2014全國高考英語試題匯編閱讀之科普知識類

2014全國高考英語試題匯編閱讀之科普知識類一（2014安徽卷）BRecordingsofangrybeesareenoughtosendbig,toughAfricanelephantsrunningaway,anewstudysays.Beehives（蜂窩）-eitherrecordedorreal-mayevenpreventelephantsfromdamagingfarmer'scrops.In2002,scientistLucyKingandherteamfoundthatelephantsavoidcertaintreeswithbeeslivinginthem.Today,LucywantstoseeifAfricanhoneybeesmightdiscourageelephantsfromeatingcrops.Butbeforesheaskedfarmertogotothetroubleofsettingupbeehivesontheirfarms,sheneededtofindoutifthebeeswouldscareelephantsaway.LucyfoundawildbeehiveinsideatreeinnorthernKenyaandsetuparecorder.Thenshethrewastoneintothebeehive,whichburstintolife.Lucyandherassistanthidintheircaruntiltheangrybeeshadcalmeddown.Next，LucysearchedoutelephantfamiliesinSamburuNationalReserveinnorthernKenyaandputaspeakerinaclosetoeachfamily.Fromadistance,Lucyswitchedonthepre-recordedsoundofangrybeeswhileatthesametimerecordingtheelephantswithavideocamera.Halftheelephantgroupslefttheareawithintenseconds.Outofatotalof17groups,onlyonegroupignoredthesoundoftheangrybees.Lucyreportedthatalltheyoungelephantsimmediatelyrantotheirmotherstohideunderthem.WhenLucyPlayedthesoundofawaterfall（瀑布）insteadoftheangrybeestomanyofthesameelephantfamilies,theanimalswereundisturbed.Evenafterfourminutes,mostofthegroupsstayedinoneplace.Lucyisnowstudyingwhethertheelephantswillcontinuetoavoidthesoundofangrybeesafterhearingitseveraltimes.Shehasn'ttestedenoughgroupsyettoknow,butherinitial（最初的）resultswerepromisingenoughtobegintrialswithfarmers.Shehasnowbegunplacingspeakersinthefieldstoseeifelephantsarefrightenedawa.y60.Weknowfromthepassagethatelephantsmayhefrightenedof.A.loudnoisesB.somecropsC.videocamerasD.angrybeesAsmentionedinthepassage,LucyworksbyherselfinAfricaneedstotestmoreelephantgroupshasstoppedelephantseatingcropshasgotfarmerstosetupbeehivesontheirfarmsWhydidLucythrowastoneintoawildbeehive?Torecordthesoundofbees.Tomakeavideoofelephants.Toseeifelephantswouldrunaway.Tofindoutmoreaboutthebehaviorofbees.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?YoungelephantsignoreAfricanhoneybees.Waterfallscanmakeelephantsstayinoneplace.Elephantsdonotgoneartreeswithbeeslivinginthem.FarmersdonotallowLucytoconducttestsintheirfields.【考點】考察科普知識類閱讀【文章大意】本文講述了非洲大陸的大象十分害怕蜜蜂的聲音，科學(xué)家LucyKing正在研究十分可以利用這個現(xiàn)象來保護(hù)莊稼不受大象的侵?jǐn)_。.【答案】D【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第一句Recordingsofangrybeesareenoughtosendbig,toughAfricanelephantsrunningaway,anewstudysays.可知憤怒的蜜蜂的錄音的聲音足以讓非洲大象都害怕地跑開。故D正確。.【答案】B【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)文章最后一段Shehasn'ttestedenoughgroupsyettoknow,butherinitial（最初的）resultswerepromisingenoughtobegintrialswithfarmers.可知她需要還需要對更多的象群進(jìn)行研究，以證明蜜蜂的聲音對大象是有影響的。故B正確。.【答案】A【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)文章第三段1,2行LucyfoundawildbeehiveinsideatreeinnorthernKenyaandsetuparecorder.Thenshethrewastoneintothebeehive,whichburstintolife.Lucyandherassistanthidintheircaruntiltheangrybeeshadcalmeddown.他們找到一個蜂巢，放好錄音機(jī)，然后扔一個石塊擊中蜂巢，讓蜜蜂都飛起來尋找敵人。他們錄下這個聲音?？芍麄?nèi)邮^是為了錄下憤怒的蜜蜂的聲音。故A正確。.【答案】C【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段Fromadistance,Lucyswitchedonthepre-recordedsoundofangrybeeswhileatthesametimerecordingtheelephantswithavideocamera.Halftheelephantgroupslefttheareawithintenseconds.Outofatotalof17groups,onlyonegroupignoredthesoundoftheangrybees.可知當(dāng)她播放蜜蜂的聲音的時候，大部分的大象都在10秒鐘只能離開了，說明大象很害怕蜜蜂的聲音。故C正確?！鹃L難句解析】Recordingsofangrybeesareenoughtosendbig,toughAfricanelephantsrunningaway,anewstudysays.【翻譯】一個新的研究說：憤怒的蜜蜂的錄音足以讓體型巨大的非洲大象都逃走?！痉治觥勘揪渲械谋碚Zareenoughtosendbig,toughAfricanelephantsrunningaway中的不定式tosendbig,toughAfricanelephantsrunningaway表示的是結(jié)果。句中有一個固定搭配sendsbdoingsth讓某人做某事，doing是賓語補(bǔ)足語的成分。二（2014北京卷）DMultitaskingWhatisthefirstthingyounoticewhenyouwalkintoashop?Theproductsdisplayed（展示）attheentrance?Orthesoftbackgroundmusic?Buthaveyouevernoticethesmell?Unlessitisbad,theanswerislikelytobeno.Butwhileashop‘sscentmaynotbeoutstandingcomparedwithsightsandsounds,itiscertainlythere.Anditisprovidingtobeanincreasingpowerfultoolinencouragingpeopletopurchase.Abrandstorehasbecomefamousforitsdistinctivescentwhichfloatsthroughthefairlydarkhallandouttotheentrance,viascentmachines.Asmellmaybeattractivebutitmaynotjustbeusedforfresheningair.Onesportsgoodscompanyoncereportedthatwhenitfirstintroducedscentintoitsstores,customers‘intensiontopurchaseincreasedby80percent.WhenitcomestothebestshoppingstreetsinPairs,scentisjustasimportanttoabrand‘ssuccessasthequalityofitswindowdisplaysandgoodsonslaes.Thatismainlybecauseshoppingisaverydifferentexperiencetowhatitusedtobe.Someyearsago,thefocusforbrandnameshoppingwasonafewpeoplewithsalesassistants‘disprovingattitudeanddon‘t-touch-what-you-can‘t-afforddisplays.Nowtheriseofelectroniccommerce（e-commerce）hasopenedupfamousbrandstoawideraudience.Butwhilee-shopscanusesightsandsounds,onlybricks-and-mortarstores（實體店）canofferafullexperiencefromtheminutecustomersstepthroughthedoortothemomenttheyleave.Anotherbrandstoreseekstobemuchmorethanashop,butratheradestination.Andscentisjustonewaytoachievethis.Nowafamousstoreusescomplexman-madesmelltomakesurethatthesoftscentofbabypowderfloatsthroughthekiddepartment,andcoconut（椰子）scentintheswimsuitsection.Adepartmentstorehasevenopenedanewlab,invitingcustomersonajourneyintothestore‘swindowstosmellbooks,potsanddrawers,insearchoftheirperfectscent.Accordingtothepassage,whatisanincreasinglypowerfultoolinthesuccessofsomebrandstore?A.Friendlyassistant. B.Uniquescents.C.Softbackgroundmusic D.attractivewindowdisplay.E-shopsarementionedinthepassageto .showtheadvantagesofbrick-and-mortarstoresurgeshopassistantstochangetheirattitudepushstorestousesightsandsoundsintroducetheriseofe-commerceTheunderlinedword—destination“inParagraph5means.aplatformthatexhibtsgoodsaspotwheretravelersliketostayC.aplacewherecustomerslovetogoatargetthatastoreexpectstomeetThemainpurposeofthepassageisto .A.compareandevaluate B.examineandassessC.argueanddiscuss D.informandexplain【考點】考察科普知識類閱讀【文章大意】本文介紹了現(xiàn)在的很多商店都運用一個新方法：味道，來吸引顧客。并解釋了這樣做的原因。這是與網(wǎng)店比較起來實體店的一個優(yōu)勢。.【答案】B【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)文章第三段1,2行Abrandstorehasbecomefamousforitsdistinctivescentwhichfloatsthroughthefairlydarkhallandouttotheentrance,viascentmachines.可知這家商店的成功的原因是店里很有特色的味道。故B正確。.【答案】A【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)第五段3,4行Butwhilee-shopscanusesightsandsounds,onlybricks-and-mortarstores（實體店）canofferafullexperiencefromtheminutecustomersstepthroughthedoortothemomenttheyleave.可知電子網(wǎng)店里可以使用聲音和視覺來吸引顧客，那么實體店里就可以使用味道來吸引顧客。作者舉電子網(wǎng)店是為了說明實體店也有自己的優(yōu)勢。故A正確。.【答案】C【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)本句Anotherbrandstoreseekstobemuchmorethanashop,butratheradestination.另外一家實體店通過種種方法努力讓自己不僅僅是一個商店，而成為人們愿意去的目的地，既然來到這里，他們就可能多購物了。光顧該詞是指C項含義。.【答案】D【試題解析】推理題。本文介紹了現(xiàn)在的很多商店都運用一個新方法：味道，來吸引顧客。并解釋了這樣做的原因。也就是說本文是為了告訴我們這樣的行為并做出解釋。故D正確?！鹃L難句解析】Onesportsgoodscompanyoncereportedthatwhenitfirstintroducedscentintoitsstores,customers‘intensiontopurchaseincreasedby80percent.【翻譯】一家運動品牌公司曾經(jīng)報道，當(dāng)他們首先引進(jìn)香味進(jìn)入商店的時候，顧客們的購物欲望增加了百分之80.【分析】本句中動詞reported后面含有一個賓語從句thatwhenitfirstintroducedscentintoitsstores,customers'intensiontopurchaseincreasedby80percent.通常賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that是可以省略的，但是本題賓語從句中有一個when引導(dǎo)的時間裝預(yù)從句，所以that是不能省略。三（2014廣東卷）DScientiststodayaremakinggreaterefforttostudyoceancurrents（洋流）.Mostdoitusingsatellitesandotherhigh-techequipment.However,oceanexpertCurtisEbbesmeyerdoesitinaspecialway---bystudyingmovementsofrandomfloatinggarbage.Ascientistwithmanyyears‘experience,hestartedthistypeofresearchintheearly1990swhenheheardabouthundredsofathleticshoeswashingupontheshoresofthenorthwestcoastoftheUnitedStates.Thereweresomanyshoesthatpeopleweresettingupswapmeets,totryandmatchleftandrightshoestosellorwear.Ebbesmeyerfoundoutinhisresearchesthattheshoes—about60,000intotal—fellintotheoceaninashippingaccident.Hephonedtheshoecompanyandaskediftheywantedtheshoesback.Asexpected,thecompanytoldhimthattheydidn't.Ebbesmeyerrealizedthiscouldbeagreatexperiment.Ifhelearnedwhenandwheretheshoeswentintothewaterandtrackedwheretheylanded,hecouldlearnalotaboutthepatternsofoceancurrents.ThePacificNorthwestisoneoftheworld'sbestareasforbeachcombing（海灘搜尋）becausewindsandcurrentsjoinhere,andasaresult,thereisagroupofseriousbeachcombersinthearea.Ebbesmeyergottoknowalotofthemandaskedfortheirhelpincollectinginformationaboutwheretheshoeslanded.Inayearhecollectedreliableinformationon1,600shoes.Withthisdata,heandacolleaguewereabletotestandimproveacomputerprogramdesignedtomodeloceancurrents,andpublishthefindingsoftheirstudy.Astheresultofhiswork,Ebbesmeyerhasbecomeknownasthescientisttocallwithquestionsaboutanyunusualobjectsfoundfloatingintheocean.Hehasevenstartedanassociationofbeachcombersandoceanexperts,with500subscribersfromWestAfricatoNewZealand.Theyhaverecordedalllostobjectsrangingfrompotatoestogolfgloves.TheunderlinedphraseswapmeetsinParagraph1isclosestinmeaningtofittingroomstradingfairsbusinesstalksgroupmeetingsEbbesmeyerphonedtheshoecompanytofindout whatcausedtheshippingaccidentwhenandwheretheshoeswentmissingwhetheritwasallrighttousetheirshoeshowmuchtheylostintheshippingaccidentHowdidEbbesmeyerprovehisassumption?Bycollectinginformationfrombeachcombers.Bystudyingtheshoesfoundbybeachcomber.Bysearchingthewebforoceancurrentsmodels.Byresearchingoceancurrentsdatainthelibrary.Ebbesmeyerismostfamousfor .travelingwidelythecoastalcitiesoftheworldmakingrecordsforanylostobjectsonthesearunningaglobalcurrentsresearchassociationphoningaboutanydoubtfulobjectsontheseaWhatisthepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthispassage?Tocallpeople'sattentiontooceanpollution.Towarnpeopleofshippingsafetyintheocean.Toexplainauniquewayofstudyingoceancurrents.Togivetipsonhowtosearchforlostobjectsonthebeach.【考點】考察科普知識類閱讀【文章大意】本文介紹了.海洋專家CurtisEbbesmeyer通過研究海上漂流物的方法來研究洋流，接著就對此方法進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)說明。.【答案】B【試題解析】猜測詞義題。根據(jù)橫線部分下一句tryandmatchleftandrightshoestosellorwear人們嘗試著配對左右腳的鞋，然后去賣或者穿。說明人們想搞一個貿(mào)易集會來賣這些鞋子。故B正確。.【答案】C【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)第二段2,3行Hephonedtheshoecompanyandaskediftheywantedtheshoesback.Asexpected,thecompanytoldhimthattheydidn't.他打電話給這件制鞋公司，詢問他們是否還想要這些鞋子。也就是說他想知道是否可以使用這些鞋子來進(jìn)行他的實驗。故C正確。.【答案】A【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)文章第三段第2句Ebbesmeyergottoknowalotofthemandaskedfortheirhelpincollectinginformationaboutwheretheshoeslanded.Inayearhecollectedreliableinformationon1,600shoes.可知他通過beachcombing來收集信息，進(jìn)行自己的研究，以此來研究洋流的問題。故A正確。.【答案】D【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句Astheresultofhiswork,Ebbesmeyerhasbecomeknownasthescientisttocallwithquestionsaboutanyunusualobjectsfoundfloatingintheocean.得知因為專門打電話詢問海洋里漂流的物體而出名。故D正確。.【答案】C【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)文章第一段第3句However,oceanexpertCurtisEbbesmeyerdoesitinaspecialway---bystudyingmovementsofrandomfloatinggarbage.海洋專家CurtisEbbesmeyer通過研究海上漂流物的方法來研究洋流，接著就對此進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)說明。故本文是為了解釋這一獨特的研究洋流的方法，C項正確。四（2014湖北卷）CWorkingwithagroupofbaboons（狒狒）intheNamibiandesert,Dr.AleciaCarteroftheDepartmentofZoology,CambridgeUniversitysetbaboonslearningtasksinvolvinganovelfoodandafamiliarfoodhiddeninabox.Somebaboonsweregiventhechancetowatchanotherbaboonwhoalreadyknewhowtosolvethetask,whileothershadtolearnforthemselves.Toworkouthowbraveoranxiousthebaboonswere,Dr.Carterpresentedthemeitherwithanovelfoodorathreatintheformofamodelofapoisonoussnake.Shefoundthatpersonalityhadamajorimpactonlearning.Thebraverbaboonslearnt,buttheshyonesdidnotlearnthetaskalthoughtheywatchedthebaboonperformthetaskoffindingthenovelfoodjustaslongasthebraveonesdid.Ineffect,despitebeingmadeawareofwhattodo,theywerestilltooshytodowhattheexperiencedbaboondid.Thesameheldtrueforanxiousbaboonscomparedwithcalmones.Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnot,eventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.Thismismatchbetweencollectingsocialinformationandusingitshowsthatpersonalityplaysakeyroleinsociallearninginanimals,somethingthathaspreviouslybeenignoredinstudiesonhowanimalslearntodothings.Thefindingsaresignificantbecausetheysuggestthatanimalsmayperformpoorlyincognitive（認(rèn)知的）tasksnotbecausetheyaren‘tcleverenoughtosolvethem,butbecausetheyaretooshyornervoustousethesocialinformation.Thefindingsmayimpacthowweunderstandtheformationofcultureinsocietiesthroughsociallearning.Ifsomeindividualsareunabletogetinformationfromothersbecausetheydon‘tassociatewiththeknowledgeableindividuals,ortheyaretooshytousetheinformationoncetheyhaveit,informationmaynottravelbetweenallgroupmembers,preventingtheformationofaculturebasedonsociallearning.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?ThedesignofDr.Carter‘sresearch.TheresultsofDr.Carter‘sresearch.ThepurposeofDr.Carter‘sresearch.ThesignificanceofDr.Carter‘sresearch.Accordingtotheresearch,whichbaboonsaremorelikelytocompleteanewlearningtask?Thosethathavemoreexperience.Thosethatcanavoidpotentialrisks.Thosethatliketoworkindependently.Thosethatfeelanxiousaboutlearning.Whichbestillustratesthe—mismatch“mentionedinParagraph4?Somebaboonsareintelligentbutslowinlearning.Somebaboonsareshybutactiveinsocialactivities.Somebaboonsobserveothersbutdon‘tfollowthem.Somebaboonsperformnewtasksbutdon‘tconcentrate.Dr.Carter‘sfindingsindicatethatourculturemightbeformedthrough .storinginformationlearningfromeachotherunderstandingdifferentpeopletravellingbetweensocialgroups【考點】考察科普知識類閱讀【文章大意】本文通過敘述Dr.AleciaCarter在狒狒身上進(jìn)行的一項研究顯示動物的性格在社會化的學(xué)習(xí)中起著很重要的作用。同樣人類也與此相似，我們的文化的形成正是通過交換信息等社會學(xué)習(xí)活動。.【答案】A【試題解析】段落大意題。根據(jù)第一段2,3,4行Dr.AleciaCarteroftheDepartmentofZoology,CambridgeUniversitysetbaboonslearningtasksinvolvinganovelfoodandafamiliarfoodhiddeninabox.Somebaboonsweregiventhechancetowatchanotherbaboonwhoalreadyknewhowtosolvethetask,whileothershadtolearnforthemselves.可知本段主要描述他進(jìn)行的這項研究的設(shè)計方案，也就是他在這項研究里是如何做的。故A正確。.【答案】D【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第2句Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnot,eventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.可知那些很焦慮的急切想學(xué)習(xí)的狒狒學(xué)得更快，更好。而那些害羞的狒狒卻沒有能夠做到。故D正確。.【答案】C【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)第三段Thesameheldtrueforanxiousbaboonscomparedwithcalmones.Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswhilethosewhowererelaxeddidnot,eventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.可知一些狒狒雖然觀察了很長時間，但是并沒有采取行動。這一錯位說明性格在動物的社會行為中起著很重要的作用。第四段里的mismatch就是指第三段最后一句whilethosewhowererelaxeddidnot,eventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.的內(nèi)容。故C正確。62.【答案】B【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第一句Thefindingsmayimpacthowweunderstandtheformationofcultureinsocietiesthroughsociallearning可知人們是通過社會學(xué)習(xí)來理解我們文化的組成的。也就是說人們需要相互交換信息，相互學(xué)習(xí)。故B正確?！鹃L難句解析】.Workingwithagroupofbaboons（狒狒）intheNamibiandesert,Dr.AleciaCarteroftheDepartmentofZoology,CambridgeUniversitysetbaboonslearningtasksinvolvinganovelfoodandafamiliarfoodhiddeninabox.【翻譯】和一群狒狒在納米比亞的沙漠里工作的來自劍橋大學(xué)的動物學(xué)博士AleciaCarter給狒狒們設(shè)定了一個涉及到新奇食品和很熟悉的放在盒子里的食品的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)?！痉治觥勘揪渲械默F(xiàn)在分詞短語Workingwithagroupofbaboons（狒狒）intheNamibiandesert在句中做為狀語，因為動詞work與句子主語Dr.AleciaCarter構(gòu)成主動關(guān)系。同時現(xiàn)在分詞短語involvinganovelfoodandafamiliarfoodhiddeninabox作為定語修飾前面的名詞learningtasks。.Thismismatchbetweencollectingsocialinformationandusingitshowsthatpersonalityplaysakeyroleinsociallearninginanimals,somethingthathaspreviouslybeenignoredinstudiesonhowanimalslearntodothings.【翻譯】這種收集信息和使用信息的錯位說明性格在動物的社會性學(xué)習(xí)方面起著關(guān)鍵的作用，這是在關(guān)于動物如何學(xué)習(xí)的之前的研究中被忽略的問題?！痉治觥勘揪渲械膭釉~show后面含有一個that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句thatpersonalityplaysakeyroleinsociallearninginanimals,somethingthathaspreviouslybeenignoredinstudiesonhowanimalslearntodothings。這個賓語從句中something就指personalityplaysakeyroleinsociallearninginanimals這一點。Something后面是一個定語從句thathaspreviouslybeenignoredinstudiesonhowanimalslearntodothings。修飾先行詞somethingo五（2014湖南卷）CThebehaviourofabuilding‘susersmaybeatleastasimportantasitsdesignwhenitcomestoenergyuse,accordingtonewresearchfromtheUKEnergyResearchCentre（UKERC）.TheUKpromisestoreduceitscarbonemissions（排放）by80percentby2050,partofwhichwillbeachievedbyallnewhomesbeingzero-carbonby2016.Butthisreportshowsthatsustainablebuildingdesignonitsown—thoughextremelyimportant-isnotenoughtoachievesuchreductions:thebehaviourofthepeopleusingthebuildinghastochangetoo.Thestudysuggeststhatthewaysthatpeopleuseandliveintheirhomeshavebeenlargelyignoredbyexistingeffortstoimproveenergyefficiency（效率），whichinsteadfocusonarchitecturalandtechnologicaldevelopments.'Technologyisgoingtoassistbutitisnotgoingtodoeverything,'explainsKatyJanda,aUKERCseniorresearcher，'consumptionpatternsofbuildinguserscandefeatthemostcarefuldesign.‘Inotherwords，oldhabitsdiehard,eveninthebest-designedeco-home.Anotherpartoftheproblemisinformation.Householdsandbill-payersdon‘thavetheknowledgetheyneedtochangetheirenergy-usehabits.Withoutspecificinformation，it‘shardtoestimatethecostsandbenefitsofmakingdifferentchoices.Feedback（反饋）facilities,likesmartmetersandenergymonitors，couldhelpbridgethisinformationgapbyhelpingpeopleseehowchangingtheirbehaviourdirectlyaffectstheirenergyuse;somestudieshaveshownthathouseholdscanachieveupto15percentenergysavingsusingsmartmeters.Socialscienceresearchhasaddedafurtherdimension（方面）,suggestingthatindividuals‘behaviourinthehomecanbepersonalandcannotbepredicted一whetherpeoplethrowopentheirwindowsratherthanturndownthethermostat（恒溫器）,forexample.Jandaarguesthateducationisthekey.Shecallsforafocusedprogrammetoteachpeopleaboutbuildingsandtheirownbehaviourinthem.Astoenergyuse,thenewresearchfromUKERCstressestheimportanceof .A.zero-carbonhomes B.thebehaviourofbuildingusersC.sustainablebuildingdesignD.thereductionofcarbonemissionsTheunderlinedword—which“inParagraph2refersto".”A.thewaysB.theirhomesC.developments D.existingeffortsWhatareKatyJanda‘swordsmainlyabout?Theimportanceofchangingbuildingusers,habits.Thenecessityofmakingacarefulbuildingdesign.Thevarietyofconsumptionpatternsofbuildingusers.Theroleoftechnologyinimprovingenergyefficiency.Theinformationgapinenergyuse .canbebridgedbyfeedbackfacilitiesaffectsthestudyonenergymonitorsbringsaboutproblemsforsmartmeterswillbecausedbybuildingusers‘oldhabitsWhatdoesthedimensionaddedbysocialscienceresearchsuggest?Thesocialscienceresearchistobefurthered.Theeducationprogrammeisunderdiscussion.Thebehaviourofbuildingusersisunpredictable.Thebehaviourpreferenceofbuildingusersissimilar.【考點】考察科普知識類短文【文章大意】UKERC的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)居民的行為和房屋的設(shè)計在節(jié)能方面同樣的重要。文章號召我們要注意自己的行為切實注意環(huán)保節(jié)能。.【答案】B【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章1,2行Thebehaviourofabuilding'susersmaybeatleastasimportantasitsdesignwhenitcomestoenergyuse,accordingtonewresearchfromtheUKEnergyResearchCentre（UKERC）.居民的行為和房屋的設(shè)計在節(jié)能方面同樣的重要。這是UKERC的研究的結(jié)果。所以如果我們要想達(dá)到節(jié)能的目的，我們必須要注意使用者的行為。故B正確。.【答案】D【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)本段Thestudysuggeststhatthewaysthatpeopleuseandliveintheirhomeshavebeenlargelyignoredbyexistingeffortstoimproveenergyefficiency（效率），whichinsteadfocusonarchitecturalandtechnologicaldevelopments.可知：這個研究說明人們現(xiàn)在提高能源使用效率的努力忽視了使用者的行為，卻把太多的注意力集中到了房屋的設(shè)計和技術(shù)的發(fā)展方面。故本句中的which是指existingefforts。故D正確。.【答案】A【試題解析】推理題。根據(jù)文章第三段叮echnologyisgoingtoassistbutitisnotgoingtodoeverything,'和"consumptionpatternsofbuildinguserscandefeatthemostcarefuldesign.,Inotherwords，oldhabitsdiehard,eveninthebest-designedeco-home.可知技術(shù)是可以給我們帶來幫助，但是它不能解決所有的問題。房屋使用者的使用行為可以讓最細(xì)心的設(shè)計都失去效果。本句說明KatyJanda認(rèn)為房屋使用者的習(xí)慣很重要。故A正確。.【答案】A【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段3,4行Feedback（反饋）facilities,likesmartmetersandenergymonitors，couldhelpbridgethisinformationgapbyhelpingpeopleseehowchangingtheirbehaviourdirectlyaffectstheirenergyuse可知Feedbackfacilities可以bridgetheinformationgap。故A正確。.【答案】C【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一段1,2行Socialscienceresearchhasaddedafurtherdimension（方面），suggestingthatindividuals'behaviourinthehomecanbepersonalandcannotbepredicted可知很多家庭的個人行為是很難預(yù)測的。故C正確。【長難句解析】1.Thebehaviourofabuilding‘susersmaybeatleastasimportantasitsdesignwhenitcomestoenergyuse【翻譯】當(dāng)涉及到使用能源的時候，房屋使用者的行為和房屋的設(shè)計至少是同樣地重要?！痉治觥勘揪渲泻幸粋€倍數(shù)表達(dá)法asimportantas…；本題是一個原級的比較。倍數(shù)表達(dá)法是高中英語教學(xué)的重點，當(dāng)我們要表達(dá)甲是乙的幾倍時，通常用句型來表示：1.“A+倍數(shù)+形容詞或副詞的比較+than+B”，表示“A比B大（長、高、寬等）多少倍”。如：Thisropeistwicelongerthanthatone.2.“A+倍數(shù)+as+形容詞或副詞的原級+as+B"，表示"A正好是B的多少倍“。如：AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亞洲的面積是歐洲的四倍。3—A++thesize/height/length/width，etc+of+B”，表示“A正好是B的多少倍”。如：Thisstreetisfourtimesthelengthofthatone.4." times+what+從句”。如Theproductionisnowthreetimeswhatitwastenyearsago.六（2014江蘇卷）CMostdamagingly,angerweakensaperson'sabilitytothinkclearlyandkeepcontroloverhisbehaviour.Theangrypersonlosesobjectivityinevaluatingtheemotionalsignificanceofthepersonorsituationthatarouseshisanger.Noteveryoneexperiencesangerinthesameway;whatangersonepersonmayamuseanother.Thespecificexpressionofangeralsodiffersfrompersontopersonbasedonbiologicalandcultaralforces.Incontemporaryculture,physicalexpressionsofangeraregenerallyconsideredtoosociallyharmfultobetolerated.Wenolongerregardduels（決斗）asanappropriateexpressionofangerresultingfromoneperson'sawarenessofinsultingbehaviouronthepartofanother.Angercanbeidentifiedinthebrain,wheretheelectricalactivitychanges.UndermostconditionsEEG（腦電圖）measuresofelectricalactivityshowbalancedactivitybetweentherightandleftprefrontal（額葉前部）areas.Behaviourallythiscorrespondstothegeneraleven-handeddisposition（意向）thatmostofuspossessmostofthetime.ButwhenweareangrytheEEGoftherightandleftprefrontalareasaren'tbalancedand.asaresultofthis,we'relikelytoreact.Andourbehaviouralresponsetoangerisdifferentfromourresponsetootheremotions,whetherpositiveornegative.Mostpositiveemotionsareassociatedwithapproachbehaviour:wemoveclosertopeoplewelike.Mostnegativeemotions,incontrast,areassociatedwithavoidancebehaviour:wemoveawayfrompeopleandthingsthatwedislikeorthatmakeusanxious.Butangerisanexceptiontothispattern.Theangrierweare.themorelikelywearetomovetowardstheobjectofouranger.Thiscorrespondstowhatpsychologistsrefertoasoffensiveanger:theangrypersonmovescloserinordertoinfluenceandcontrolthepersonorsituationcausinghisanger.Thisapproach-and-confrontbehaviourisaccompaniedbyaleftwardprefrontalasymmetry（不對稱）ofEEGactivity.Interestingly,thisasymmetrylessensiftheangrypersoncanexperiencelWmJpathy（towardstheindividualwhoisbringingforththeangryresponse.Indefensiveanger,incontrast,theEEGasymmetryisdirectedtotherightandtheangrypersonfeelshelplessinthefaceoftheanger-inspiringsitaation.The"duels"exampleinParagraph2provesthattheexpressionofanger.usuallyhasabiologicalbasisB.variesamongpeopleC.issociallyandculturallyshapedD.influencesone'sthinkingandevaluation62.Whatchangescanbefoundinanangrybrain?A.Balancedelectricalactivitycanbespotted.Unbalancedpatternsarefoundinprefrontalareas.Electricalactivitycorrespondstoone'sbehaviour.Electricalactivityagreeswithone'sdisposition.63.Whichofthefollowingistypicalofoffensiveanger?A.Approachingthesourceofanger.B.Tryingtocontrolwhatisdisliked.C.Movingawayfromwhatisdisliked.D.Feelinghelplessinthefaceofanger.64.Whatisthekeymessageofthelastparagraph?A.Howangerdiffersfromotheremotions.B.Howangerrelatestootheremotions.C.Behaviouralresponsestoanger.D.Behaviouralpatternsofanger.【考點】考察科普知識類閱讀【文章大意】本文介紹了一些與憤怒有關(guān)的表現(xiàn)以及醫(yī)學(xué)原理和人們生氣的時候表現(xiàn)出的行為模式。.【答案】C推理題。根據(jù)文章第二段Incontemporaryculture,physicalexpressionsofangeraregenerallyconsideredtoosociallyharmfultobetolerated.在當(dāng)代社會里，憤怒的肢體表現(xiàn)被認(rèn)為是對社會有傷害而不能被容忍。但是在古代卻又著決斗這樣的行為，說明憤怒的表現(xiàn)形式是由不同的社會和文化形成的。故C正確。.【答案】B細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段3,4行ButwhenweareangrytheEEGoftherightandleftprefrontalareasaren'tbalanced可知當(dāng)我們生氣的時候，腦電圖在額葉前部會出現(xiàn)不平衡的現(xiàn)象。故B正確。.【答案】A細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第四段3,4,5行Theangrierweare.themorelikelywearetomovetowardstheobjectofouranger.Thiscorrespondstowhatpsychologistsrefertoasoffensiveanger:theangrypersonmovescloserinordertoinfluenceandcontrolthepersonorsituationcausinghisanger.可知當(dāng)我們生氣的時候，我們很可能靠近讓我們生氣的對象。這是典型的offensiveanger的表現(xiàn)。故A正確。.【答案】D段落大意題。根據(jù)本段1,2行Mostpositiveemotionsareassociatedwithapproachbehaviour及Mostnegativeemotions,incontrast,areassociatedwithavoidancebehaviour中的approachbehaviour和avoidancebehaviour可知本段講述的是憤怒的時候，人們表

現(xiàn)出的行為模式。故D正確。七（2014遼寧卷）AAnewstudyshowsstudentswhowritenotesbyhandduringlecturesperformbetteronexamsthanthosewhouselaptops（筆記本電腦）.Studentsareincreasinglyusinglaptopsfornote-takingbecauseofspeedandlegibility（清晰度）.Buttheresearchhasfoundlaptopusersarelessabletorememberandapplytheconceptstheyhavebeentaught.Researchersperformedexperimentsthataimedtofindoutwhetherusingalaptopincreasedthetendencytomakenotes—mindlessly“bytakingdownwordforwordwhattheprofessorssaid.Inthefirstexperiment,student