人體寄生蟲(chóng)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)

人體寄生蟲(chóng)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)總結(jié)第1頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)實(shí)驗(yàn)課安排時(shí)間：周三下午（雙周）（第2,4,6,8,10周，共5次）第1次實(shí)驗(yàn)，9月16日（周三）下午上課地點(diǎn)：病原生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室（東1號(hào)樓3樓東）帶上實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告紙（8張，訂起來(lái)）

穿實(shí)驗(yàn)服按要求入座并固定下來(lái)（不要遲到）第2頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)教學(xué)輔助精品課程網(wǎng)站：2.教學(xué)大綱3.教學(xué)參考書(shū)4.其他：常用網(wǎng)址：

1./dpdx/Default.htm

2.http://www.cdfound.to.it/HTML/atlas.htm第3頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)HumanParasitology(MedicalParasitology)MedicalParasitologyisabranchofmedicalsciencedealingwithparasiteslivinginandonthebodyofhumansandwithaspectsofthishost-parasiterelationshipshavingmedicalsignificance.第4頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Bridgecoursebetweenbasicmedicineandclinicalmedicine第5頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)認(rèn)識(shí)寄生蟲(chóng)及寄生蟲(chóng)病診治寄生蟲(chóng)病預(yù)防寄生蟲(chóng)病Whydowestudyparasites?MedicalimportanceIsalionaparasite?

Isamosquitoaparasite?Whoisaparasite?第6頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)

Protozoa原蟲(chóng)Helminths蠕蟲(chóng)Arthropods節(jié)肢動(dòng)物ThreemajorgroupsInthiscoursewewillconcentrateon:

第7頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Thedetrimentsofparasitestohumans

Recentestimatesofprevalenceofparasitesintheworldare:Ascaris 1.5billion Hookworms 1.3billion Whipworms 1billionFilarialworms 657millionMalaria 500million1.1568m(mortality)Schistosomes 270millionAmebiasis 50millionTaeniadtapeworms 50millionClonorchis 20millionChagas’Disease 15million

第8頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)diseaseburden(WHO,2000-2004)malaria42.7386millionleishmania2.066millionDALYs(disability-adjustedlifeyears)

失能調(diào)整生命年Thesumofyearsofpotentiallifelostduetopremature

mortalityandtheyearsofproductivelifelostduetodisability.第9頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Year1975Malaria瘧疾Schistosomiasis血吸蟲(chóng)病Filariasis絲蟲(chóng)病Leishmaniasis利什曼病Trypanosomiasis錐蟲(chóng)病(麻風(fēng)leprosy)Year2000瘧疾malaria血吸蟲(chóng)病schistosomiasis絲蟲(chóng)病filariasis

淋巴絲蟲(chóng)病lymphaticfilariasis盤尾絲蟲(chóng)病onchocerciasis利什曼病leishmaniasis錐蟲(chóng)病trypanosomiasis

非洲錐蟲(chóng)病美洲錐蟲(chóng)病麻風(fēng)leprosy結(jié)核病tuberculosis登革熱denguefeverTropicalDiseases

第10頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)第11頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)--ForgottenPeople,ForgottenDiseases第12頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Includingseveraldiseases,whichaffectoneinsixpeopleglobally,areneglectedbyeverybody-bythepharmaceuticalindustry,bymainstreamglobalhealtheffortsandbythemedia.被忽視的熱帶病(NeglectedTropicalDiseases)一類盛行千年，危害嚴(yán)重，多見(jiàn)于極端貧困地

區(qū)的慢性傳染性疾病第13頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)malaria瘧疾第14頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)schistosomiasis日本血吸蟲(chóng)病

第15頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)

elephantiasis淋巴絲蟲(chóng)病

(象皮腫)riverblindness(盤尾絲蟲(chóng)病,河盲癥)第16頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)

leishmaniasis

利什曼病第17頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Chagasdisease

美洲錐蟲(chóng)病第18頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)

sleepingsickness(非洲錐蟲(chóng)病,睡眠病)第19頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)CurrentsituationofparasiticdiseasesinChina

1950’s2000’sMalaria3×1073×104Schistosomiasis1.16×1078.4×105Lymphaticfilariasis3×107

eliminated

Leishmaniasis5.3×105eliminatedHookwormdisease1.94×108(1988-92)

3.93×107(2001~04)第20頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)P(yáng)arasiticdiseasesimportingfromothercountriesIntestinalhelminths(1.29×108)

Food-borneparasitosisEmergingparasiticdiseasesNeoemergingReemerging2004年第二次寄調(diào)食物源性寄生蟲(chóng)病第21頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)2.EconomicimportanceWhydowestudyparasites?3.Veterinaryimportance4.Biologicalimportance第22頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)思考：寄生蟲(chóng)（寄生蟲(chóng)?。┑难芯堪l(fā)展史。人類能最終戰(zhàn)勝寄生蟲(chóng)病嗎？（寄生蟲(chóng)病能消滅嗎？）3.Sometypesofparasiticinfectionsareincreasing,pleasediscussindetail.第23頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Evolutionofparasitism：FreelivingSymbiosis（共生）

biologyofparasites

commensalisms共棲mutualism互利共生parasitism

寄生第24頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)CommensalismBeneficialtoonepartnerandatleastnotdisadvantageoustotheother

（Onepartnerbenefitsbuttheotherisnothurt.）

鮣魚(yú)return第25頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Mutualism

beneficialtobothorganisms(Bothpartnersbenefit)

Seaanemones/

hermitcrabsTermite/

flagellatedprotozoanreturn第26頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Asymbioticrelationshipinwhichoneanimal(thehost)istosomedegreeinjuredthroughtheactivitiesoftheotheranimal(theparasite).Inotherwords,Onepartner(theparasite)harmsorlivesontheexpenseoftheother（thehost）Parasitism---awayoflifeParasitesaresmart!第27頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)P(yáng)arasite（寄生物，寄生蟲(chóng)）:AnorganismwhichisdependentonanotherorganismforitssurvivalHost（宿主）:Anorganismwhichharborstheparasite（andisusuallylargerthantheparasite）Definitionofparasite,hostandparasitism第28頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Morphologicaladaptations

2.Specializedattachmentorgansbeendeveloped(hooks,suckers)3.SomeorganslostorreducedSomeorgansstrengthened(reproductivesystem)1.Adaptationofbodilyform

AdaptationstoParasitism第29頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)P(yáng)hysiologicaladaptations

Metabolicchanges代謝改變Specializedmechanismsforaffectingentranceintothebodyortissue(elaborationofenzymes)侵入機(jī)制特化

Highreproductivecapacityformaintainingthespecies

繁殖能力增強(qiáng)

第30頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Lifecycleandtheclassificationofthehostandparasitelifecycle生活史Thewholeprocessofthegrowing,developmentandreproductionofparasitewithinandoutsidethehost.(寄生蟲(chóng)完成一代的生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)育與繁殖的整個(gè)過(guò)程。)Twocommonphases:

therouteaparasitefollowsinsidethebodyTherouteaparasitefollowsoutsideofthebody第31頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Threecommoncomponents:

amodeoftransmission(discusslater)aninfectivestageadiagnosticstagethestageofdevelopmentofparasiteswhichcaninvadehostandcontinuefurtherdevelopmentwithinthehost.感染期infectivestage（感染階段）生活史過(guò)程中對(duì)人體具有感染能力(侵入人體并繼續(xù)發(fā)育）的階段?第32頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Directlifecycle:

Inwhichtheparasiteispassedfromhosttothenextthroughthecontaminatedfoodorwater,itdoesn’tneedintermediatehost.Indirectlifecycle:

Intermediatehostisnecessaryinthestyleoflifecycle

KindsoflifecyclesEx：Enterobiusvermicularis

Ex：Taeniasolium

第33頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Definitivehost:Host(終宿主

definitivehost：成蟲(chóng)或有性生殖階段寄生的宿主。)Theoneinwhichtheparasitereachessexualmaturityorundergoessexualreproduction.(harbourstheadultorsexualreproductionstagesoftheparasite)第34頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Inwhichonlylarvaldevelopmentorasexualreproductionoccursorboth(中間宿主

intermediatehost：幼蟲(chóng)或無(wú)性生殖階段寄生的宿主。)Intermediatehost:第35頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Reservoirhost:

Theparasitecanbetransmittedtohumans(zoonosis)ordomesticanimalsasadditionalsourcesofhumaninfection某些寄生蟲(chóng)既可寄生人體，也可寄生某些脊椎動(dòng)物，并可傳播給人,在流行病學(xué)稱這些動(dòng)物為保蟲(chóng)宿主。Domesticorwildanimalsthatharborstheadultorsexualstageofcertainhuman’sparasite.保蟲(chóng)宿主（儲(chǔ)蓄宿主）：第36頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)P(yáng)aratenichost(transporthost):轉(zhuǎn)續(xù)宿主某些寄生蟲(chóng)的幼蟲(chóng)侵入非正常終宿主,不能發(fā)育為成蟲(chóng),長(zhǎng)期保持幼蟲(chóng)狀態(tài),只有當(dāng)該幼蟲(chóng)有機(jī)會(huì)侵入正常終宿主體內(nèi)時(shí),才能發(fā)育為成蟲(chóng),這種非正常宿主稱為轉(zhuǎn)續(xù)宿主。Anabnormalhost(notsuitableforparasitedevelopment),whenaparasiteenters,itdonotundergoanydevelopmentbutcontinuestostayaliveandbeinfectivetoanormalhost（causedisease).第37頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)facultativeparasite兼性寄生蟲(chóng)Aparasitecanlivebothinoronthehostaswellasinafree-livingformparasiticandfreelivinggenerationscanalternatedependingonenvironmentalconditionsParasiteAccordingtocharacteristicofparasites:Obligatory(obligate)parasite專性寄生蟲(chóng)Aparasitecanliveonlyinaassociationwithahostoranorganism,cannotsurvivewithoutahostAccidentalparasite偶然性寄生蟲(chóng)按宿主選擇性第38頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)permanentparasites

永久性寄生蟲(chóng)temporaryparasite暫時(shí)性寄生蟲(chóng)someanimalsinvadingthehosttemporaryonlyforbloodsucking,suchasmosquitoes,ticks,etc.Ectoparasite

體外寄生蟲(chóng)ExistonthebodysurfaceEndoparasite

體內(nèi)寄生蟲(chóng)Parasiteslivingwithin(inside)thehostbody按寄生時(shí)間按寄生部位第39頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)OpportunisticparasiteSomeparasites,suchasToxoplasmagondii,cryptosporidiumparvum,pneumocystisjiroveci,etc,onlyinduceunapparentinfectioninthehostwithnormalimmunecompetency,butcanleadtoseverediseaseevendeathinthepersonsufferedwithAIDSorotherimmunedeficiencyconditions.immunocompromisedhost（免疫受累宿主）機(jī)會(huì)致病寄生蟲(chóng)：如弓形蟲(chóng)、隱孢子蟲(chóng)、肺孢子蟲(chóng)等，在宿主體內(nèi)通常處于隱性感染狀態(tài)，在宿主免疫功能降低時(shí)，出現(xiàn)異常增殖或致病力增強(qiáng)。第40頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Nourishmentandmetabolismoftheparasites(omit)Asexualreproduction

無(wú)性生殖sexualreproduction

有性生殖Alternationofgeneration(世代交替)Areproductionmodeofsomeprotozoonandhelminthicparasitescharacterizedbythealternationofgenerationswithasexualandsexualreproductionintheirlifecycle.reproductionmodeofparasites第41頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)NominationoftheparasiteParasitologyhistoricallycoversadiversecollectionofmetazoanandunicellularorganisms

Kingdom界Phylum門Class綱Order目Family科Genus屬Species種第42頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)BinominalsystemisappliedforparasitesGenusname+speciesname

WithacapitalwithasmallInitialletterinitialletterspecificnameofparasitesAllinlatiniedlanguagewithitalicorunderlinedSchistosomajaponicumAbbreviation:S.japonicum

（SchistosomajaponicumAbbreviation:S.japonicum）第43頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)P(yáng)arasite-hostrelationship3.PoisoningandImmunopathologyEffectsoftheparasiteonthehost1.Nutritionrobbing2.Mechanicalinjury第44頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)--Naturalimmunity(nonspecificimmunity)EffectsofthehostontheparasiteBarrier:Skin/Mucousmembrance/Placenta.Fluid(Acid):Phagocytosis:Butnotverystrong!Immuneevasionhypersensitivity第45頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)--Acquiredimmunity(specificimmunity)EffectsofthehostontheparasiteSterilizingimmunity消除性免疫Wipeouttheparasitescompletely,meanwhilegetalong-termspecificresistancetore-infection.Non-sterilizingimmunity非消除性免疫

(Common!)Wipeoutmostoftheparasites,butnotcompletely.Noparasite,noimmunity!

premunition帶蟲(chóng)免疫

concomitantimmunity伴隨免疫第46頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Thecharacteristicsofparasiticinfectionsandparasitosis

parasiticinfections寄生蟲(chóng)感染:

establishmentoftheparasiteinitshostparasiticdiseases(parasitosis寄生蟲(chóng)病):

Clinicalmanifestationoftheparasiticinfectionwhichshowstheactivepresenceandproductionoftheparasitecausingdamageinthehost.第47頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Carrier帶蟲(chóng)者:

apersonwhoisinfectedwithacertainparasitewithoutdisplayinganyclinicalsignsorsymptomsbutcanserveasasourceofparasiticinfection.Suppressiveinfection

隱性感染

withoutanyclinicalsignsorsymptoms

cannotbedetectedbyusualmethodsmayormaynotasasourceofparasiticinfection

chronicinfection慢性感染第48頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)P(yáng)olyparasitism多寄生現(xiàn)象larvamigrans幼蟲(chóng)移行癥Somejuvenilesofanimalhelminthsinvadehumanifhumanisnottheiradaptedhost,thejuvenilescannotdeveloptoadultsbutmigrateinthebodyofhumanandcauselesionstotissuesororgans.為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)多寄生？多寄生后會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么結(jié)果？……第49頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)ectopicparasitism異位寄生

Generally,humanparasitewilldwellinadefinitivesiteinhumanbody,butinsomecases,theparasitelodgeindifferentsites,thisphenomenawascalled.第50頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)Epidemiologicalfactorsandprincipleofcontrol

BasicrulesfortheprevalenceofparasiticdiseasesPatientscarriersSourcesofinfectionanimalsHumansRoutesoftransmissionSusceptiblepopulation傳染源傳播途徑易感人群第51頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)ThroughfoodThroughwaterThroughsoilThroughairThroughblood-suckingarthropodThroughdirectcontactRoutesoftransmission第52頁(yè)/共62頁(yè)1.Pre-oralingestion(throughmouth)

EX，consumingcontaminatedfoodorwaterhand-to-mouthcontamination(fecal-oral)2.Pre-cutaneous(viaskin)orothersurface

Ex,eyecontactwithinfectedswimmingwater3.Pre-respiratory(throughinhalation)4.Throughdirectcontact（sexualtransmission）