） （2-1）燃料采用輕柴油=0.87，=0.126，=0.004輕柴油低熱值=41860千焦/千克計(jì)算得：Lo=0.4946(千摩爾/千克柴油）新鮮空氣量 =（千摩爾/千克） （2-2）其中—過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)，自選=1.2-1.8選取=1.5，可計(jì)算處=0.7419（千摩爾/千克）燃燒產(chǎn)物 （千摩爾/千克）（2-3）計(jì)算得：=0.775（摩爾/千克）理論分子變更系數(shù)===1.026實(shí)際分子變更系數(shù) =（2-4）其中，—?dú)堄鄰U氣系數(shù)，自選=0.03-0.06選取=0.05，可計(jì)算得=1.0262.2換氣過(guò)程計(jì)算排氣終點(diǎn)壓力（缸內(nèi)廢氣壓力）PrPr=0.103-0.108()（選取Pr=0.105）氣缸內(nèi)排氣溫度（殘余廢氣溫度）TrTr=700-900(K)進(jìn)氣終點(diǎn)壓力PaPa=0.08-0.095（）進(jìn)氣終點(diǎn)溫度TaTa=320-350(K)（選取Ta=340K）充量系數(shù) =（要求=0.8-0.9）（2-5）選取Pa=0.088，=0.85，可計(jì)算出=0.8522.3壓縮過(guò)程計(jì)算平均多變壓縮指數(shù)=1.34-1.39（選取=1.38）壓縮過(guò)程中任意曲軸轉(zhuǎn)角時(shí)的壓力(畫(huà)示功圖用) =Pa() （2-6）其中：—進(jìn)氣終點(diǎn)氣缸容積==—對(duì)應(yīng)于時(shí)的氣缸容積。 =（見(jiàn)附錄） （2-7）式中：R—曲柄半徑，R=S/2=55mmλ—曲柄連桿比，λ=R/L=1/4=(L)壓縮終點(diǎn)充量的狀態(tài)參數(shù)壓力：（）溫度：（K）2.4燃燒過(guò)程計(jì)算熱量利用系數(shù)熱量利用系數(shù)表示燃燒熱量被工質(zhì)吸收多少的程度。由于不完全燃燒、傳熱損失、高溫分解、節(jié)流損失等因素，燃料燃燒所發(fā)出的熱量中只有一部分被工質(zhì)吸收。燃燒終點(diǎn)的熱量利用系數(shù)在此范圍內(nèi)選?。?0.80-0.88。本設(shè)計(jì)選取=0.85燃燒最高壓力按結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)度及壽命要求選取，=5-9，本設(shè)計(jì)選取=8.5壓力升高比=符合本設(shè)計(jì)中要求的=1.4-1.8。燃燒最高溫度1）工質(zhì)的平均等容摩爾熱容和平均等壓摩爾熱容間有如下的關(guān)系： =+8.313（kJ/kmol?K） （2-8）工質(zhì)的平均等壓摩爾熱容按下列方法計(jì)算：查圖法：由圖1按過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)查出查表插值計(jì)算法：摘自《柴油機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)（上）》圖2-1等壓摩爾熱容曲線(xiàn)表2-1等摩爾熱容表T（K）1.03.0∞67332.10031.73631.47231.28431.11230.88630.72330.60129.79787332.96332.56532.27232.05031.86231.57731.40131.27530.413107333.83833.41933.06332.84532.64932.36432.17632.02131.037127334.62534.13533.85433.59533.36533.03432.82532.67831.606147335.34134.84334.46634.19433.95933.64533.41933.23934.121167335.97735.44135.07734.81334.54134.19833.96333.78732.586187336.54735.98135.56735.26135.02334.66734.39934.23132.988207337.04536.46336.08235.76835.46235.09434.81334.64633.344227337.40836.87036.46736.10335.85235.45435.17834.98133.658燃燒方程 （2-9）其中：—壓縮終點(diǎn)新鮮空氣和殘余廢氣混合氣的平均等壓摩爾熱容，按下列方法計(jì)算：（2-9）當(dāng)=∞時(shí)，查表得：(kJ/mol·K)-8.313=30.72-8.313≈22.41(kJ/mol·K)當(dāng)=1.6時(shí)，查表得：(kJ/mol·K)(kJ/mol·K)所以：=22.49(kJ/mol·K)=30.80(kJ/mol·K)設(shè)=2050K，則代入公式得到方程兩邊的誤差為0.6％。符合本設(shè)計(jì)要求的誤差在5％一下的條件。燃燒終點(diǎn)的體積和初期膨脹比ρ初期膨脹比：ρ==燃燒終點(diǎn)容積： （2-10）計(jì)算得到的ρ符合本設(shè)計(jì)要求：ρ=1.1-1.72.5膨脹過(guò)程計(jì)算平均多變膨脹指數(shù)=1.25-1.30選取=1.26膨脹過(guò)程中任意曲軸轉(zhuǎn)角時(shí)的氣體壓力（見(jiàn)附錄） （2-11）后期膨脹比δ=20/1.448=13.8膨脹過(guò)程終點(diǎn)狀態(tài)參數(shù)壓力：()溫度：（K）2.6示功圖繪制理論示功圖繪制根據(jù)各過(guò)程計(jì)算結(jié)果可以繪制出柴油機(jī)實(shí)際循環(huán)的理論示功圖，其中燃燒過(guò)程按等容-等壓過(guò)程繪制。理論示功圖的理論循環(huán)指示功按下式計(jì)算：1.114（kJ)按示功圖上縱橫坐標(biāo)比例：壓力值/格，容積值/格，可以算出對(duì)應(yīng)的方格數(shù)=100實(shí)際示功圖繪制理論示功圖沒(méi)有考慮下列的因素的影響，因而必須進(jìn)行修正得到實(shí)際的示功圖：沒(méi)有考慮進(jìn)排氣過(guò)程。雖然泵氣損失并入機(jī)械損失，不計(jì)入指示功，但為了示功圖的完整，根據(jù)進(jìn)氣終點(diǎn)壓力和排氣壓力近似畫(huà)出進(jìn)排氣過(guò)程線(xiàn)。點(diǎn)火提前，噴油提前的影響：壓力急劇的升高應(yīng)該從上止點(diǎn)前就開(kāi)始。燃燒規(guī)律的影響：燃燒過(guò)程壓力線(xiàn)應(yīng)連續(xù)、圓滑，燃燒最高壓力出現(xiàn)在上止點(diǎn)后10o左右。排氣閥提前開(kāi)啟的影響：在下止點(diǎn)前壓力就開(kāi)始下降，即壓力線(xiàn)圓滑過(guò)渡到排氣線(xiàn)。整個(gè)過(guò)程的換氣也應(yīng)修圓。修圓后實(shí)際示功圖的循環(huán)指示功比理論示功圖小。計(jì)算因修圓而減少的方格數(shù),即可求出示功圖的豐滿(mǎn)系數(shù)。，一般=0.92-0.99。選取=0.98，則算出=2P-φ示功圖的繪制用作圖法轉(zhuǎn)換：圖中：偏移量氣體壓力列表按曲軸轉(zhuǎn)角5o間隔，列出氣體壓力隨曲軸轉(zhuǎn)角φ的變化表格，可合并在動(dòng)力計(jì)算中列出。（詳見(jiàn)附錄）圖2-2P-φ2.7柴油機(jī)性能指標(biāo)計(jì)算平均只是壓力=0.9696（MPa）指示功、指示熱效率和指示耗油率(g/kw·h)3.機(jī)械效率的選取是熱計(jì)算的關(guān)鍵，本設(shè)計(jì)選取=0.83有效功率、有效熱效率、有效平均壓力及有效油耗率（MPa）(誤差為2.3％，符合設(shè)計(jì)要求)（MPa）（誤差為3.2％，符合設(shè)計(jì)要求）3（在0.3-0.43之間符合設(shè)計(jì)要求）=230.5（g/kw·h）(在195-285之間符合設(shè)計(jì)要求)3活塞的設(shè)計(jì)3.1活塞的工作條件高溫導(dǎo)致熱負(fù)荷大活塞在氣缸內(nèi)工作時(shí)，其頂面承受瞬變高溫燃?xì)獾淖饔?，?huì)有很高的溫度。柴油機(jī)活塞的熱負(fù)荷尤為嚴(yán)重，因?yàn)椴裼蜋C(jī)的工質(zhì)密度大、擾流強(qiáng)，很高的壓力升高率引起急劇的氣流脈沖。另外，柴油機(jī)的不均勻混合氣燃燒形成炭粒。燃?xì)鉁囟龋?1500-2000℃活塞頂部溫度：=280-400℃高壓沖擊性的高機(jī)械負(fù)荷高壓包括兩部分：活塞組在工作中受周期性變化的氣壓力直接作用，一般氣壓力在膨脹沖程開(kāi)始的上止點(diǎn)后10o-20o達(dá)到最大?；钊M在氣缸里作高速往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，產(chǎn)生很大的往復(fù)慣性力。柴油機(jī)的最大氣壓力為=5-8MPa慣性力為300-2000倍活塞組的重量。高速滑動(dòng)內(nèi)燃機(jī)在工作中所產(chǎn)生的側(cè)向作用力是較大的，特別是在短連桿內(nèi)燃機(jī)中，其側(cè)向力更大。隨著活塞在氣缸中高速往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，活塞組與氣缸內(nèi)表面之間會(huì)產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)烈的摩擦，而此處潤(rùn)滑條件較差，因此磨損情況比較嚴(yán)重。交變得側(cè)壓力由于活塞上下行程時(shí)要改變壓力面，因此側(cè)壓力是不斷變化方向的，這就使活塞在工作時(shí)要承受交變的側(cè)向載荷，因此會(huì)產(chǎn)生如下的后果：造成側(cè)向拍擊，引起機(jī)體振動(dòng)，產(chǎn)生機(jī)體表面輻射噪聲。由于潤(rùn)滑不良，使摩擦損失變大。使裙部產(chǎn)生變形，垂直銷(xiāo)軸方向壓扁，銷(xiāo)軸方向變長(zhǎng)。缸套表面產(chǎn)生振動(dòng)，容易引起缸套穴蝕。3.2活塞設(shè)計(jì)要求根據(jù)活塞的工作條件，在進(jìn)行活塞設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)首先要求：選用熱強(qiáng)度好，散熱性好，膨脹系數(shù)小，耐磨、有良好減磨性和工藝性的材料。形狀和壁厚合理，吸熱少，散熱好，強(qiáng)度、剛度符合要求，盡量避免應(yīng)力集中，與缸套有最佳的配合間隙。密封性好，摩擦損失小。質(zhì)量小。3.3活塞的材料本設(shè)計(jì)采用鋁合金作為材料，優(yōu)點(diǎn)：密度小，熱傳導(dǎo)性好。缺點(diǎn)：熱膨脹系數(shù)大。3.4活塞主要尺寸設(shè)計(jì)活塞高度：H=1.15D=130mm(缸徑D=113mm)壓縮高度：H1=0.6D=70mm裙部高度：H2=0.7D=80mm火力岸高度：h1=0.16D=18.08mm環(huán)岸高度：c1=4mmc2=c3=3mm側(cè)隙：Δ1=0.15mm背隙：Δ2=0.5mm環(huán)帶高度：h2=18.29mm上裙高度：h3=20.91mm氣環(huán)高：b1=3mmb2=3mmb3=3mm油環(huán)高：b4=4mm下裙部：h4=49mm活塞頂最小厚度:δ=0.11D=12.43mm活塞最小壁厚:δo=0.05D=5.65mm銷(xiāo)座間隙：B=0.4D=40mm活塞銷(xiāo)長(zhǎng)：l=0.8D=90.4mm活塞頭部與缸壁的間隙：頂部：0.007D=0.791mm裙部：0.0016D=0.1808mm活塞裙部橢圓的長(zhǎng)短軸差：Δ=1mm長(zhǎng)軸直徑：113.8mm短軸直徑：112.8mm銷(xiāo)孔直徑：內(nèi)徑d=0.35D=40mm外徑d1=0.55D=62.185mm油環(huán)泄油孔直徑:d2=4mm3.5活塞三維實(shí)體建模根據(jù)尺寸建立三維模型如下圖3.1所示圖3.1活塞三維圖圖3.2活塞三維圖3.6活塞二維圖的繪制注：圖見(jiàn)活塞二維圖及活塞錐度圖3-3二維圖 圖3-3二維圖4動(dòng)力計(jì)算課程設(shè)計(jì)中進(jìn)行動(dòng)力計(jì)算的目的：掌握柴油機(jī)動(dòng)力計(jì)算的方法；確定有關(guān)零件的運(yùn)動(dòng)、受力情況和軸承載荷情況。要求按曲軸5°間隔計(jì)算，由計(jì)算結(jié)果畫(huà)曲線(xiàn)圖。4.1活塞位移、速度、加速度的計(jì)算對(duì)于活塞位移、速度和加速度的計(jì)算，由于周期性，只計(jì)算0～360度即可。（4-1）（4-2）（4-3）其中：，，，注意：加速度曲線(xiàn)應(yīng)有四個(gè)極值點(diǎn)。數(shù)據(jù)見(jiàn)附表，其曲線(xiàn)如下圖：活塞位移曲線(xiàn)：圖4.SEQ__圖4.1\*ARABIC1活塞位移活塞速度曲線(xiàn)：圖4.2活塞速度曲線(xiàn)活塞加速度曲線(xiàn)：圖4.3活塞加速度曲線(xiàn)4.2活塞連桿作用力分析1、計(jì)算公式①基本作用力氣體力： （4-4）其中：取自然計(jì)算結(jié)果，即修正后的實(shí)際缸內(nèi)壓力值，也就是圖中的壓力值，每個(gè)5度曲軸轉(zhuǎn)角取一個(gè)。為曲軸箱內(nèi)的氣體壓力，近似取100千帕（注意：動(dòng)力計(jì)算中不要忘記減）運(yùn)動(dòng)零件慣性力活塞組換算質(zhì)量：實(shí)際質(zhì)量=0.898kg連桿組換算質(zhì)量：按兩質(zhì)量系統(tǒng)考慮小頭換算質(zhì)量：=1.65kg大頭換算質(zhì)量：=0.52kg其中：ι=200mm=159.634mmla=50.366mm=2.166kg往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)慣性力：（是活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)的加速度）連桿大頭離心慣性力： （4-5）②連桿作用力設(shè)則有：連桿小頭氣缸中心線(xiàn)方向作用力 （4-6）垂直氣缸中心線(xiàn)方向（側(cè)壓力），其中連桿大頭曲柄旋轉(zhuǎn)方向（切向力） （4-7）曲柄法向（法向力）（4-8） 習(xí)慣上令：（4-9）得到、、T、K隨角度φ的變化曲線(xiàn)如下。（Excel數(shù)據(jù)見(jiàn)附錄）圖4.4活塞連桿作用力4.3曲柄銷(xiāo)載荷和連桿軸承載荷4.3.1曲柄銷(xiāo)載荷曲柄銷(xiāo)上作用有切向力和法向力，，由作圖法畫(huà)出曲柄銷(xiāo)載荷圖。注意：作圖時(shí)用、直接畫(huà)出曲線(xiàn)圖，并標(biāo)出，同時(shí)必須在曲線(xiàn)上畫(huà)出曲柄形狀及轉(zhuǎn)向，標(biāo)出曲軸轉(zhuǎn)角，最大作用力及示意的表示出力的作用點(diǎn)等。此外，T、K、Prc的作圖比例必須相同，否則無(wú)法正確表示作用力方向。 如下圖所示。圖4.5曲柄銷(xiāo)載荷4.3.2連桿軸承載荷用坐標(biāo)變換法計(jì)算：（4-10）（4-11）列表計(jì)算見(jiàn)附錄根據(jù)計(jì)算結(jié)果畫(huà)出連桿軸承載荷圖，參見(jiàn)下圖的載荷形狀示意圖。同樣要求在圖上畫(huà)出連桿外形，標(biāo)出曲軸轉(zhuǎn)角，曲柄轉(zhuǎn)向及力作用點(diǎn)的位置。圖4.6連桿軸承載荷4.4總切向力的計(jì)算若V型柴油機(jī)的氣缸數(shù)為,由于重復(fù)，總切向力曲線(xiàn)計(jì)算中只要計(jì)算范圍即可。若V型柴油機(jī)的氣缸數(shù)為,由于重復(fù)，總切向力曲線(xiàn)計(jì)算中只要計(jì)算范圍即可。每缸的切向力按相位角取自切向力數(shù)據(jù)。如第缸相位角為，則當(dāng)?shù)谝桓椎霓D(zhuǎn)角為時(shí)，第缸的切向力為：。各缸累加就得到總切向力曲線(xiàn)。4.5校核指示功率和有效功率由總切向力曲線(xiàn)得到平均切向力T1，所以指示轉(zhuǎn)矩： （4-12）R—曲柄半徑 指示功率： （4-13）有效功率： （kW） （4-14） 計(jì)算數(shù)據(jù)見(jiàn)附錄，得出的Pe與近似熱計(jì)算中求出的功率相比較，二者之間的誤差為4.77%小于5%符合設(shè)計(jì)要求，表明本計(jì)算結(jié)果正確。參考文獻(xiàn)[1]周龍保.內(nèi)燃機(jī)學(xué).3版.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2010.[2]袁兆成.內(nèi)燃機(jī)設(shè)計(jì).2版.北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2012.[3]吳兆漢.內(nèi)燃機(jī)設(shè)計(jì).1版.北京：北京理工大學(xué)出版社，1990[4]柴油機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)編寫(xiě)委員會(huì).柴油機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)上冊(cè).1版.北京：中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械出版社，1984.[5]許鋒，滿(mǎn)長(zhǎng)忠.內(nèi)燃機(jī)制造工藝教程.1版.大連：大連理工大學(xué)出版社，2006附錄附表一活塞壓縮和膨脹過(guò)程隨角度φ的變化角度φcosφsinφVcxPcxPbx0100.0580525.1683770.301459100.9848080.0301540.0685094.1259760.299888150.9659260.0669870.0814623.2602270.299367200.9396930.1169780.0993762.48796713.8525250.9063080.1786060.1220361.88157811.20612300.8660250.250.1491731.4319428.978271350.8191520.328990.1804691.1051896.961385400.7660440.4131760.2155620.8679365.351924450.7071070.50.2540510.6941484.138942500.6427880.5868240.2955090.5651583.243528550.5735760.671010.3394820.4679872.583701600.50.750.3855050.3936812.093701650.4226180.8213940.4331030.3360331.725377700.342020.8830220.4818010.29071.444668750.2588190.9330130.5311330.2546061.227709800.1736480.9698460.5806440.2255421.057737850.0871560.9924040.6298990.20190.922876906.13E-1710.678490.1824930.81461895-0.087160.9924040.7260320.1664350.726791100-0.173650.9698460.7721780.1530560.654858105-0.258820.9330130.816610.1418420.595441110-0.342020.8830220.8590490.1323980.545997115-0.422620.8213940.8992510.1244140.504587120-0.50.750.9370050.1176460.469716125-0.573580.671010.9721370.1119020.440221130-0.642790.5868241.0045040.1070270.41519135-0.707110.51.033990.1028970.393899140-0.766040.4131761.0605090.0994140.375771145-0.819150.328991.0839940.0964960.360343150-0.866030.251.1043990.0940790.347243155-0.906310.1786061.1216930.0921120.336168160-0.939690.1169781.1358570.0905540.326873165-0.965930.0669871.1468780.0893720.319163角度φcosφsinφVcxPcxPbx175-0.996190.0075961.1594770.0880540.307893180-11.5E-321.1610520.0878920.304111185-0.996190.0075961.1594770.0880540.301459190-0.984810.0301541.1547520.0885440.299888195-0.965930.0669871.1468780.0893720.299367200-0.939690.1169781.1358570.0905540.299888205-0.906310.1786061.1216930.0921120.301459210-0.866030.251.1043990.0940790.304111215-0.819150.328991.0839940.0964960.307893220-0.766040.4131761.0605090.0994140.312878225-0.707110.51.033990.1028970.319163230-0.642790.5868241.0045040.1070270.326873235-0.573580.671010.9721370.1119020.336168240-0.50.750.9370050.1176460.347243245-0.422620.8213940.8992510.1244140.360343250-0.342020.8830220.8590490.1323980.375771255-0.258820.9330130.816610.1418420.393899260-0.173650.9698460.7721780.1530560.41519265-0.087160.9924040.7260320.1664350.440221270-1.8E-1610.678490.1824930.4697162750.0871560.9924040.6298990.20190.5045872800.1736480.9698460.5806440.2255420.5459972850.2588190.9330130.5311330.2546060.5954412900.342020.8830220.4818010.29070.6548582950.4226180.8213940.4331030.3360330.7267913000.50.750.3855050.3936810.8146183050.5735760.671010.3394820.4679870.9228763100.6427880.5868240.2955090.5651581.0577373150.7071070.50.2540510.6941481.2277093200.7660440.4131760.2155620.8679361.4446683250.8191520.328990.1804691.1051891.7253773300.8660250.250.1491731.4319422.0937013350.9063080.1786060.1220361.8815782.5837013400.9396930.1169780.0993762.4879673.2435283450.9659260.0669870.0814623.2602274.1389423500.9848080.0301540.0685094.1259765.3519243550.9961950.0075960.0606744.8669766.96138536016E-320.0580525.1683778.9782713650.9961950.0075960.0606744.86697611.20612角度φcosφsinφVcxPcxPbx3750.9659260.0669870.0814623.26022713.85253800.9396930.1169780.0993762.48796713.090863850.9063080.1786060.1220361.88157811.206123900.8660250.250.1491731.4319428.9782713950.8191520.328990.1804691.1051896.9613854000.7660440.4131760.2155620.8679365.3519244050.7071070.50.2540510.6941484.1389424100.6427880.5868240.2955090.5651583.2435284150.5735760.671010.3394820.4679872.5837014200.50.750.3855050.3936812.0937014250.4226180.8213940.4331030.3360331.7253774300.342020.8830220.4818010.29071.4446684350.2588190.9330130.5311330.2546061.2277094400.1736480.9698460.5806440.2255421.0577374450.0871560.9924040.6298990.20190.9228764503.06E-1610.678490.1824930.814618455-0.087160.9924040.7260320.1664350.726791460-0.173650.9698460.7721780.1530560.654858465-0.258820.9330130.816610.1418420.595441470-0.342020.8830220.8590490.1323980.545997475-0.422620.8213940.8992510.1244140.504587480-0.50.750.9370050.1176460.469716485-0.573580.671010.9721370.1119020.440221490-0.642790.5868241.0045040.1070270.41519495-0.707110.51.033990.1028970.393899500-0.766040.4131761.0605090.0994140.375771505-0.819150.328991.0839940.0964960.360343510-0.866030.251.1043990.0940790.347243515-0.906310.1786061.1216930.0921120.336168520-0.939690.1169781.1358570.0905540.326873525-0.965930.0669871.1468780.0893720.319163530-0.984810.0301541.1547520.0885440.312878535-0.996190.0075961.1594770.0880540.307893540-11.35E-311.1610520.0878920.304111附表二活塞位移.速度和加速度隨角度φ的變化角度cosφsinφsin2φcos2φxva01001006340.53550.9961950.0871560.0075960.9848080.0002621.4715616301.968100.9848080.1736480.0301540.9396930.0010432.963286186.997150.9659260.2588190.0669870.8660250.0023354.4627315997.802200.9396930.342020.1169780.7660440.0041215.9567515737.95250.9063080.4226180.1786060.6427880.0063817.4315925412.305300.86600.0090878.8731015026.905350.8191520.5735760.328990.342020.01220810.266914588.808400.7660440.6427880.4131760.1736480.01570811.598664105.91450.7071070.7071070.56.13E-170.01954712.854213586.748500.6427880.7660440.586824-0.173650.02368114.019883040.29550.5735760.8191520.67101-0.342020.02806615.082662475.707600.50.8660250.75-0.50.03265616.030461902.161650.4226180.9063080.821394-0.642790.03740316.852331328.577700.342020.9396930.883022-0.766040.0422617.5386763.4463750.2588190.9659260.933013-0.866030.04717918.08112214.6281800.1736480.9848080.969846-0.939690.05211718.4734-310.813850.0871560.9961950.992404-0.984810.05702918.71068-806.75906.13E-1711-10.06187518.7901-1268.1195-0.087160.9961950.992404-0.984810.06661618.71068-1690.93100-0.173650.9848080.969846-0.939690.07121818.4734-2072.45105-0.258820.9659260.933013-0.866030.0756518.08112-2411.05110-0.342020.9396930.883022-0.766040.07988217.5386-2706.3115-0.422620.9063080.821394-0.642790.08389116.85233-2958.82120-0.50.8660250.75-0.50.08765616.03046-3170.27125-0.573580.8191520.67101-0.342020.0911615.08266-3343.14130-0.642790.7660440.586824-0.173650.09438814.01988-3480.7135-0.707110.7071070.5-1.8E-160.09732812.85421-3586.75140-0.766040.6427880.4131760.1736480.09997311.59866-3665.5145-0.819150.5735760.328990.342020.10231510.26691-3721.37150-0.86600.104358.873101-3758.8155-0.906310.4226180.1786060.6427880.1060757.431592-3782.06160-0.939690.342020.1169780.7660440.1074875.956751-3795.1角度cosφsinφsin2φcos2φxva170-0.984810.1736480.0301540.9396930.1093722.96328-3803.74175-0.996190.0871560.0075960.9848080.1098431.471561-3804.28180-11.23E-161.5E-3210.112.05E-15-3804.32185-0.99619-0.087160.0075960.9848080.109843-1.43984-3804.28190-0.98481-0.173650.0301540.9396930.109372-2.83737-3803.74195-0.96593-0.258820.0669870.8660250.108586-4.18302-3801.38200-0.93969-0.342020.1169780.7660440.107487-5.4683-3795.1205-0.90631-0.422620.1786060.6427880.106075-6.68581-3782.06210-0.86603-0.10435-7.82921-3758.8215-0.81915-0.573580.328990.342020.102315-8.89319-3721.37220-0.76604-0.642790.4131760.1736480.099973-9.87341-3665.5225-0.70711-0.707110.53.06E-160.097328-10.7664-3586.75230-0.64279-0.766040.586824-0.173650.094388-11.5695-3480.7235-0.57358-0.819150.67101-0.342020.09116-12.2808-3343.14240-0.5-0.866030.75-0.50.087656-12.8988-3170.27245-0.42262-0.906310.821394-0.642790.083891-13.4225-2958.82250-0.34202-0.939690.883022-0.766040.079882-13.8515-2706.3255-0.25882-0.965930.933013-0.866030.07565-14.1853-2411.05260-0.17365-0.984810.969846-0.939690.071218-14.4237-2072.45265-0.08716-0.996190.992404-0.984810.066616-14.5668-1690.93270-1.8E-16-11-10.061875-14.6145-1268.112750.087156-0.996190.992404-0.984810.057029-14.5668-806.752800.173648-0.984810.969846-0.939690.052117-14.4237-310.8132850.258819-0.965930.933013-0.866030.047179-14.1853214.62812900.34202-0.939690.883022-0.766040.04226-13.8515763.44632950.422618-0.906310.821394-0.642790.037403-13.42251328.5773000.5-0.866030.75-0.50.032656-12.89881902.1613050.573576-0.819150.67101-0.342020.028066-12.28082475.7073100.642788-0.766040.586824-0.173650.023681-11.56953040.293150.707107-0.707110.5-4.3E-160.019547-10.76643586.7483200.766044-0.642790.4131760.1736480.015708-9.873414105.913250.819152-0.573580.328990.342020.012208-8.893194588.8083300.866025-0.009087-7.829215026.9053350.906308-0.422620.1786060.6427880.006381-6.685815412.3053400.939693-0.342020.1169780.7660440.004121-5.46835737.953450.965926-0.258820.0669870.8660250.002335-4.183025997.8023500.984808-0.173650.0301540.9396930.001043-2.837376186.9973550.996195-0.087160.0075960.9848080.000262-1.439846301.9683601-2.5E-166E-3214.13E-34-4.1E-156340.5353650.9961950.0871560.0075960.9848080.0002621.4715616301.968角度cosφsinφsin2φcos2φxva3750.9659260.2588190.0669870.8660250.0023354.4627315997.8023800.9396930.342020.1169780.7660440.0041215.9567515737.953850.9063080.4226180.1786060.6427880.0063817.4315925412.3053900.86600.0090878.8731015026.9053950.8191520.5735760.328990.342020.01220810.266914588.8084000.7660440.6427880.4131760.1736480.01570811.598664105.914050.7071070.7071070.52.33E-150.01954712.854213586.7484100.6427880.7660440.586824-0.173650.02368114.019883040.294150.5735760.8191520.67101-0.342020.02806615.082662475.7074200.50.8660250.75-0.50.03265616.030461902.1614250.4226180.9063080.821394-0.642790.03740316.852331328.5774300.342020.9396930.883022-0.766040.0422617.5386763.44634350.2588190.9659260.933013-0.866030.04717918.08112214.62814400.1736480.9848080.969846-0.939690.05211718.4734-310.8134450.0871560.9961950.992404-0.984810.05702918.71068-806.754503.06E-1611-10.06187518.7901-1268.11455-0.087160.9961950.992404-0.984810.06661618.71068-1690.93460-0.173650.9848080.969846-0.939690.07121818.4734-2072.45465-0.258820.9659260.933013-0.866030.0756518.08112-2411.05470-0.342020.9396930.883022-0.766040.07988217.5386-2706.3475-0.422620.9063080.821394-0.642790.08389116.85233-2958.82480-0.50.8660250.75-0.50.08765616.03046-3170.27485-0.573580.8191520.67101-0.342020.0911615.08266-3343.14490-0.642790.7660440.586824-0.173650.09438814.01988-3480.7495-0.707110.7071070.51.1E-150.09732812.85421-3586.75500-0.766040.6427880.4131760.1736480.09997311.59866-3665.5505-0.819150.5735760.328990.342020.10231510.26691-3721.37510-0.86600.104358.873101-3758.8515-0.906310.4226180.1786060.6427880.1060757.431592-3782.06520-0.939690.342020.1169780.7660440.1074875.956751-3795.1525-0.965930.2588190.0669870.8660250.1085864.462731-3801.38530-0.984810.1736480.0301540.9396930.1093722.96328-3803.74535-0.996190.0871560.0075960.9848080.1098431.471561-3804.28540-13.68E-161.35E-3110.116.14E-15-3804.32545-0.99619-0.087160.0075960.9848080.109843-1.43984-3804.28550-0.98481-0.173650.0301540.9396930.109372-2.83737-3803.74555-0.96593-0.258820.0669870.8660250.108586-4.18302-3801.38560-0.93969-0.342020.1169780.7660440.107487-5.4683-3795.1565-0.90631-0.422620.1786060.6427880.106075-6.68581-3782.06570-0.86603-0.10435-7.82921-3758.8角度cosφsinφsin2φcos2φxva580-0.76604-0.642790.4131760.1736480.099973-9.87341-3665.5585-0.70711-0.707110.5-9.8E-160.097328-10.7664-3586.75590-0.64279-0.766040.586824-0.173650.094388-11.5695-3480.7595-0.57358-0.819150.67101-0.342020.09116-12.2808-3343.14600-0.5-0.866030.75-0.50.087656-12.8988-3170.27605-0.42262-0.906310.821394-0.642790.083891-13.4225-2958.82610-0.34202-0.939690.883022-0.766040.079882-13.8515-2706.3615-0.25882-0.965930.933013-0.866030.07565-14.1853-2411.05620-0.17365-0.984810.969846-0.939690.071218-14.4237-2072.45625-0.08716-0.996190.992404-0.984810.066616-14.5668-1690.93630-4.3E-16-11-10.061875-14.6145-1268.116350.087156-0.996190.992404-0.984810.057029-14.5668-806.756400.173648-0.984810.969846-0.939690.052117-14.4237-310.8136450.258819-0.965930.933013-0.866030.047179-14.1853214.62816500.34202-0.939690.883022-0.766040.04226-13.8515763.44636550.422618-0.906310.821394-0.642790.037403-13.42251328.5776600.5-0.866030.75-0.50.032656-12.89881902.1616650.573576-0.819150.67101-0.342020.028066-12.28082475.7076700.642788-0.766040.586824-0.173650.023681-11.56953040.296750.707107-0.707110.58.57E-160.019547-10.76643586.7486800.766044-0.642790.4131760.1736480.015708-9.873414105.916850.819152-0.573580.328990.342020.012208-8.893194588.8086900.866025-0.009087-7.829215026.9056950.906308-0.422620.1786060.6427880.006381-6.685815412.3057000.939693-0.342020.1169780.7660440.004121-5.46835737.957050.965926-0.258820.0669870.8660250.002335-4.183025997.8027100.984808-0.173650.0301540.9396930.001043-2.837376186.9977150.996195-0.087160.0075960.9848080.000262-1.439846301.9687201-4.9E-162.4E-3111.65E-33-8.2E-156340.535附表三活塞位移.速度和加速度隨角度φ的變化φβPφsinφ+βcosφ+βPgPjPPnTZK00.000.10500.00001.000050.1416155.716105.50.00.018743.216105.551.250.10450.10880.994145.1316057.416012.3349.01743.218558.615920.9102.490.10400.21620.976340.1115764.515724.4683.33403.418004.515366.8153.710.10350.32080.947235.1015282.415247.3988.64901.217109.514471.9204.910.10300.42110.907030.0914620.314590.21252.16166.815919.713282.1256.060.10250.51600.856625.0713790.613765.51462.67143.114495.311857.7307.180.10200.60430.796720.0612808.612788.51611.27789.612907.210269.6358.240.10150.68510.728415.0411692.311677.21691.98083.711232.68595.0409.250.10100.75750.652810.0310461.910451.81701.78021.99550.46912.74510.180.10050.82100.57105.019139.09134.01640.57618.77936.45298.75011.040.10000.87500.48420.007746.77746.71511.56905.96459.23821.55511.820.09950.91930.39375.016308.16313.11320.85929.05176.72539.16012.500.09900.95370.300610.034846.74856.71077.14744.64133.31495.66513.100.09850.97850.206315.043385.23400.3791.03416.03357.8720.17013.590.09800.99370.111720.061945.31965.3475.02009.32863.5225.87513.970.09750.99980.017925.07546.9571.9142.3589.32648.210.68014.250.09700.99720.074230.09792.0761.9193.5783.92696.058.38514.420.09650.98650.163735.102055.62020.5519.62058.12979.2341.59014.480.09600.96820.250040.113231.13191.0823.93191.03461.6823.99514.420.09550.94310.332545.134308.54263.41096.34151.64101.41463.710014.250.09500.91170.410850.145280.65230.51328.64920.34854.42216.710513.970.09450.87480.484455.166143.46088.21515.05488.65676.83039.111013.590.09400.83300.553260.176895.66835.51652.05858.26527.93890.311513.100.09350.78700.617065.197539.17473.91738.66038.97372.04734.312012.500.09300.73720.675670.208077.88007.61775.86046.98179.45541.712511.820.09250.68430.729275.228518.38443.11766.55903.08927.56289.813011.040.09200.62880.777680.238868.88788.61714.95630.29600.56962.913510.180.09150.57100.821085.249139.09053.81626.15252.210189.57551.81409.250.09100.51130.859490.269339.79249.41505.94791.810691.18053.51458.240.09050.45020.892995.279482.19386.81360.14269.911107.08469.31507.180.09000.38780.9217100.299577.49477.11194.03704.511442.18804.41556.060.08950.32450.9459105.309636.79531.41012.73110.311704.09066.4φβPφsinφ+βcosφ+βPgPjPPnTZK1653.710.08850.19580.9806115.339685.99570.6620.61877.612042.79405.11702.490.08800.13070.9914120.349691.99571.6415.91252.512136.09498.41751.250.08750.06540.9979125.369693.39568.0208.5626.212187.49549.71800.000.08700.00001.0000130.379693.49563.00.00.012200.79563.01851.250.08650.06540.9979135.399693.39557.9208.3625.512177.49539.71902.490.08850.13070.9914114.899691.99577.0416.21253.212141.59503.81953.710.08940.19580.9806106.589685.99579.3621.11879.312051.39413.72004.910.09060.26040.965594.749669.99575.2821.72502.711916.49278.82056.060.09210.32450.945979.119636.79557.61015.53118.911728.99091.32107.180.09410.38780.921759.389577.49518.01199.23720.511480.18842.42158.240.09650.45020.892935.149482.19446.91368.84297.311161.28523.62209.250.09940.51130.85945.889339.79333.81519.74835.510764.68126.922510.180.10290.57100.821029.059139.09168.11646.65318.510284.87647.223011.040.10700.62880.777670.478868.88939.31744.35726.79719.97082.223511.820.11190.68430.7292119.368518.38637.71807.26039.09072.46434.724012.500.11760.73720.6756176.978077.88254.81830.66233.68350.45712.824513.100.12440.78700.6170244.847539.17783.91810.76289.47568.44930.725013.590.13240.83300.5532324.916895.67220.61745.16188.26747.14109.425513.970.14180.87480.4844419.626143.46563.01633.25916.75913.83276.226014.250.15310.91170.4108532.085280.65812.71476.55468.05101.12463.526514.420.16640.94310.3325666.264308.54974.81279.34844.34345.61708.027014.480.18250.96820.2500827.303231.14058.41047.94058.43685.51047.927514.420.20190.98650.16371021.932055.63077.5791.43134.83157.8520.228014.250.22550.99720.07421259.03792.02051.0521.02110.32794.6156.928513.970.25460.99980.01791550.51546.91003.6249.81034.12619.118.529013.590.29070.99370.11171912.481945.332.87.933.52641.43.829513.100.33600.97850.20632367.113385.21018.1236.81022.82853.3215.630012.500.39370.95370.30062945.254846.71901.5421.71857.53223.2585.530511.820.46800.91930.39373690.456308.12617.6547.72458.43690.51052.831011.040.56520.87500.48424664.957746.73081.7601.32747.24157.91520.331510.180.69410.82100.57105958.569139.03180.5571.22652.94482.71845.03209.250.86790.75750.65287701.4410461.92760.4449.42118.64463.41825.73258.241.10520.68510.728410080.7911692.31611.5233.51115.63823.81186.13307.181.43190.60430.796713357.7112808.6549.269.2334.52196.7441.03356.061.88160.51600.856617867.0013790.64076.4433.12115.3873.8351