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英語(yǔ)畢業(yè)論文PAGE6PAGE18 成都信息工程學(xué)院銀杏酒店管理學(xué)院本科畢業(yè)論文美國(guó)文學(xué)史

Abstract:America’shistoryofliteraturebeganwiththeswarminginofimmigrantswithdifferentbackgroundandcultures.Afterthat,AmericanliteraturehadbeengreatlyinfluencedbytheEuropeancultureforalongperiod.ItwasnotuntilAmerica’sindependence,didAmericansrealizedthattheyneednationalliteraturestrongly,andAmericanliteraturebegantodeveloped.TheCivilWarwasawatershedinthehistory,afterwhichAmericanliteratureenteredaperiodoffullblooming.Romantics,whichemphasizedindividualismandintuitionandTnscendentalismrepresentedbyEmersoncameoutintobeing.ThiswasanexcitingperiodinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.Liketheflowersofspring,thereweresuddenlymanydifferentkindsofwritingatthesametime.TheyhavegivendepthandstrengthtoAmericanliterature,andacceleratedtheformingofHighRomantics.ButduetotheinfluenceofCivilWar,theAmericansocietywasinaturbulentsituation.Thewritingsaboutlocallife,criticalrealismandunveilingthedarksideofthesocietywereincreased.AfterTheFirstWorldWar,Americanswereatalosspostwar,andtheModernAmericanliteraturebegan.Mypieceofpaperiswritteninchronologicalorderastheseperiodsdevelopedinordertohaveaclearoutlineofitsprogress.Keywords:NationalLiterature,Romanism,Transcendentalism,LocalColor,Realism,Modernliterature摘要：從殖民地時(shí)期起，歐洲殖民者和清教徒翻開(kāi)了美國(guó)文學(xué)史的第一頁(yè)。這往后很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)期，美國(guó)文學(xué)一直都受到歐洲文化的很大影響。一直到美國(guó)獨(dú)立后，美國(guó)人強(qiáng)烈地感覺(jué)到了民族文學(xué)的需要，美國(guó)的民族文學(xué)開(kāi)始發(fā)展。南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)是美國(guó)文學(xué)史上一個(gè)分水嶺，戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)文學(xué)進(jìn)入了一個(gè)全盛時(shí)期，產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性主義和直覺(jué)的早期浪漫主義，和以愛(ài)默生為代表的超驗(yàn)主義文學(xué)。愛(ài)默生的時(shí)代是美國(guó)前所未有的文學(xué)變動(dòng)時(shí)代，產(chǎn)生了一大批優(yōu)秀的作家和作品。他們突出地給予了當(dāng)時(shí)美國(guó)文學(xué)以深度和力量，也促進(jìn)了羅曼主義高潮的來(lái)臨。但是由于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的影響，社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩不安，這時(shí)的作品更注重于揭示社會(huì)的陰暗面，同時(shí)美國(guó)的民族文學(xué)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，創(chuàng)作出許多帶有本土色彩和批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的作品。一戰(zhàn)后，美國(guó)人陷入戰(zhàn)后的茫然，美國(guó)也開(kāi)始進(jìn)入了現(xiàn)代文學(xué)階段。我的論文隨著這些時(shí)代的發(fā)展以時(shí)間順序展開(kāi)，以便對(duì)于美國(guó)文學(xué)史的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展綱要能有一個(gè)清晰的條理。關(guān)鍵詞：民族文學(xué)，浪漫主義，超驗(yàn)主義，本土色彩，現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，現(xiàn)代文學(xué)Americanisamulti-nationalcountry.Justlikeabigcontainer,whichputinvariouskindsofelements.Differentcultures,thatcannotonlybeco-existedbutalsoformasharpcontrast,mixedtogether,ItmakesAmericanliteraturestylehasaflavorofdistinctandvariousaestheticfeeling.Manywriterscomefromlowerlevel,whichmakesAmericanliteraturehastherichflavoroflifeandlocalcolor.Furthermore,manynewstylesofliteratureintheworldareorientedinAmericasince20thcentury.TheprocessofAmericanliteraturecanbedividedintofollowingmainperiods:ColonyandPuritanliterature;earlynationalliterature;latternationalliteratureandModernliterature.America’shistoryofliteraturebeganwiththeswarminginofimmigrantswithdifferentbackgroundandcultures.Afterthat,AmericanliteraturehadbeengreatlyinfluencedbytheEuropeancultureforalongperiod.ItwasnotuntilAmerica’sindependence,didAmericansrealizethattheyneednationalliteraturestrongly,andAmericanliteraturebegantodevelop.TheCivilWarwasawatershedinthehistory,afterwhichAmericanliteratureenteredaperiodoffullblooming.Romantics,whichemphasizedindividualismandintuition，andTnscendentalismrepresentedbyEmersoncameoutintobeing.ThiswasanexcitingperiodinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.Liketheflowersofspring,thereweresuddenlymanydifferentkindsofwritingatthesametime.TheyhavegivendepthandstrengthtoAmericanliterature,andacceleratedtheformingofHighRomantics.ButduetotheinfluenceifCivilWar,theAmericansocietywasinaturbulentsituation.Thewritingsaboutlocallife,criticalrealismandunveilingthedarksideofthesocietywereincreased.AfterTheFirstWorldWar,Americanswereatalosspostwar,andtheModernAmericanliteraturebegan.1.ColonialandearlyAmericanliterature(1).TravelersandExplorersWhentheEuropeanexplorersfirstcametothisnewcontinent,thenativeIndianswhoprobablygotherefromAsiaaboutfifteenthousandyearsagowerestillinorigin,andtheyevenhadnowrittenlanguage,“Thetraditionalliteraturewasoriginallytransmittedalmostentirelybywordofmouth,andthereforebelongstothecategoryoforalliterature,”(WuDingbo,1)Astimepast,moreandmoretravelersandexplorersswarmedin.Theywrotealotofdiaries、letters,andtravelaccountstodescribethenewlandassecondEden.NowandersomebodysaidthattheearliestAmericanliteraturewerethetravelaccountswrittenbyEuropeanadventurers.AmongthemostremainedwereCaptainJohnSmith’sTrueRelationofVirginia(1608),andDescriptionofNewEngland(1616).AlthoughmostoftheIndianhistorywaspreservedintalesandsongs,theyhadthoughtsaboutlifeandnature.Theylovedthenaturalworldaroundthemdeeply,andtheybelievedthatwhenapersonwasdead,hewouldgivebackwhathadborrowedwhilehewasalivetonature.ThiskindofphilosophyhadinfluencedlaterorevenmodernAmericanwriters.It’sinterestingthatwhenwelookattheliteratureofthePuritans,theTranscendentalists,theNaturalists,andeventheModerns,whenwereadAnneBradstreet,EmilyDickinson,StephenCrane,andErnestHemingway,wecanfindsimilarthemes.(2)PilgrimsettlementsSeveralyearslater,anothergroupofsettlersalsoarrivedintheNewWorld.ThisgroupwaslookingfortheJamestownsettlement.However,becauseofbadnavigation,theylandedinMassachusetts.TheywerealsocomingtotheNewWorldwithdreamsofsuccess,buttheirgoalwasdifferentfromtheJamestownsettlement.TheywantedtostartanewworldgovernedbytheBible.TheywerecalledPuritansbecausetheywantedtoliveabetterlifebymakingthemselvespure.TheyfirstarrivedontheMayflowerandsettledinPlymouth.Thisisthegroupweareusuallythinkingaboutwhenwetalkaboutthe"firstAmericans."TheclearesthistoryoftheirjourneytotheNewWorldcanbefoundinHistoryofPlymouthPlantation(1608)writtenbyWilliamBradford,whowasalsooneoftheMayflowerpassengers.TheHistoryofPlymouthPlantationisaPuritanbookinthebestsense.“It’slooselyannalistic,butadirectandsimplestylegivescharm,asasincerefaithinPuritanismgivespurity,totheentirebook.”(W.P.Trent,1997)ThePuritanshadseveralkindsofliterature.ByfarthemostcommonformisthewritingrelatedtoBiblicalteachings,orsermons,thatthechurchleaderswrote.ThePuritansbelievedthattheywereintheNewWorldbecauseGodhadbroughtthemthereforaspecialpurpose.TheythoughtthatbystudyingtheBibletheycouldlearnmoreaboutthiswayoflife.Sotheywereverystricttotheirlife,andtheydidn’tallowanykindofentertainmenteveninliterature.That’swayWuDingbosaidinhisbook“LiteratureoftheNewEnglandSettlementismainlyaliteraryexpressionofthePuritanidealism”and“TheliteratureofthecolonialsettlementservedeitherGodorcolonialexpansionorboth.”(WuDingbo,4)Anotherimportantformofwritingfromthisperiodisthehistories.Thesebooks,likeBradford'sHistoryofPlymouthPlantation,areimportantbecausetheytellusaboutlifeatthetimeofthePuritans.Peoplealsowrotemanypoems.ButalotofworkswerehiddenandlostbecausepeopleoftenconsideredpoetrytobeaninferiorformofwritingandnottotallyacceptabletoPuritanthinking.OneofthemostsignificantpoetsfromthisperiodwasAnneBradstreet(1612-1672).HerpoemsinTenthMuseLatelySprungUpInAmerica(1650)reflectedtheconconcernsofwomenwhocametosettleinthecolonies,andinallherpoems,however,sheshowsherstrongbeliefinGod.2.18thcentury—theAgeofreason(1)TheAgeofreasonInthe18thcentury,peoplebelievedinman’sownnatureandthepowerofhumanreason.WithFranklinasitsspokesman,the18thcenturyAmericaexperiencedanageofreason.Wordshadneverbeensousefulandsoimportantinhumanhistory.Peoplewrotealotofpoliticalwritings.Numerouspamphletsandprintingswerepublished.TheseworksagitatedrevolutionarypeoplenotonlyinAmericabutalsoaroundtheworld.AmongthemostrenownedwastheworkCommonSense(1776)ofThomasPaine(1737-1809).It’stheringingcallforthedecorationofliberty.HealsowroteCrisis(1774-1783)andTheAgeofReason(1794-1796),accordingtoWu,“Hethoughtthatreligionshouldbebasedonrational,reasonableground.”(WuDingbo,12)ThepamphletshelpedcompletethedebatethatresultedinAmerica'sseparationfromEngland.AndofcourseforalltheAmericans,themostimportantdocumentfromthisperiodwasasinglesheetofpapercalledTheDeclarationofIndependence(1776),mainlywrittenbyThomasJeffersonandBenjaminFranklin.BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790),themostdistinguishedpersonandgiantinAmericanhistory,hewroteandworkedforAmericanindependencehardlyandhadmadesomanygreateffortstoAmericathathehasbeencalled"TheFirstAmerican."aworld-renownedscientist,diplomat,philosopher,andwriter.Heperfectedthesmooth,clear,shortsentencesofthePuritanplainstyle.HisAutobiographyencourageshardworkandemphasizestheimportanceofachievement.AnotherworkthatiswellknownisPoorRichard'sAlmanack,andmanyofthesentenceshavebecomepopularquotations.DuringthistimewritersthoughtthatthetruthshouldbereliedonBible,churchmen,authorities,orpracticeandexperience.(2)EarlyNationalLiteratureDuringtheperiodofAmericanRevolutionWar,Americannationalliteraturecameintobeing.Sincebeforethewar,Americanpeoplehavealreadyhadtheawarenessofnationalindependence,sotheywrotemanypoliticalwritingsrevolutionarypoems.ThewarhelpedthefirstimportantAmericanprosewritersandpoetsgrowupbothculturallyandartistically.Furthermore,theindependenceofnationledtotheindependenceofnationalliterature.Fromthismomenton,Americanpeoplebegantounderstandofmeaningofbeingareal”American“.3.TheflourishingofAmericanliteraturein19thcenturyFromthe1820’stotheCivilWarbrokeout,Americanliteratureenteredaperiodoffullblooming.Writingsallcharacterizedbyadistinctnationalstyleandflavor.Atthesametime,theworldasawholewasexperiencingachangeinwaysofthinking:therewasamovefromclassicalideastoromanticones.Thischangewastakingplaceinallareasofculturearoundtheworld.ThiswasanexcitingperiodinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.Liketheflowersofspring,thereweresuddenlymanydifferentkindsofwritingatthesametime.Alltheworkshaveanoptimisticspirit.TheyrepresentedthevariousandquickdevelopmentofAmericannationalliterature.(1)EarlyRomanticsInearly19thcentury,WashingtonIrving(1783-1859),thepersonbornwiththenewnation,hisTheSketchBookcreatedanewstyleofAmericanliterature—shortnovel.JamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)His"Leather-Stocking"novelstoldusastoryabouthowthebraveimmigrantsfightwithsavageusingwhattheyhavelearntfromnature.AnotherfamouswriterofthistimewasWilliamCullenBryant(1794-1878),hewasregardedoneoftheearliestnaturalistpoetsinAmericanhistory.HisgreatestpoemThanatopsiswaspublishedintheNorthAmericanReviewin1817.Heappreciatesnormalbirdsandflowers,throughwhichappreciatedharmoniousrelationshipbetweenhumanandnature.TheRomanticsemphasizedindividualismandtheythoughtfeelingsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.(2)TheTranscendentalism“TheNewEnglandTranscendentalismwasromanticidealismonpuritansoil”(WuDingbo:28).Itstressedthepowerofintuitionplacedspiritfirst,andittooknatureassymbolicofspiritorGod.TherewerethreemainfeaturesofTranscendentalismwereUnitarianism,idealisticphilosophy,andorientalmysticism.RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882),theleaderofAmericanTranscendentalism.“Hecaptainedagroupofenthusiastandformedatranscendentalclubwiththem.HealsohelpedtosetupandeditedthetranscendentalistjournalTheDial.”Hehadwrittenmanyfamousessays.AmongthebestareNatureandTheAmericanScholar,whichhasbeencalled“America’sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence”.EmersonwroteinTheAmericanScholar(1837),amanmust"learntodetectandwatchthatgleamoflightwhichflashesacrosshismindfromwithin."Themainkeytothisinnerworldistheimagination.Man'simaginationleadstoexpression.Ourexpressionmakeseachofusauniquehuman.Romanticismbecamethewayofthinkingforthisgenerationofwriters.HenryDavidThoreauwasalsooneofthewritersofTranscendentalism,andhisfamousessaywasWalden,inwhichherevealedthehiddenspiritualpossibilitiesineveryone’slife,andtoconsideratethepursuitofmaterialthings.(3)HighRomanticsDuetothegreateffortmadebythosegeniusessuchasEmersonandThoreau,awild-rangednationalAmericanliteraturehadbeenlaidasolidfoundationbythemid-19thcentury.TherearefourimportantnamesinAmericanliteraturetorememberfromthisperiod:WashingtonIrving(1783-1859),WaltWhitman(1819-1892),JamesFennimoreCooper(1789-1851),andEdgarAllanPoe(1809-49).Irvingwilllongberememberedforhisbookofessaysandstories,TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon(1819),whichhelpingthisnewnationstarteditsfirststepconfidently.CooperandWhitmandescribedthecharacterofthenation,whichcombinedthecourageandclevernessofexpansion,thegreatsenseofdestination,andtheoptimisticspirittogether.HawthorneandMelvilleexpressedthedarksideofAmericandreamthoughtheirprofoundandsymbolizedworks.WaltWhitman(1819-1892),fatheroffreeverse,“hethrewasidethetraditionalornamentsandprettinessofverse,andcreatedhisownform”(WuDingbo,44).HisLeavesofGrass(1855),whichcontainssuchwell-knownpoemsasIHearAmericaSinging,andSongofMyself,wasregardedAmerica’sfirstgenuineepicpoem.Herejectedregularmeterandrhymeinfavorofflowingfreeverseandcelebratedpatrioticlove,raggedindividualism,democracyandequalityandstressedanalmostmysticalidentificationwithAmerica.NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864),duetohisfamilybackground,hisworksalwaysconcernedwithsin,morality,romance,andhadcomplexPuritanism.HismasterpiecewasthenovelTheScarletLetter,andhisTheHouseofSevenGableswasalsowellliked.Intheseworkshepresentedmaterialonthealienationbetweenfactsandfancy,byusingmanysymbolsandsettingtorevealthepsychologyofthecharacter.HermanMelvillewasHawthorne’sgoodfriend,alsoanimportantnovelist.Melville'sgreatestwork,MobyDick(1851)wasbasedonMelville'sadventuresonthewhalingships.Itisthedeep"tragediesofhumanthought"thatshowhiscriticalunderstandingofhumannature.TodayMelvilleisconsideredoneofAmerica'sgreatestwriterstoday.RomanismwasextremelyinfluencedinarisingAmericaasAmericahadalwayshadastrongspiritualtraditionandromanticismwasverycomfortablewithAmericanspiritualheritageanditsidealsofdemocracyandequality.Duringthisperiod,theAmericanliteraturewassochangeablethathasneverbeenbefore.NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,WaltWhitmanandEdgarAllanPoe,thesefourgreatwritershadgivendepthandstrengthtoAmericanliteratureatthattime.4.LocalColorAndRealism:ANewFlavortoAmericanLiteratureAftertheCivilWar,theAmericansocietywasinaturbulentsituationthroughseveraleconomicalcrises.Thewritingsaboutcriticalrealismandunveilingthedarksideofthesocietywereincreased.Theyweremainlyfocusonbankruptincountries,difficultlifeorstruggleoflow-positionpeopleandsoon.ThusRomanismwasonthewanewithpassingdays,whileRealismroseandbecamemoreandmorepopular.(1)LocalColorFictionandMarkTwainLocalColorFictionfirstappearedintheearly19thcentury,andithadfurtherdevelopingaftertheCivilWar.Thiskindofliteraturemainlydescribesthelocallife.Itskeynotewasoptimistic,andthelanguagewasnarrativeandhumorous.Forexample,theworkofBretHarte(1836-1902)toldusthelifeofAmericanwesternminers.MarkTwainwasthemainwriterofthisperiod.Hewrotefornearly50years,andhehadactuallywrittenmanydifferenttypesofstories.Nevertheless,TwainisrememberedmostforTheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876),LifeontheMississippi(1884)andTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1884).Thecharactershecreatedwerehumorousandfullofwittiness.MarkTwain’sworkwasregardedthewitnessofAmerica’spurelocallife.AccordingtoCalkins,“FewAmericanwritershavewrittenthesameafterreadingTwain,forhehashelpedchangetheentirecountrywithhishumorandskillfulstorytelling.”(CarrollC.Calkins,124).(2)RiseofRealism“Realismisthetheoryofwritinginwhichfamiliaraspectsofcontemporarylifeandeverydayscenesrepresentedinastraightforwardormatteroffactmanner“(WuDingo,59).Romanticwritersfocusedonthedevelopmentofplot,makethestoryasinterestingandattractiveaspossible,whilerealismwritersemphasizedthecharacterizationofcharacters,focusedonobjectivityratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.WilliamDeanHowells(1837-1920)insistedthatRealismwasthetruthfultreatmentofmaterialmoralproblemsofsociety.AndinO.Henry(1862-1910)’sfictions,allhischaracterswerecommonpeopleandalwayshadanironicalandsurprisedending.TherewasanotherstyleofwritingdevelopedbyHenryJames(1843-1916),whowasawriterfocusedonthedescriptionofpsychologyandbehavior.HewrotesomecomplexandprofoundnovelssuchasTheWingsoftheDove,TheAmbassador,TheGoldenBowl,andcreatedpsychologicalrealism.Afterthemid-19thcentury,thekeynoteofromanticliteraturechangedformoptimistictodoubtful.Thesharpconflictofsocietyforcemorewriters’attentiontotheunveilingofdarksocialfactandself-questioning.Thoughtthewritersofthistimeunveiledthemisfortuneandsadnessorevendegeneratethingsinactuallife,theydidn’tjusttookofthedarksideoflifeastheirmaterial,mostofthemwerethereformistswiththehopeofhelpingtocreateabetternation.StephenCrane(1871-1900)showedmoreandmoreseriousproblemsinbigsitesinhisMaggie,AGirloftheStreets,andhismostfamousbookabouttheAmericanCivilWarcalledTheRedBadgeofCourage.Hethoughthisworkslikedamirrorreflectingalllife,heemphasizedtheaccidentalphysiologicalnatureofthecharactersratherthantheirmoralandrationalqualities.StephenCranehadformedanewstylecalledNaturalism,whichhadinfluencedmanyfollowingwriters.5.ModernAmericanLiteratureTheFirstWorldWarnotonlydamagedthepeople’slife,butalsoledtoaturbulentsituationoftheAmericansociety.Peopleofthistimewerenamed“TheLostGeneration”,andthewritersandworkshadapessimisticanddisconsolatefeeling.(1)ModernpoetryEzraPound,T.S.EliotandE.ECummingsarethreepoetswhoopenedthewaytomodernpoetry.EzraPoundstartedthe“Imagist”movement,andhisTheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrockhasbeencalledthefirstmasterpieceofmodernism.TheWasteLandofT.S.Eliotparticularlycommentsontheinhumanityanddecadenceoflargemoderncities.(2)ModernnovelsManypersonsregardedthatErnestHemingwayandotherimportantwritersof20thcenturyhadadoptedtheconcisestyleandnaturalismofStephenCrane.Nevertheless,theystillcreatedtheirownstylesandhadwrittensomanyimmortalmasterpieces.AmongthegreatestwereErnestHemingway(l899-1961)andWilliamFaulkner(l897-1962).ErnestHemingwaywasoncetakepartintheFirstWouldWar,somanyofhisworksdealwithwarorinjury,andnearlyallofthemexaminedthenatureofcourag,e.Bysufferingfromtheviolentofwar,hefeltthathewascutofffromallhisoldbeliefsandassumptionsaboutlife.“HethoughttheWarhadbrokenAmerica’scultureandtraditions,andseparateditfromitstoots”(ElisabethB.Booz:1982).Theworkshewrote--TheSunAlsoRises,AFarewelltoArms,ForWhomtheBellTollsandTheOldManandtheSea—inferredthestateofmind,andtheybecametherepresentativesofthefeelingofthisgeneration.EpilogueAmericanliteraturehasgonethoughtheprogressofdevelopmentover200years.Itischaracterizedbythedistinctindividualism,whichisoptimistic,freeandalwayscreative.ThelivingAmericanliteraturehasbeenprovidingpotentthinkingheadspringsforthewriterspastandnowadays,anditwillcontinuereanimatingthetalentstobequeathandenrichthetraditionofAmericanliterature,ofwhichdeservedtobeproud.Bibliography:1.CarrollC.Calkins,ThestoryofAmerica,NewYork:TheReadersDigestAssociation,Inc,19752.ElisabethB.Booz,ABriefIntroductionToModernAmericanLiterature1919-1980,Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,19823.柯恩,LandmarksofAmericanLiterature,北京:三聯(lián)書(shū)店,19884.WuDingbo,AnoutlineofAmericanliterature,Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,19985.EditedbyW.P.Trent,J.Erskine&S.P.Sherman,TheCambridgeHistoryofEnglishandAmericanLiterature,Cambridge,England:UniversityPress,1997英語(yǔ)論文標(biāo)準(zhǔn)范文格式NoticinginSLA（小二號(hào)TimesNewRoman加粗居中頂頁(yè)眉）(空一行)Abstract:Thisarticlefocusesontheroleof“noticing”and“noticingthegap”insecondlanguageacquisition.Itisarguedthatthisnotionhasgainedwidesupportonthebasisofintuitionandassumptionratherthanonthefindingsofappropriateandexhaustiveempiricalresearch.Theaimofthispaperistwofold:a)toconsiderthetheoreticalconstructsthatunderlietheroleofnoticing,andb)toassessthevalidityoftheassumptionthatnoticingenhanceslanguageacquisition.Thispaperconcludesthat1)empiricalresearchhasyettovalidatetheroleofnoticinginlanguageacquisition,2)analternativeviewofferedbyTruscott(1998),whichsuggeststhatnoticingismerelytiedtotheacquisitionofmetalinguisticknowledge,isworthyofinvestigation,and3)futureresearchintotherelationshipbetweentraininglearnerstonoticelinguisticformsandtheacquisitionofmetalinguisticknowledgemayenhanceourunderstandingofnoticinginsecondlanguageacquisition.（小四；不分段；頂格）(空一行)Keywords:noticing;metalinguisticknowledge;linguisticforms（小四）(空三行)（摘要、文章、參考文獻(xiàn)均先在默認(rèn)狀態(tài)下輸入，然后第二稿時(shí)再按照要求進(jìn)行字體、字符大小、加粗等的編輯。如果中、英文摘要在一頁(yè)里放不下，則將中文摘要另?yè)Q頁(yè)。）二語(yǔ)習(xí)得中的注意（小二號(hào)宋體加粗居中）（空一行）摘要：本文著重研究了“注意”和“注意差距”的作用，指出這一概念受到廣泛重視是出于直覺(jué)和假設(shè),而不是基于廣泛的實(shí)證研究.本文旨在:1)探討“注意”這一概念的理論構(gòu)建；2）評(píng)估“注意”強(qiáng)化語(yǔ)言習(xí)得假設(shè)的有效性。本文得出結(jié)論如下：1)通過(guò)實(shí)證研究，證明了“注意”在語(yǔ)言習(xí)得中的作用；2）特拉斯科特在1998年提出的新觀(guān)點(diǎn)是值得研究的，他認(rèn)為“注意”只同元語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的習(xí)得有聯(lián)系；3）如果能對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)者所受的注意語(yǔ)言形式訓(xùn)練和元語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的習(xí)得之間的關(guān)系作進(jìn)一步研究，會(huì)幫助我們更好的理解二語(yǔ)習(xí)得中的“注意”。（五號(hào)）（空一行）關(guān)鍵詞：注意；元語(yǔ)言知識(shí)；語(yǔ)言形式（五號(hào)）

Contents（四號(hào)加粗居中頂頁(yè)眉、）（空一行）1.Introduction 12.Thetheoreticalconstructsthatunderlietheroleofnoticing 12.1Consciousnessraisingandnoticing 12.2Noticingandlanguageacquisition 13.Influencesonnoticing 13.1Taskdemands 23.2Frequency 23.3Perceptualsalience 24.Conclusion 2References 3Acknowledgments 4（目錄用電腦自動(dòng)生成的格式，把行距改成1.5倍行距二級(jí)標(biāo)題與第一級(jí)標(biāo)題首字母對(duì)應(yīng)三級(jí)標(biāo)題與第二級(jí)標(biāo)題首字母對(duì)應(yīng)不設(shè)置四級(jí)標(biāo)題）NoticinginSLA（小二加粗居中頂頁(yè)眉，每個(gè)實(shí)詞首字母大寫(xiě)）（空一行）1.Introduction（一級(jí)標(biāo)題，四號(hào)加粗頂格；所有標(biāo)題后均不加逗點(diǎn)或句點(diǎn)）Thesignificanceoftheroleofconsciousandunconsciousprocessesandthenotionofinterfaceinsecondlanguage(L2)developmenthasbeenthefocusofmuchdebateinthegeneralfieldofcognitivepsychology.OneproposalisthatputforwardbyBurka(1996),whooffersahypothesisrelatedtoconsciouslearningthatfocusesonwhatSkehanarguesis“thecrucialconceptofnoticing”(Deleuze,1986，p.48)（這是參考文獻(xiàn)出處文中注的格式，p用小寫(xiě)）.Thepurposeofthispaperistoa)considerthetheoreticalconstructsthatunderlietheroleofnoticing,andb)assessthevalidityoftheassumptionthatnoticingenhanceslanguageacquisition.[一級(jí)標(biāo)題與一級(jí)標(biāo)題之間空一行，一級(jí)標(biāo)題和二、三級(jí)標(biāo)題之間都不空行。所有標(biāo)題均頂格、并只有第一個(gè)單詞首字母大寫(xiě)（除專(zhuān)有名詞外）。]2.Thetheoreticalconstructsthatunderlietheroleofnoticing（一級(jí)標(biāo)題）2.1Consciousnessraisingandnoticing（二級(jí)標(biāo)題，小四加粗）Theterm“consciousnessraising”referstothedrawingoflearners'attentiontotheformalpropertiesoflanguage(FeeandFox.,1988).However,akeydifferencebetweennoticingandconsciousnessraisingisthatnoticinghassupposedimplicationsforlanguageprocessingandtheactualacquisitionoflinguisticfeatures.（每段第一行退進(jìn)4個(gè)空格）2.2NoticingandlanguageacquisitionGeertz(1973)identifiesthreeaspectsofconsciousnessinvolvedinlanguagelearning:awareness,intentionandknowledge.Johnstone(1993)statesthata)whetheralearnerdeliberatelyattendstoalinguisticformintheinputoritisnoticedpurelyunintentionally,ifitisnoticeditbecomesintake.TohelpclarifySchmidt’shypothesisandtheplaceofnoticinginL2acquisitionthefollowingmodel,proposedbyEllis,isuseful.(一級(jí)標(biāo)題與一級(jí)標(biāo)題之間空一行，一級(jí)標(biāo)題和二、三級(jí)標(biāo)題之間都不空行)3.InfluencesonnoticingJones(1978),inharmonywithSchmidt'sdiscussionofmemoryprocessingabove,commentsthatitisinsideshort-termmemorythatnoticingmustinrealitytakeplace,sincethe“spotlightconsciousness”(Magistrale,1992,p.142)providedbyshort-termmemoryistriggeredbydifferentinfluencesonnoticing.Schmidt(1990)claimsthatthefollowingfactorsinfluencenoticingintheinput:3.1TaskdemandsInstructionprovidesstructured,differentiatedinputthatassistsnoticingbyfocusingattentiononandenhancingawarenessoflanguagefeatures(PikarskyandChristensen,1976).3.2FrequencyAlanguagefeaturemaybecomefrequentduetorepeatedinstructionorbywayofteachertalk.Assuch,whentheitemdoesappearmorefrequentlyintheinput,thelikelihood3.3PerceptualsalienceThemoreprominentalanguageformatinput,thegreaterthechanceitwillbenoticed(Skehan,1998).Itstandstoreason,therefore,thatthelesssalientaform,thelesslikelyitisto(一級(jí)標(biāo)題與一級(jí)標(biāo)題之間空一行，一級(jí)標(biāo)題和二、三級(jí)標(biāo)題之間都不空行)4.ConclusionItcanbeseenthattherearevariousviewsregardingtheroleofconsciousandunconsciousprocessesinL2acquisition.AnimportantcontributiontothisdebatehasbeenSchmidt's“noticinghypothesis”anditsclaimsabouthowinputbecomesintake,andthis

References（四號(hào)居中加粗頂頁(yè)眉）(空一行)Burka,LaurenP.AHypertextHistoryofMulti-UserDimensions.RetrievedAugust18,2009,from/talent/lpb/muddex/essay..Deleuze,Giles.Foucault.(SeanHand,Trans.&Ed.).Minneapolis:UMP,1986.Fee,Elizabeth&DanielM.Fox.(Eds.).AIDS:TheBurdensofHistory.B