2010級(jí)二大班外科學(xué)考試卷

2010級(jí)二大班外科學(xué)考試卷一、多項(xiàng)選擇題（每題1分共20分）1．多器官功能不全綜合征（MODS）的敘述中不正確的是A急性感染后并發(fā)腎功能衰竭可稱(chēng)為MODSBMODS必須為2個(gè)器官同時(shí)發(fā)生功能衰竭，如ARF+ARDSC肝、胃腸和血凝系統(tǒng)的功能障礙大多明顯，而心血管、肺、腎等功能障礙直至較重時(shí)才有明顯的臨床表現(xiàn)D對(duì)急癥病人出現(xiàn)呼吸加快、心率加速、尿量減少、神志失常等必須考慮到MODS可能E如果發(fā)現(xiàn)出血傾向并懷疑為DIC時(shí)，此時(shí)還應(yīng)考慮有ARDS+ARF或應(yīng)激性潰瘍的可能，并做相關(guān)檢查2．初期復(fù)蘇的主要任務(wù)是A保持呼吸道通暢B有效的人工呼吸C建立有效的人工循環(huán)D保護(hù)腎功能E維持正常體溫3．破傷風(fēng)的前驅(qū)癥狀是ACDE）A乏力、頭暈、頭痛B陳發(fā)性痙攣C反射亢進(jìn)D咀嚼無(wú)力E局部肌肉發(fā)緊4．一般化學(xué)燒傷后的緊急處理A創(chuàng)面消毒劑處理B中和劑處理C大量清水處理D鎮(zhèn)痛E使用解毒劑5．乳頭溢液可見(jiàn)于下列哪幾種疾病A乳腺結(jié)核B乳腺纖維瘤C乳腺癌D乳腺導(dǎo)管內(nèi)乳頭狀瘤E以上都不是6．診斷肺癌的檢查方法有AX線(xiàn)檢查B癌細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查C支氣管斷層片檢查D纖支鏡檢查ECT掃描7．男性，62歲，進(jìn)食后吞咽梗噎感2個(gè)月，逐漸消瘦，臨床高度懷疑食管癌。確診的方法是A纖維食管鏡檢查B食管吞鋇X線(xiàn)檢查C脫落細(xì)胞學(xué)檢查D鎖骨上淋巴結(jié)活檢EMRI8．關(guān)于體外循環(huán)后的生理變化，以下哪項(xiàng)不對(duì)A代謝改變B電解質(zhì)失衡C紅細(xì)胞增多D腎功能減退E血液稀釋9．有關(guān)腹部損傷的描述，下列哪些是正確的A腹部損傷可分為開(kāi)放性損傷和閉合性損傷兩大類(lèi)B腹部閉合性，有時(shí)很難確定有無(wú)合并腹內(nèi)臟器損傷C直腸由于位置較深，故損傷發(fā)生率低D腹腔最易損傷的臟器是脾臟E腹部閉合性損傷均應(yīng)剖腹探查，以免遺漏腹內(nèi)臟器損傷10．臨床上一般根據(jù)哪幾項(xiàng)便可成立急性闌尾炎的診斷A轉(zhuǎn)移性右下腹痛的病史B白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)檢查C右下腹固定而明確的壓痛點(diǎn)D腹部平片見(jiàn)腸管脹氣E尿常規(guī)檢查11．門(mén)靜脈高壓癥的臨床表現(xiàn)下列哪些是正確的A脾腫大、脾功能亢進(jìn)B嘔血或黑便C腹水D曲張的靜脈一量破裂立刻發(fā)生急性大出血E嚴(yán)重者易導(dǎo)致肝昏迷12．上腹部絞痛、寒戰(zhàn)、高熱、黃疸最常見(jiàn)于A先天性膽道閉鎖B膽總管囊腫C膽道蛔蟲(chóng)病D膽囊息肉E膽總管結(jié)石并感染13．急性胰腺炎的非手術(shù)療法包括A禁食、鼻胃管減壓B補(bǔ)液、防止休克C解痙、止痛D抗感染E抑制胰腺外分泌及給予胰腺抑制劑14．胰頭癌的主要臨床特點(diǎn)是A膽囊增大B厭食、消瘦、乏力C進(jìn)行性黃疸D上腹部隱痛E肝臟腫大15．隱睪對(duì)人體構(gòu)成的危險(xiǎn)是A不育B睪丸萎縮C睪丸惡變D睪丸炎E睪丸鞘膜積液16．急性細(xì)菌性前列腺炎的治療包括A臥床休息B應(yīng)用抗生素C應(yīng)用止痛、解痙、退熱藥物D大量飲水E上導(dǎo)尿管引流尿液17．輸尿管結(jié)石發(fā)生腰部絞痛的機(jī)制是A結(jié)石壓迫輸尿管壁，引起輸尿管壞死B結(jié)石合并上尿路感染C結(jié)石嵌頓引起輸尿管粘膜充血水腫D結(jié)石在輸尿管內(nèi)移動(dòng)或嵌頓引起輸尿管平滑肌痙攣E以上都不是18．影響骨折愈合的局部因素A骨折的類(lèi)型和數(shù)量B骨折部位的血液供應(yīng)C軟組織的損傷程度不D軟組織的嵌入E感染19．脊椎骨折病人在搬運(yùn)過(guò)程中最正確的體位是A側(cè)臥位B側(cè)臥屈曲位C側(cè)臥過(guò)伸位D俯臥過(guò)伸位E半坐臥位20．骨與關(guān)節(jié)結(jié)核的臨床表現(xiàn)中有以下哪幾種情況A早期癥狀輕微，病程發(fā)展緩慢B多為多發(fā)很少單發(fā)C膿腫常發(fā)生于關(guān)節(jié)附近，一般沒(méi)有紅熱D常伴發(fā)肌肉萎縮、痙攣、關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)受限E夜啼的原因?yàn)榉砘蜿P(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng)時(shí)引起疼痛二、填空題（每題1分共20分）1．學(xué)習(xí)外科學(xué)首先要嚴(yán)格掌握外科疾病的，如能以非手術(shù)療法治愈的，即不應(yīng)采取；如能以小手術(shù)治愈的，即不采取。2．為了預(yù)防過(guò)于劇烈的、甚至致命的排斥反應(yīng)，移植前應(yīng)作好；；等檢查。3．任何腹外疝，都存在腹橫筋膜不同程度的和。4．、和是腹膜炎的標(biāo)志性體征。5．是十二指腸潰瘍的特征性癥狀；是胃潰瘍的主要癥狀。6．典型的腎結(jié)核最早出現(xiàn)的癥狀是。7．上肢的功能集中表現(xiàn)在。8．最常見(jiàn)的肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位為脫位，典型的臨床表現(xiàn)是畸形。9．正中神經(jīng)腕部損傷會(huì)出現(xiàn)。10．急性血源性骨髓炎發(fā)病部位以、最為多見(jiàn)。三名詞解釋?zhuān)款}3分共18分）1．局部浸潤(rùn)麻醉2清創(chuàng)術(shù)3連枷胸4血運(yùn)性腸梗阻5．尿流中斷6骨腫瘤四問(wèn)答題（共32分）診斷休克的關(guān)鍵是什么；要點(diǎn)有哪些？（7分）簡(jiǎn)述慢性硬腦膜下血腫的臨床表現(xiàn)與診斷（7分）簡(jiǎn)述直腸癌的臨床表現(xiàn)及常用的檢查方法（6分）4．簡(jiǎn)述腎損傷的臨床表現(xiàn)、診斷及治療（6分）5．試述股骨頸骨折的臨床表現(xiàn)與診斷（6分）五、英譯漢（每題1分共10分）1．cardiopulmonarycerebralresuscitation,CPCR2．dermatofidrosarcomaprotuderans3．increasedintracranialpressure4．primaryhyperparathyroidism5．Bacterialliverabscess6．Bronchopulmonarycarcinoma7.diverticulumoftheesophagus02級(jí)外科學(xué)考試卷（B）2005-一名詞解釋?zhuān)款}3分共15分）1多器官功能障礙綜合征2急性尿潴留3腹外疝4張力性氣胸5閉合性骨折二單項(xiàng)選擇題（每題1分20分）有效循環(huán)血量是指：A每分鐘心輸出量B回流至心臟的血量C單位時(shí)間內(nèi)通過(guò)毛細(xì)血管的血量D單位時(shí)間內(nèi)心血管系統(tǒng)內(nèi)的循環(huán)血量E循環(huán)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)血量加脾臟的血量面部危險(xiǎn)三角區(qū)“癤”的危險(xiǎn)性在于A引起顱內(nèi)感染B引起鼻竇炎C引起眼球感染D多發(fā)癤腫E急性淋巴結(jié)炎并向周?chē)鷶U(kuò)散急性硬膜下血腫的主要臨床表現(xiàn)是：A傷后意識(shí)障礙持續(xù)性或逐漸加重B患側(cè)瞳孔散大C顱內(nèi)壓增高癥狀和腦膜刺激征陽(yáng)性D病灶對(duì)側(cè)肢體偏癱E以上均是急性乳腺炎最常見(jiàn)于A妊娠婦女B初產(chǎn)哺乳的婦女C乳頭內(nèi)陷的青年婦女D哺乳半年后的婦女E長(zhǎng)期哺乳的婦女開(kāi)放性氣胸是指：A胸膜上有未清創(chuàng)縫合的傷口B胸膜腔持續(xù)與外界相通C胸膜腔暫時(shí)與外界相通D胸部損傷后胸膜腔內(nèi)氣體存留E肺組織和胸壁同時(shí)損傷腹部實(shí)質(zhì)性臟器破裂最主要的臨床表現(xiàn)是：A腸麻痹B胃腸道癥狀C全身感染癥狀D內(nèi)出血征像E腹膜刺激征高血壓病人麻醉前的處理原則是：A停服降壓藥B術(shù)前使用藥物使血壓調(diào)節(jié)到一適度的范圍C血壓降至正常水平D不必使用降壓藥E血壓降至正常水平以下淺Ⅱo燒傷的共同特點(diǎn)是A都有疼痛和水皰B基底紅、均勻C都有血管栓塞征D2周左右愈合E都有瘢痕增生9.結(jié)腸癌最常見(jiàn)的組織學(xué)類(lèi)型是：A鱗癌B鱗腺癌C腺癌D粘液癌E未分化癌10.中心型肺癌早期常見(jiàn)的癥狀是A咳嗽B血痰C胸悶D胸痛E聲音嘶啞11.下列哪項(xiàng)最有助于診斷原發(fā)性肝癌：Aγ-GTBα-FPCMRIDCTEB超12.在我國(guó)引起門(mén)靜脈高壓癥的主要病因是A肝硬變B門(mén)靜脈主干畸形C門(mén)靜脈血栓形成D門(mén)靜脈炎E腫瘤壓迫門(mén)靜脈13.食管癌的早期臨床表現(xiàn)是A嘔吐B消瘦乏力C持續(xù)性胸背痛D吞咽哽噎感E.進(jìn)行性吞咽困難14.急性梗阻性化膿性膽管炎治療最關(guān)鍵的是：A輸液、補(bǔ)充血容量B靜滴大量抗生素C糾正酸中毒D營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持E膽道減壓手術(shù)15.上消化道出血的臨床表現(xiàn)中嘔血或黑便主要取決于A出血部位的高低B血液在胃內(nèi)滯留的時(shí)間C腸蠕動(dòng)的快慢D出血的量和速度E以上均不對(duì)16.急性胰腺炎發(fā)病之初3~4小時(shí)，最有診斷價(jià)值的是：A尿淀粉酶升高B血淀粉酶升高C血清脂肪酶升高D血白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)升高E血尿素氮、肌酐升高17.急性闌尾炎時(shí)最有診斷的體征是：A腹肌緊張B麥?zhǔn)宵c(diǎn)固定壓痛C結(jié)腸充氣試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性D閉孔內(nèi)肌試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性E腰大肌試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性18．不宜做膀胱鏡檢查的情況是：A膀胱結(jié)石B膀胱腫瘤C腎腫瘤D前列腺增生E由結(jié)核病變引起的尿道狹窄和膀胱攣縮19.肱骨干中下段骨折，最易損傷的神經(jīng)是A正中神經(jīng)B尺神經(jīng)C橈神經(jīng)D腋神經(jīng)E肌皮神經(jīng)20.診斷椎間盤(pán)突出，最有價(jià)值和可靠的方法是：A詳細(xì)詢(xún)問(wèn)病史和嚴(yán)格的體檢BX線(xiàn)平片C脊髓造影DMRIECT三、填空題（每題1分共20分）１．腰麻時(shí)，影響麻醉平面的因素有很多，但最重要的是_______，此外麻醉藥的_______和___________也都有密切關(guān)系。以上因素不變時(shí)則____________、___________和___________是調(diào)節(jié)平面的重要因素。２．輸尿管的生理狹窄處有________、_________、_______。輸尿管結(jié)石位于_________最為多見(jiàn)。３．股骨頸的前傾角是_________度，頸干角是__________度。４．肛裂病人典型的臨床表現(xiàn)是___________、_____________和__________。５．骨折的五種不同移位是__________、_________、__________、_________、_________。三簡(jiǎn)答題（每題7分共35分）簡(jiǎn)述尿失禁的分類(lèi)試述食管癌的手術(shù)禁忌證試述急性闌尾炎的臨床表現(xiàn)（癥狀和體征）4.麻醉前用藥目的及常用的藥物種類(lèi)急性血源性骨髓炎的早期診斷依據(jù)四、英譯漢（10分）ClinicalFindingsofLowBackPainSymptomsandSigns:Themostcommoncauseoflowbackpainismechanicalstrain.Patientscomplainofpainrelatedtooverexertion.Painmayimmediatelyfollowliftingorotherformsofexertion.Painfromlumberstrainisexacerbatedbybendingorliftingandrelievedbyrest.Painismostsevereinthelumbosacralareaandmayradiateintothebuttock.Physicalexaminationisremarkableforthelackofneurologicalinvolvement.Deeptendonreflexesarepresentandsymmetric.Thestraight-leg-raisingtestisnormal.X-rayFindings:X-rayexaminationmayrevealchangessuchaslumberdiskspacenarrowingandosteophytosisormaybeentirelynormal.Becausex-raysignarenonspecific,manycliniciansavoidx-raystudiesduringtheinitialevaluation.02級(jí)外科學(xué)考試卷（B）答案一、名詞解釋1多器官功能障礙綜合征指急性疾病過(guò)程中兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的器官或系統(tǒng)同時(shí)或序貫發(fā)生功能障礙2急性尿潴留見(jiàn)于膀胱出口以下尿路嚴(yán)重梗阻，突然不能排尿，使尿液滯留于膀胱內(nèi)3腹外疝是由腹腔內(nèi)的臟器或組織連同腹膜壁層，經(jīng)腹壁薄弱點(diǎn)或孔隙向體表突出形成4張力性氣胸為氣管、支氣管或肺損傷處形成活，氣體隨每次吸氣進(jìn)入胸膜腔并積累增多導(dǎo)致胸膜胸壓力高于大氣壓。5閉合性骨折，骨折處皮膚或粘膜完整，骨折端不與外界相通二、單項(xiàng)選擇題1234567891011121314151617181920DAEBBDBACABADEDDBCCA三、填空題１．劑量比重容積穿刺間隙病人體位注藥速度２．腎盂輸尿管交接外輸尿管跨骼血管處輸尿管入膀胱處下１／３段３．大于30度750度４．疼痛便秘出血５．成角側(cè)方縮短分離旋轉(zhuǎn)四、簡(jiǎn)答題（40分）簡(jiǎn)述尿失禁的分類(lèi)可分為四類(lèi)1真性尿失禁2假性尿失禁3急迫性尿失禁4壓力性尿失禁試述食管癌的手術(shù)禁忌證1全身情況差，已呈惡病質(zhì)?；蛴袊?yán)重心肺或肝、腎功能不全者。2病變侵犯范圍大，已有明顯外侵及穿孔征象，已出現(xiàn)聲音嘶啞或已有食管氣管瘺者。3已有遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移者試述急性闌尾炎的臨床表現(xiàn)（癥狀和體征）1腹痛典型的腹痛發(fā)作始原于上腹，逐漸移向臍部6-8小時(shí)后轉(zhuǎn)移并局限在右下腹。2胃腸道癥狀早期可有惡心、嘔吐但癥狀較輕3全身癥狀早期有乏力，炎癥重出現(xiàn)中毒癥狀體征；1右下腹壓痛是重要體征壓痛點(diǎn)位于麥?zhǔn)宵c(diǎn)2腹膜刺激征象反跳痛，腹肌緊張，腸鳴音減弱或消失3右下腹包塊4可作為輔助診斷的其它體征結(jié)腸充氣試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性腰大腸沖氣試驗(yàn)陽(yáng)性肛門(mén)直腸指檢實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查影像學(xué)檢查等麻醉前用藥目的及常用的藥物種類(lèi)1消除病人緊張、焦慮及恐懼的心情，使病人在麻醉前能夠情緒安定，充分合作。2提高病人的痛閾，緩和或解除原發(fā)疾病或麻醉前有創(chuàng)操作引起的疼痛3抑制呼吸道腺體的分泌功能減少唾液分泌防止誤吸4消除因手術(shù)或麻醉引起的不良反射常用藥物：安定鎮(zhèn)靜藥催眠藥鎮(zhèn)痛藥抗膽堿藥簡(jiǎn)述良性骨腫瘤和惡性骨腫瘤的特點(diǎn)良性：1多無(wú)疼痛2質(zhì)硬而無(wú)壓痛3引起功能障礙，壓迫癥狀?lèi)盒裕?生長(zhǎng)聲速2疼痛3壓痛4局部血管怒張5引起功能障礙，壓迫癥狀五、漢譯英（10分）下腰背痛的臨床表現(xiàn)癥狀和體征：下腰背痛最常見(jiàn)的原因是機(jī)械性勞損。病人主訴有用力過(guò)度相互關(guān)聯(lián)的疼痛。在舉重或其他形式用力后立即產(chǎn)生疼痛。起因于腰部勞損的疼痛可因彎腰或舉重加重，休息后可緩解。腰骶部疼痛最重，并可放射至臀部。體檢應(yīng)注意的是無(wú)神經(jīng)受累。深部件反射存在，且對(duì)稱(chēng)。直腿抬高試驗(yàn)正常。X線(xiàn)所見(jiàn)：X線(xiàn)檢查可顯示一些變化如腰椎間隙狹窄，有骨贅形成或完全正常。由于X線(xiàn)檢查是非特異性的，許多臨床醫(yī)生開(kāi)始避免做X線(xiàn)檢查。6年制英語(yǔ)班外科試題(A)TermExplanation(40points,5pointsforeach)AbscessAlocalizedcollectionofpusinpartofthebody,formedbytissuedisintegrationandsurroundedbyaninflamedareaARDSARDS,alsocalledacuterespiratorydistresssyndrome,isatypeoflung(pulmonary)failurethatmayresultfromanydiseasethatcauseslargeamountsoffluidtocollectinthelungs.ARDSisnotitselfaspecificdisease,butasyndrome,agroupofsymptomsandsignsthatmakeuponeofthemostimportantformsoflungorrespiratoryfailure.CharcottriadThecombinationofjaundice;fever,usuallywithrigors;andupperquadrantabdominalpain.Occursasaresultofascendingcholangitis.HerniaHerniaisageneraltermusedtodescribeabulgeorprotrusionofanorganthroughthestructureormusclethatusuallycontainsit.HematuriaBloodintheurine.Itusuallyindicatesinjuryordiseaseofthekidneyoranotherstructureoftheurinarysystemorpossibly,inmales,thereproductivesystem.MODSMultipleorgandysfunctionsyndromeisthepresenceofalteredorganfunctioninacutelyillpatientssuchthathomeostasiscannotbemaintainedwithoutintervention.Itusuallyinvolvestwoormoreorgansystems.ShockShockisamedicalemergencyinwhichtheorgansandtissuesofthebodyarenotreceivinganadequateflowofblood.Thisdeprivestheorgansandtissuesofoxygen(carriedintheblood)andallowsthebuildupofwasteproducts.Shockcanresultinseriousdamageorevendeath.UrinaryincontinenceUrinaryincontinenceisunintentionallossofurinethatissufficientenoughinfrequencyandamounttocausephysicaland/oremotionaldistressinthepersonexperiencingit.Thereareseveraltypesofurinaryincontinence.Itincludesoverflowincontinence,urgeincontinence,andstressincontinence.AnswertheFollowingQuestionsBriefly(30points,15pointsforeach)Whatarethetherapeuticprinciplesofsepticshock?Indistributiveshockcausedbysepsistheinfectionistreatedwithantibioticsandsupportivecareisgiven(i.e.inotropica,mechanicalventilation,renalfunctionreplacement).Anaphylaxisisinflammatoryresponse.Inneurogenicshockbecauseofvasodilationinthelegs,oneofthemostsuggestedtreatmentsisplacingthepatientintheTrendelenburgposition,therebyelevatingthelegsandshuntingbloodbackfromtheperipherytothebody'score.However,sincebloodvesselsarehighlycompliant,andexpandasresultoftheincreasedtreatedwithadrenalinetostimulatecardiacperformanceandcorticosteroidstoreducethevolumelocally,thistechniquedoesnotwork.Moresuitablewouldbetheuseofvasopressors.Howtoperformthecardiopulmonaryresuscitation(CPR)?cardiopulmonaryresuscitation(CPR),emergencyprocedureusedtotreatvictimsofcardiacandrespiratoryarrest.CPRcanbedoneinahospitalwithdrugsandspecialequipmentorasafirst-aidtechnique.Ineithercaseitisdonewithgreaturgencytoavoidthebraindamageordeaththatresultfromfourtosixminuteswithoutoxygen.Thefirst-aidprocedurecombinesexternalheartmassage(tokeepthebloodflowingthroughthebody)withartificialrespiration(tokeepairflowinginandoutofthelungs).Thevictimisplacedfaceupandpreparedforartificialrespiration.ThepersonadministeringCPRplaceshisorherhands(oneontopoftheother,withfingersinterlocked)heeldownonthevictim'sbreastbone,leansforward,andmakes30quick,rhythmicalcompressions(atarateofaboutonepersecond)ofabout2in.(5cm).Thisisfollowedbytwobreaths,administeredusingthemouth-to-mouthmethodofartificialrespiration.CPRforinfantsandchildrendiffersintheratioofcompressionstobreaths,andthecompressionofthechestisonly1to1.5in.(2.5to3.8cm).Ideallytheprocedureisdonebytwopeople,onetogivemouth-to-mouthartificialrespirationandonetoapplyexternalheartmassage,andspecialtrainingisrecommended.TranslatetheFollowingEssayintoChinese(30Points)ChiefComplaint:This61year-oldmalepresentstodaywithrecentfindingofabnormalserumPSAof16ng/ml.Associatedsignsandsymptoms:Associatedsignsandsymptomsincludedribblingurine,inabilitytoemptybladder,nocturia,urinaryhesitancyandurinestreamisslow.Timing(onset/frequency):Onsetwas6monthsago.Patientdeniesfeverandchillsanddeniesflankpain.Allergies:Patientadmitsallergiestoadhesivetaperesultinginsevererash.Patientdeniesanallergytoanesthesia.MedicationHistory:Patientisnotcurrentlytakinganymedications.PastMedicalHistory:ChildhoodIllnesses:asthma,Cardiovascular:angina,Renal/Urinary:kidneyproblems.PastSurgicalHistory:Patientadmitspastsurgicalhistoryofappendectomyin1992.SocialHistory:Patientadmitsalcoholuse,Drinkingisdescribedasheavy,Patientdeniesillegaldruguse,PatientdeniesSTDhistory,Patientdeniestobaccouse.FamilyHistory:Patientadmitsafamilyhistoryofgoutattacksassociatedwithfather.ReviewofSystems:Unremarkablewithexceptionofchiefcomplaint.PhysicalExam:BPSitting:120/80Resp:20HR:72Temp:98.6Patientisapleasant,61year-oldmaleinnoapparentdistresswholookshisgivenage,iswell-developedandnourishedwithgoodattentiontohygieneandbodyhabitus.Neck:Neckisnormalandsymmetrical,withoutswellingortenderness.Thyroidissmoothandsymmetricwithnoenlargement,tendernessormassesnoted.Respiratory:Respirationsareevenwithoutuseofaccessorymusclesandnointercostalretractionsnoted.Breathingisnotlabored,diaphragmatic,orabdominal.Lungscleartoauscultationwithnorales,rhonchi,wheezes,orrubsnoted.Cardiovascular:NormalS1andS2withoutmurmurs,gallop,rubsorclicks.Peripheralpulsesfulltopalpation,novaricosities,extremitieswarmwithnoedemaortenderness.Gastrointestinal:Abdominalorgans,bladder,kidney:Noabnormalities,withoutmasses,tenderness,orrigidity.Hernia:absent;noinguinal,femoral,orventralherniasnoted.Liverand/orSpleen:noabnormalities,tenderness,ormassesnoted.Stoolspecimennotindicated.Genitourinary:Anusandperineum:noabnormalities.Nofissures,edema,dimples,ortendernessnoted.Scrotum:noabnormalities.Nolesions,rash,orsebaceouscystnoted.Epididymides:noabnormalities,masses,orspermatocele,withoutenlargement,induration,ortenderness.Testes:symmetrical;noabno