2023年考研外語考前密押卷10

考研外語考前密押卷10

一、UseofEnglish

1、Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereintheworld,andthe(1)_____numberofusers,oneofthemostexcitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce—(2)_____commerce.E-commercehastwoforms,(3)_____business-to-business,orB-to-B,andbusiness-to-consumer,orB-to-C.

B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew(4)_____fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheirhomeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame"catalogueshopping"(5)_____youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue(6)_____picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis(7)_____sale.Youthensendanorderwithacheckby(8)_____andthethingsyouhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then(9)_____"televisionshopping",where(10)_____acatalogue,theitemsforsaleareshownor(11)_____ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.(12)_____,thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdeliveredtohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe(13)_____development,wherethe"catalogue"is(14)_____ontheinternet,combiningtheadvantagesofboththebookcatalogueandthetelevisionandindeedaddingmore(15)_____Thecustomermakeshischoicebutratherthansendinganorderanda(16)_____throughthepost,heplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcard,allusingthe(17)_____

Manypeopleworryaboutgiving(18)_____oftheircreditcardovertheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.(19)_____,thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsofsecuremeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis(20)_____greaterinashop,garageorrestaurantthaninusingitforshoppingontheinternet.

A.increasing

B.spreading

C.decreasing

D.raising

2、(2)

A.electric

B.electrical

C.electronic

D.electronics

3、(3)

A.regardedas

B.knownas

C.esteemedas

D.reckonedas

4、(4)

A.directly

B.naturally

C.generally

D.specially

5、(5)

A.which

B.that

C.where

D.when

6、(6)

A.drawing

B.giving

C.depicting

D.sketching

7、(7)

A.on

B.for

C.at

D.in

8、(8)

A.accident

B.railway

C.hand

D.post

9、(9)

A.came

B.went

C.brought

D.happened

10、(10)

A.asregards

B.otherthan

C.insteadof

D.inviewof

11、(11)

A.displayed

B.performed

C.demonstrated

D.exhibited

12、(12)

A.Again

B.Moreover

C.Besides

D.Secondly

13、(13)

A.late

B.latest

C.latter

D.later

14、(14)

A.liable

B.obtainable

C.reliable

D.available

15、(15)

A.disadvantages

B.features

C.advantages

D.characteristics

16、(16)

A.cash

B.check

C.note

D.bin

17、(17)

A.internet

B.computer

C.catalogue

D.television

18、(18)

A.details

B.segments

C.episodes

D.descriptions

19、(19)

A.However

B.Therefore

C.Furthermore

D.Otherwise

20、(20)

A.naturally

B.truly

C.really

D.actually

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Inalarge,air-conditionedroominaconferencecenterlocatedinacityofmorethanamillionpeople,well-qualifieddoctorsofsciencediscusstheprosandconsofglobalwarming,anddebatehowthetemperatureoftheseaisbeingmeasured.Afterseveralhoursofdiscussion,theywalkoutintothewarmsunshineofasummer'sday,headingofftoacomfortablerestaurantforlunch.

Onthesameday,onthesandsofsmallislandsinthemiddleofthePacificOcean,bakedhardbytheburningsun,HemiandNaqonolookatthewaterlappingovertheplacewheretheyoncestoredtheirpotatoplants.Theywatchthewavesdashinggentlyatthefeetoftheirstrawhutswhichsomeyearsagoweremanymetresfromtheseashore.

Globalwarmingisaproblemfortheoreticaldiscussionamongscientistsallovertheworld.FormanyPacificIslandersitisnowbecomingapracticalproblem.Whileinternationalsciencearguesaboutglobalwarmingandclimatechange,low-lyingPacificIslandsarealreadysufferingcoastalerosionandcropfailures.

InplacessuchasMarshallIslands,wheremuchofthelandisonlyametreabovesea-level,villagersfaceleavingtheirslowlydisappearinghomes.

Scientistsandofficialsfrom13PacificIslandCountriesdiscussedtheirconcernsinaPacificconferenceinAukland,NewZealand,andexaminedaNewZealandcomputermodelonclimatechangethatcouldprovideavaluableplanningtool.LackofmeteorologicalandtidalresearchmeansGovernmentagenciesthroughoutthePacificandtheworldhavetorelylargelyonanecdotalofrisingsealevelserodingforeshores,andincreasinglyseveredroughtsaffectingthevitalcoconutcrop.

AustralianresearchcommissionedbytheSouthPacificRegionalEnvironmentProgrammehasalreadycalculatedthathumangreenhousegasemissionsalreadymeasuredupto1995willcausea5cmto12cmsea-levelriseby2025.PacificIslandcountriesfeartheirvulnerablelow-lyinghomeswillbethefirsttopaythepricefortheemissionsofindustrializednations.

APacificIslandsClimateChangeAssistanceProgrammeisalreadyinplaceandisworkingonplanstohelpPacificIslanderswhohavefewresourcestocombatthefast-changingenvironmentalcircumstances.

YumiCrisostomo,oftheMarshallIslandsEnvironmentalProtectionAuthority,saidresidentsofsomeofthe1,225islandsinthegrouphadreportedalarmingcoastalerosion,forcingthemtoshifthomesinland.Someislandswereonlyaboutakilometeracross,soresidentshadlittleroomtomove."Wemayhavetolookattheoptionofinternalmigrationwithintheislandgroup,"hesaid.

Thefirsttwoparagraphssuggestthat

A.globalwarmingisnotonlyatheoreticalproblembutalsoapracticalone.

B.thereisagreatdifferencebetweentherichandpoor.

C.sciencediscussionhasnothingtodowiththepracticalproblem.

D.well-qualifieddoctorsknowlittleabouttherealityoftheproblem.

2、

Accordingtothepassage,globalwarmingandclimatechangemightcause

A.theextinctionofspecies.

B.thedisappearanceofthecoast.

C.thereductionofcrops.

D.themigrationofbirds.

3、

Lackofmeteorologicalandtidalresearchmeans,researchershavetodependon

A.measuringtheoutputofcoconut.

B.observingtheerosionofforeshores.

C.collectingshortinterestingaccountsconcerningclimate.

D.computermodelonclimatechanges.

4、

Humangreenhousegasemissionswhichcauselow-lyingplacestodisappeararemainlyletoutby

A.forestfires.

B.theindustrializednations.

C.peoplethemselvesinlow-lyingislands.

D.thedevelopingcountries.

5、

TheauthorgivestheexampleofPacificislandsclimatechangeto

A.warnpeopleofthedangerofglobalwarming.

B.arousepeople'ssympathyfortheislandersinthePacific.

C.blamethosenationswhichletoutgreenhousegasemissions.

D.callforadonationtotheresidentsinthePacificislands.

6、Whowouldhavebelievedit?Afterwhatseemslikeaneternityoftantalizinghypeabout"high-definition"television,thefirstdigitalsetsareactuallyontheirwaytothemarket.Thismuchanticipateddebutwouldseemtobeterrificnewsfortubelovers.Aspromised,thesetsdeliversuper-sharpdigitalpictures,wide-formatmovie-style.screensandmagnificentstereosurroundsound.

Soshouldeverybodyrushouttobuyone?Well...maybenot.HDTV'sobviousadvantagesoverconventionalsetsareoffsetbysignificantdisadvantages.Foropeners,there'sthepricetag.Sony'ssmallset,witha34-inscreen,listsforafairlylarge$8,999.Priceswilleventuallydrop,ofcourse,butBillMannion,generalmanagerofPanasonic'sTVdivision,acknowledges,"It'sgoingtobeawhile,maybeyearsbeforemostconsumerscanaffordHDTV."

Evenifyou'reagadgetfreakwithdeeppockets,youmaythinktwiceaboutbuyingforanotherreason:"highdefinition"willnotbeequallyhigh.Someprogramswillbebroadcastat480linesofresolution(comparedwith330orsoonconventionaltelevisions),othersatasharper720lines,andstillothersatthemaximumof1,080.NBCsaysitplanstostartbyoffering480-linequalityforday-timeprogrammingand1,080forsomeprime-timeshowsandspecials.

Butcable-TVcustomers—afulltwo-thirdsofAmericanhouseholds—maygetasinkingfeelingofanothersortiftheytrytotunein.Cablecompaniesarerefusing,fornow,tocarrybroadcasters'HDTVsignals,sayinginformation-richHDTVchannelsovertaxtheirsystems.Thereforeviewers,whowantdecentreception,willhavetobuyclumsy,old-fashionedTVantennasiftheyplantopullindigitalbroadcasts.

Onedecisionconsumerswon'thavetomakeiswhethertobuyasetthatusesoneformatoranother.BackinthedayswhenVCRswerenew,youcouldbuyaVHSoraBeta-formatmachine;neithercouldreadorrecordontheother'stapes.ThosewhochoseBetagenerallyregrettedit,asVHStookoverthemarket,videocompaniesstoppedreleasingBeta-formatmovies,andBetasetsbecameessentiallyuseless.

Mostreassuringofall,thenewsetswillbeabletopickupconventionalTVbroadcasts.Youwon'tneedtwoTVsetssittingsidebyside.Willthatbeenoughtotalkconsumersintoputtingdownthebetterpartof$10,0007Manufactureshopethatwide-eyedexcitementoverthisgenuinelyrevolutionarynewtechnologywillhelphidethefactthatit'sstillaworkinprogress.Realistically,theyexpecttherevolutiontobeaslowone.

Accordingtothetext,HDTV

A.hasitslimitations.

B.isalandmarkinTVtechnology.

C.islikelytobeacceptedbythemass.

D.isdoubtedbymanufacturersonitspracticability.

7、

Ifyouarerichandinterestedinnewdevices,youwould

A.belikelytoacceptHDTV.

B.stillthinkaboutlinesofresolutionoftheprograms.

C.buyHDTV,butwithhesitation.

D.easilyunderstandwhatHDTVis.

8、

TheonlyreasonforbuyingHDTVmightbe

A.reasonableprice.

B.formatcompatibility.

C.unavailabilityofHDTVsignalsoncableTV.

D.broadcastingatinconsistentlinesofresolution.

9、

ProgramsdisplayedonHDTV

A.givesuper-sharpdigitalpictures.

B.maybesentoutat1080linesofresolution.

C.needinputofmoreefforts.

D.willhaveabrightfuture.

10、

Whodoestheauthorintendtowritethepassagefor?

A.TVbuyers.

B.TVbroadcasters.

C.TVmanufacturers.

D.governmentofficialsregulatingTVbroadcasts.

11、Forgetaboutthedayswhenbanksluredcustomerswithoffersof"free"toaster.Intheharshnewworldofconsumerbanking,it'stheaccountholderwhomaygetburned.

Overthepastfewyears,bankshavesystematicallyraisedtheiroldfeesandinventednewones—asmanyas100differentkinds.Thesizeofthesechargesjumpedmorethan50percentoncheckingandsavingsaccountssince1990,accordingtoBankRateMonitor,anindependentprovideroffinancialdata.Meanwhile,interestratespaidonpassbooksavingsandnegotiableorderofwithdrawal(NOW)accountsfailedtokeeppacewithinflation,letalonewithotherlow-riskinvestments.Andtechnologieslikeautomatedtellermachines(ATMs)havetrulyturnedintocashmachines—forthebank.

CheckingProfits.AccordingtoareportbytheFederalReserveBoard,fewerthaneightpercentofallcommercialbanksnowoffertreechecking.Insomebigcities,suchasLosAngelesandSanFrancisco,freecheckingisvirtuallyextinct.

What'smore,theminimumbalancerequiredfortheaveragecheckingaccounthasincreaseddramaticallysincetheFederalReservelastsurveyedbanksin1994.AccountholderslookingforinterestontheircheckingthroughaNOWaccounthadtoraisetheirbalancenearly50percentto$1,500onaverageandtheyearnedjust1.5percentannuallyfortheirtrouble.

NationsBankinMiamirecentlyoffereda"DeluxeSecure"checkingaccount.Depositorsgotonlyanaverage1.5percentinterestontheircheckingbalance.Andtheywererequiredtokeep$5,000tiedupinasavingsaccountor$21maintenancefee.

NewYorkCity'schemicalinformeditscheckingcustomersthattheir"lowminimum"accountswouldbeconvertedintonew"relationship"accounts—withahigherminimumbalance.Thenewminimumnecessarytoavoidextrafeesjumpedfrom$1,500to$3,000.Thedubiousnewbenefitstocustomers?

Bankingexecutivessaythere'sagoodreasonwhyfeesarehigher.Sincefinancialserviceswerederegulatedintheearly1980s,competitorshaveluredawayhigh-marginbusinessthatoncesustainedbankprofits.Americansareavoidinglow-interestbankaccountsinfavorofhigh-yieldinginvestmentssuchasmutualfunds.Creditcardholderscangetmorefavorabletermsfromanationalcardissuerthanfromtheirlocalbank.Home-buyerscannowtapanationalmarketforthemostcompetitivemortgagerates,andnew-carbuyerscanshopforloansfromauto-financespecialistslikeGeneralMotorsAcceptanceCorp.

Still,thebankshavemanagedtoregaintheirprofitsinpartwithhighcustomerfees.Infact,thebankingindustryhasreportedrecordearningsoverthepastthreeyears.

Whatcanbeinferredfromthesentence"it'stheaccountholderwhomaygetburned"(Paragraph1)?

A.Theauthorassertsthattheaccountholdershouldbecarefulaboutthefreetoaster.

B.Theauthorthinksthattheaccountholderistheverypersonwhousesthetoaster.

C.Theauthorsuggeststhattheaccountholdershouldbecarefulaboutthebank.

D.Theauthorholdsthatthebankshouldbecriticized.

12、

Thebanks'strategiesinventedtoriptheaccountholdersinclude

A.changingtheoldfees.

B.offeringfreechecking.

C.offeringfreegifts.

D.creatingnewfees.

13、

Accordingtobankingexecutives,thehigherbankfeesmayresultfrom

A.theslowdownofeconomy.

B.low-interestbankaccounts.

C.thedecreaseofthenumberofbankinvestors.

D.theincreaseofthenumberofcreditcardholders.

14、

Theterm"high-marginbusiness"(Paragraph7)probablymeans

A.veryprofitablebusiness.

B.verypromisingbusiness.

C.bankruptbusiness.

D.well-managedbusiness.

15、

Fromthelastparagraph,weknowthat

A.thebanksarenotoriousbusinesses.

B.neverdobusinesswiththebanks.

C.thebankshavesucceededingettingbacktheprofits.

D.duetohighcustomerfees,thenumberoftheaccountholdersisdecreasing.

16、Indevelopingamodelofcognition,wemustrecognizethatperceptionoftheexternalworlddoesnotalwaysremainindependentofmotivation.Whileprogresstowardmaturityispositivelycorrelatedwithdifferentiationbetweenmotivationandcognition,tensionwill,eveninthematureadult,leadtowardsanarrowingoftherangeofperception.Cognitioncanbeseenasthefirststepinthesequenceeventsleadingfromtheexternalstimulustothebehavior.oftheindividual.Thechilddevelopsfrombeliefthatallthingsareanextensionofitsownbodytotherecognitionthatobjectsexistindependentofhisperception.Hebeginstodemonstrateawarenessofpeopleandthingswhichareremovedfromhissensoryapparatusandinitiatesgoal-directedbehaviors.Hemay,however,refusetorecognizetheexistenceofbarrierstotheattainmentofhisgoal,despitethefactthathiscognitionoftheseobjectshasbeenpreviouslydemonstrated.

Intheprimitivebeings,goal-directedbehavior.canbeverysimplemotivated.Thepresenceofanattractiveobjectwillcauseaninfanttoreachforit;itsremovalwillresultintheceaseofthataction.Inadultlife,merecognitioncanbesimilarlymotivational,althoughthevisiblepresenceoftheopportunityisnotrequiredasthestimulantsofresponse.Thematureadultmodifieshisreactionbyobtaininginformation,interpretingit,andexaminingconsequences.Heformulatesahypothesisandattemptstotestit.Hesearchesoutimplicitrelationships,examinesallfactors,anddifferentiatesamongthem.Justasthetrainedartistcanseparatethevalueofcolor,composition,andtechnique,whiletakinginandevaluatingthewholework,so,too,thematurepersonbringshiscognitivelearningstrengthstobearinevaluatingasituation.Understandingthatcognitionisseparatefromaction,hisreactionisonlyminimallyguidedfromconditioning,andtakeintoconsiderationanticipatableevents.Theimpactofthesocializationprocess,particularlythatofparentalandsocialgroupideology,mayreducecognitivelydirectedbehavior.Thetensionthusproduced,asforinstancethestressoffear,anger,orextremeemotion,willoftenbetheprimaryinfluence.Theevolutionaryprocessofdevelopmentfrombodyschemathroughcognitivelearningissimilarlymanifestedintheprocessoflanguageacquisition.Everynormalinfanthasthephysiologicalequipmentnecessarytoproducesound,butthechildmustfirstmastertheiruseforsucking,biting,andchewingbeforehecancontrolhisequipmentforuseinproducingthesoundsoflanguage.Fromtheearliertimes,itisclearthatlanguageandhumanthoughthavebeenintimatelyconnected.Sendingorreceivingmessages,fromprimitivewarningsofdangertoexplainingcreativeorreflectivethinking,thisaspectofcognitivedevelopmentisalsofirmlylinkedtotheneedsandaspirationsofsociety.

Howdoesthechilddevelophisperception?

A.Parentsandteachersplayakeyroleinhisdevelopmentofcognition.

B.Hebelievesthatobjectsaroundhimindependentofhisperception.

C.Strongmotivationsgiverisetoperceptionwhichispolishedfurtherbythechilditself.

D.Heholdstheconvictionthatthingsaroundhimarepartsofextendedbodyandlaterongivesitup.

17、

Ifachildmeetssomedifficultiesintheprocessofreachinghisgoal,hemay

A.facethembravelyandtrytoovercomethem.

B.neglectthemandcomeupwithanewgoal.

C.beunwillingtoadmittherearesomedifficulties.

D.worryaboutthemandfeeldiscouragedorfrustrated.

18、

Adults'motivationalcognitionmaybestimulatedby

A.predictablepresenceofopportunities.

B.visiblesignsofopportunities.

C.stimulants.

D.approachableinformation.

19、

Theinfluenceofsocializationprocessmay

A.producetension.

B.produceextremeemotion.

C.reducethedegreeoffearoranger.

D.reduceone'scognitivelyguidedbehaviors.

20、

Whatlinkscognitivedevelopmenttotheneedsofsociety?

A.Practicalpurpose.

B.Naturalhumancognitivedevelopment.

C.Language.

D.Sendingorreceivingmessages.

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.(10points)

A.Amillionairemaydescribehis"just-right"wifeascharming,beautiful,sexy,intelligent,andwelldeveloped.Ontheotherhand,apoormanmaydefinehis"just-right"wifeaspleasing,attractive,desirable,knowledgeable,andshapely.Bothmendescribetheirjust-rightwifewiththegamephysicalqualities,butusedifferentwords.Themillionaire'sdefinitionofthejust-rightwifeismoreelegant,whereasthepoorman'sdefinitionisamorecommon,everydaydescription.

B.Menfromallnationalitiesalsohavetheirdefinitionofthejust-rightwife.Forexample;theItalianmandescribeshiswifeasawomanwhostandssixfeetone-inchtallwithblondehairandblueeyes,andwhoiswelldevelopedintheupperportionofherbody.Ontheotherband,theFrenchmanmaydescribehisidealwifeasawomanwhostandsonlyfivefeetthreeincheswithbrownhairandgreeneyes,andwhoismoderatelybuilt.

C.Ontheotherhand,thefatmandefineshisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupateighto'clockinthemorning,takesthechildrentoMcDonald'sforbreakfast,anddropsthemoffatschool.Thenshecomesbackhomeandliesonthecouchwatchingsoapoperasallday,children'havetowalkhomefromschoolintheafternoon.Whentheyarriveathome,sheinstructsthemtocleanthehouse,dothelaundry,andfixsomehotdogsfordinner.Bothmendefinetheirjust-rightwifewithqualitiesthattheyadmirebythemselves.

D.Althoughsomemendefinethejust,fightwifebyherphysicalqualities,othermendescribetheirjust-rightwifeasawomanwholovestofish,tocamp,tohunt,andtowaterski,whereastheinsidesportsmanmaydefinehisjust-fightwifeasawomanwhoenjoyswatchingfootball,basketball,baseball,andwrestling.Bothofthesemendefinetheirjust-rightwifebyhersportsqualitiesbutintwodifferentatmospheres.

E.Still,thereareothermenwhohavetheirowndefinitionsofthejust-rightwife.Forinstance,considerthefitmanandthefatman.Thefitmanmaydescribehisjust-rightwifeasawomanwhogetsupeveryworkdaymorningatsixo'clockandrunstwoorthreemiles.Afterrunning,shepreparesbreakfast,washesthedishes,takesthechildrentoschool,andthengoestowork.Afterwork,shearrivesathome,washesacoupleloadsoflaundry,goestoexerciseclass,picksupthechildrenfromschoolonherwayhome,andthencooksdinner.Afterdinner,shedeansthekitchen,bathesthechildren,andputsthemtobed.

F.Inadditiontothesemen'sdefinitionsofthejust-rightwife,thebacheloralsohasadefinition.Hesaysthatthejust-fightwifeissomeoneelse'swife.Hepicksherupinabar,takeshertohishouse,andtakeshernameinthemorning.Thebachelorhasnorealdefinitionofthejust-fightwife.Thatiswhyheisstillabachelor.

G.Foryearsmenandwomenhavebeengettingmarried.Theysaytheirweddingvowswhichbringthemtogetherasone.Theypromisetoloveandcherisheachotheruntildeathdothempart.Whenamanandawomangetmarried,itisoneofthebiggestdecisionstheywillmakeinlife.Amanmayselectawomanbecausehe,inhisowneyes,seesherasthejust-rightwifeforhim.Everymanhashisowndefinitionofwhatthe"just-right"wifeis.Forinstance,themillionairemanandthepoormanbothmaydefinetheirjust-rightwifeaccordingtoherphysicalqualities.

Order:Gisthe1stparagraphandFisthelast.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Lightpollutionnowhasbecomeabigproblemandledtomuchwasteinoursociety.Ithasbeenestimatedthat30%oftheelectricitygeneratedforoutdoorilluminationiswasted.Important,too,aretheenvironmentalcostsofproducingtheenergytopowerwastedlight.Forexample,foreverykilowatt-hourofelectricityused,almosttwopoundsofcarbondioxideandalm