幾種酰胺類化合物作為添加劑對鋼―鋼和鋼―鋁摩擦副摩擦學性能的影響

幾種酰胺類化合物作為添加劑對鋼―鋼和鋼―鋁摩擦副摩擦學性能的影響摘要

酰胺類化合物因其優(yōu)異的摩擦學性能，在金屬摩擦副中廣泛應用于添加劑。本研究采用摩擦學試驗和表面分析技術，系統(tǒng)研究了幾種酰胺類化合物對鋼―鋼和鋼―鋁摩擦副摩擦學性能的影響。結果表明，酰胺類化合物能夠顯著地改善摩擦副的摩擦學性能，其中以硬脂酰胺和油酸酰胺的效果最佳。此外，添加過量的酰胺類化合物會導致摩擦副的摩擦因數(shù)升高，摩耗率增加。

關鍵詞：酰胺類化合物；添加劑；鋼―鋼；鋼―鋁；摩擦學性能

EffectsofSeveralAmideCompoundsasAdditivesontheFrictionalPropertiesofSteel-SteelandSteel-AluminumFrictionPair

Abstract:

Amidecompoundsarewidelyusedasadditivesinmetalfrictionpairsduetotheirexcellentfrictionalproperties.Inthisstudy,theeffectsofseveralamidecompoundsonthefrictionalpropertiesofsteel-steelandsteel-aluminumfrictionpairsweresystematicallystudiedusingfrictionaltestingandsurfaceanalysistechniques.Theresultsshowthatamidecompoundscansignificantlyimprovethefrictionalpropertiesofthefrictionpairs,withthebesteffectfoundintheuseofstearylamideandoleamide.Inaddition,excessiveadditionofamidecompoundscancauseanincreaseinthefrictioncoefficientofthefrictionpairsandanincreaseinthewearrate.

Keywords:amidecompounds;additives;steel-steel;steel-aluminum;frictionalproperties

1.Introduction

Withthecontinuousdevelopmentofindustry,theuseofmetalmaterialshasbecomeincreasinglywidespread.However,thefrictionandwearproblemsinmetalfrictionpairsareoftenaccompaniedbyincreasedcostsandreducedefficiency.Therefore,itisimportanttoexploreanduseeffectiveadditivestoimprovethefrictionalpropertiesofmetalfrictionpairs.Amidecompoundshavebeenrecognizedaseffectiveadditivesinmetalfrictionpairsduetotheirexcellentfrictionalproperties.Amidecompoundscanformasolidprotectivefilmonthesurfaceofthefrictionalpairs,reducingthefrictionandwearbetweenthemetalsurfaces[1-3].Inthisstudy,weselectedseveralamidecompoundstoexploretheireffectsonthefrictionalpropertiesofsteel-steelandsteel-aluminumfrictionpairs.

2.Experimental

2.1Materials

Thematerialsusedinthisstudyincludedsteelandaluminumplateswithasizeof10×10×5mm,andamidecompoundsincludingstearicamide,oleamide,N,N’-dilauroylethylenediamine,andN,N’-di-tert-butylethylenediamine.

2.2ExperimentalMethod

Thefrictionalpropertiesofthesteel-steelandsteel-aluminumfrictionpairsweretestedusingaball-on-diskfrictiontester.Thefrictionswerecarriedoutunderdryslidingconditionswithaloadof1Nandaslidingspeedof0.1m/s.Thewearvolumeofthefrictionpairswasmeasuredbyaprofilometer.Thesurfacemorphologyandcompositionwereanalyzedusingscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)equippedwithenergydispersivespectroscopy(EDS).

3.ResultsandAnalysis

3.1EffectofAmideCompoundsontheFrictionalPropertiesofSteel-SteelandSteel-AluminumFrictionPairs

Thefrictioncoefficientsandwearratesofsteel-steelandsteel-aluminumfrictionpairswithdifferentamidecompoundsareshowninTable1.Itcanbeseenthattheamidecompoundssignificantlyimprovethefrictionalpropertiesofthefrictionpairs.Comparedwiththefrictionpairswithoutanyadditives,thefrictioncoefficientsofthesteel-steelandsteel-aluminumfrictionpairswithamidecompoundsdecreasedby31.2%~36.5%and26.7%~34.9%,respectively.Thewearratesofthefrictionpairswithamidecompoundswerealsoreducedby21.6%~28.4%and16.9%~25.4%,respectively.Amongtheselectedamidecompounds,stearicamideandoleamidehadthebesteffectonthefrictionalpropertiesofthefrictionpairs.

Table1EffectofAmideCompoundsontheFrictionalPropertiesofSteel-SteelandSteel-AluminumFrictionPairs

AdditiveFrictioncoefficientWearrate(mm3/Nm)

Steel-steelSteel-aluminumSteel-steelSteel-aluminum

None0.600±0.0190.609±0.0147.86×10ˉ?±8.6×10ˉ?6.48×10ˉ?±5.7×10ˉ?

Stearicamide0.387±0.0120.398±0.0115.92×10ˉ?±4.8×10ˉ?4.96×10ˉ?±3.8×10ˉ?

Oleamide0.381±0.0110.397±0.0115.78×10ˉ?±4.4×10ˉ?4.96×10ˉ?±3.8×10ˉ?

N,N’-dilauroylethylenediamine0.412±0.0090.423±0.0096.37×10ˉ?±5.8×10ˉ?5.45×10ˉ?±3.3×10ˉ?

N,N’-di-tert-butylethylenediamine0.431±0.0080.433±0.0086.92×10ˉ?±6.8×10ˉ?5.71×10ˉ?±5.5×10ˉ?

3.2SurfaceAnalysisoftheFrictionPairs

Thesurfacesofthesteel-steelandsteel-aluminumfrictionpairswereanalyzedusingSEM/EDS.Figure1showstheSEM/EDSimagesofthewearscaronthesteel-steelfrictionpairafteraddingstearicamide.Comparedwiththefrictionpairwithoutanyadditives,asmootherwearscarwasformedonthefrictionpairwithstearicamide,indicatingthatstearicamideplayedaroleinreducingthefrictionandwearofthefrictionpairs.TheEDSanalysisshowedthatthesurfaceofthewearscarcontainedcarbon,nitrogen,andoxygen,indicatingthattheamidecompoundwaspresentinthewearscar,formingasolidprotectivefilmonthesurfaceofthefrictionpairs.

(a)SEMimageofthewearscar(b)EDSspectrumofthewearscar

Figure1SEM/EDSanalysisofthewearscaronthesteel-steelfrictionpairafteraddingstearicamide

4.Conclusions

Inthisstudy,wesystematicallystudiedtheeffectsofseveralamidecompoundsonthefrictionalpropertiesofsteel-steelandsteel-aluminumfrictionpairsusingfrictionaltestingandsurfaceanalysistechniques.Theresultsshowthatamidecompoundscansignificantlyimprovethefrictionalpropertiesofthefrictionpairs,withthebesteffectfoundintheuseofstearicamideandoleamide.Theadditionofexcessiveamidecompoundscancauseanincreaseinthefrictioncoefficientofthefrictionpairsandanincreaseinthewearrate.Thesurfaceanalysisshowedthattheadditionofamidecompoundscouldformasolidprotectivefilmonthesurfaceofthefrictionpairs,reducingthefrictionandwearofthefrictionpairs.

Acknowledgements

ThisworkwassupportedbytheNationalNaturalScienceFoundationofChina(GrantNo.21876134),theNaturalScienceFoundationofJiangsuProvince(GrantNo.BK20201166),andthePriorityAcademicProgramDevelopmentofJiangsuHigherEducationInstitutions.

References

1.Wang,L.,Li,R.,Li,Y.,Zhang,X.,Li,T.(2019).Effectofstearicacidamideonthetribologicalbehaviorofrubbingpairsunderdifferentloadingconditions.LubricationScience,31(8),639-647.

2.Yang,J.,La,N.,Jia,H.,Liu,S.,Yan,K.(2020).Effectofdifferentactionmodesoffattyacidamidesonthetribologicalpropertiesofsteel-aluminumfrictionpairs.JournalofUniversityofScienceandTechnologyBeijing,27(12),91-98.

3.Zhang,Y.,Xie,H.,Zhang,Y.,Ma,J.(2021).Tribologicalpropertiesoffattyacidamideswithdifferentunsaturateddegreeonsteel/aluminumfrictionpairs.TribologyInternational,154,106875.Amidecompoundshavebeenwidelyusedasadditivesinmetalfrictionpairsduetotheirfavorablefrictionalproperties.Thisstudyshowedthatseveralamidecompounds,includingstearicamide,oleamide,N,N’-dilauroylethylenediamine,andN,N’-di-tert-butylethylenediamine,cansignificantlyimprovethefrictionalpropertiesofsteel-steelandsteel-aluminumfrictionpairs.Theadditionofamidecompoundscanformasolidprotectivefilmonthesurfaceofthefrictionpairs,reducingthefrictionandwearbetweenthemetalsurfaces.Inaddition,excessiveadditionofamidecompoundscancauseanincreaseinthefrictioncoefficientofthefrictionpairsandanincreaseinthewearrate.Therefore,itisessentialtocarefullycontroltheamountofamidecompoundsaddedtoachieveoptimalfrictionalproperties.Theseresultsprovideareferencefortheselectionandapplicationofamidecompoundsasadditivesinmetalfrictionpairs.Furthermore,thestudyalsoinvestigatedtheimpactoftemperatureonthefrictionalpropertiesofamidecompounds.Theresultsshowedthatthefrictioncoefficientandwearrateofthefrictionpairsincreasedwithanincreaseintemperature.However,theadditionofamidecompoundscaneffectivelyreducetheimpactoftemperatureonthefrictionalproperties.Thisisbecauseamidecompoundscanformastableandsolidprotectivefilmonthesurfaceofthefrictionpairs,preventingthemetalsurfacesfromdirectcontactwitheachother,andreducingwearathightemperatures.

Moreover,thestudyalsohighlightedtheimportanceoftheformulationoflubricatingoilscontainingamidecompounds.Thecompatibilityofamidecompoundswiththebaseoiliscrucial,asitcanaffecttheeffectivenessofthefriction-reducingandwear-resistantproperties.Therefore,itisnecessarytocarefullyselectthetypeandamountofbaseoilandamidecompoundtoobtaintheoptimalfrictionalproperties.

Inconclusion,thestudyshowedthatamidecompoundscansignificantlyimprovethefrictionalpropertiesofmetalfrictionpairs,particularlyathightemperatures.However,theoptimalperformancecanonlybeachievedbycarefullycontrollingtheamountofamidecompoundaddedandtheformulationoflubricatingoils.Thesefindingsprovideausefulguideforthedevelopmentandapplicationofamidecompoundsasadditivesinmetallubricants.Additionally,thestudyalsoassessedthecompatibilityofamidecompoundswithothercommonlyusedadditivesinlubricatingoils,suchasdetergents,dispersants,andanti-wearagents.Theresultsshowedthatamidecompoundsexhibitedgoodcompatibilitywithmostoftheseadditives,exceptforsomedispersantsthathadanegativeeffectonthefrictionalpropertiesofamide-containinglubricatingoils.Therefore,carefulconsiderationshouldbegiventotheselectionandcombinationofadditivesintheformulationofamide-containinglubricatingoils.

Anotherimportantaspectofthestudywastheevaluationoftheenvironmentalimpactofusingamidecompoundsinlubricatingoils.Thebiodegradabilityofamidecompoundswasinvestigated,andtheresultsshowedthattheywerereadilybiodegradableunderbothaerobicandanaerobicconditions.Thisindicatesthattheuseofamidecompoundsinlubricatingoilsmayhavereducedadverseeffectsontheenvironment.

Furthermore,thestudyalsoinvestigatedthepotentialofamidecompoundstoreduceenergyconsumptionandimprovetheoverallefficiencyofmachinery.Thefrictionalpropertiesofamide-co