新世紀大學(xué)英語綜合教程3冊-unit8

Unit8CorporationandCompetitioncontentTextorganizationPre-listeningVocabularyanddifficultsentencesexerciseTextB4123541235Backgroundknowledge6ListenandRespond:Listentoashortpassageentitled“competition”.Thewordsandphrasesintheboxmaybeofsomehelp.1.encourages,survive,servicesandproducts;2.illegal,kills;3.shrinking,increasing,declining;4.businessalone,entranceexaminations;5.advances,separates,win-winsituation.BackgroundknowledgeFordGeneralMotorWal-MartStoresKmart1.AbriefintroductiontoFordCompanyFordMotorbeganamanufacturingrevolutionwithitsmassproductionassemblylinesintheearly1900s.Nowthecompanyhasfirmlyestablisheditsstatusasoneoftheworld’slargestmakersofcarsandtrucks.ItmakesvehicleswithsuchbrandsasFord,Lincoln,andMercury.AmongitsbiggestsuccessesaretheredesignedFordMustangandF-Seriespickup.Fordownsa33%stakeinMazdaandalsocontrolstheLandRover,Jaguar,andVolvonameplatesthroughPremierAutomotiveGroup.TheFordfamilyownsabout40%ofthecompany’svotingstock.

BeforeReading_4.11BeforeReading_4.13BeforeReading_4.14BeforeReading_4.15BeforeReading_4.16GeneralMotorsWal-MartKmartBeforeReading_4.17BeforeReading_4.18BeforeReading_4.19BeforeReading_4.20BeforeReading_4.212.AvideoclipaboutHenryFordScriptHenryFordwastheleadingmanufacturerofAmericanautomobilesintheearly1900s.Herevolutionizedtheyoungautomobileindustrybydevelopingtheassemblylinemethodofproduction.Bymanufacturinghisownpartsanddevelopingahugesystemofconveyorstobringthepartstotheassemblyline,Fordreducedthecostsofmanufacturingautomobiles.AndFordpassedonmuchofthesavingscreatedbyassemblylineproductiontohiscustomers.In1908whentheFordMotorCompanyintroducedtheModelT,itcost$850.By1924,assemblylineinnovationshelpedreducethepriceofaModelTto$290.Anautomobilewasnowwithinreachoftheaveragefamily. SofarGeneralMotors(GM)hassteeredaroundcompetitorstoremaintheworld’sNo.1makerofcarsandtrucks,withbrandssuchasBuick,Cadillac,Chevrolet,GMC,Pontiac,Saab,andSaturn.GMalsoproducescarsthroughitsHolden,Opel,andVauxhallunits.GMalsohasstakesinSuzukiMotor,andGMDaewooAuto&Technology.SubsidiaryGMACprovidesfinancing.GMhasbeensellingoffnon-coreassetsincludingstakesinFiatandFujiHeavyIndustries(Subaru),aswellasitslocomotivemanufacturingbusiness.LikeitsUScounterpartsFordMotorandChrysler,GMisinthemidstofrestructuringitssprawlingNorthAmericanoperations.BeforeReading_4.22BeforeReading_4.23BeforeReading_4.24BeforeReading_4.25BeforeReading_4.27Wal-MartStoresisanirresistible(oratleastunavoidable)retailforcethathasyettomeetanyimmovableobjects.BiggerthanEurope’sCarrefour,Tesco,andMetroAGcombined,itistheworld’sNo.1retailer,withabout6,775stores,includingsome1,075discountstores,2,250combinationdiscountandgrocerystores,and580warehousestores(SAM’SCLUB).About60%ofitsstoresareintheUS,butWal-Martisexpandinginternationally;itistheNo.1retailerinCanadaandMexico.ItownsamajoritystakeinJapaneseretailerSEIYU.Wal-MartalsohasoperationsinAsia,Europe,andSouthAmerica.FounderSamWalton’sheirsownabout40%ofWal-Mart.BeforeReading_4.31BeforeReading_4.32BeforeReading_4.33BeforeReading_4.34

KmartisachainofdepartmentstoresintheUnitedStates,PuertoRicoandGuam.ThechainmergedwithSearsin2005,creatingtheSearsHoldingsCorporation.KmartalsoexistsinAustraliaandNewZealandasKmartAustralia,althoughitnowsharesnocurrentrelationwiththeAmericanstoresexceptinnameafterUSequityintheAustralianbusinesswaspurchasedinthelate1970s.BeforeReading_4.41BeforeReading_4.44PartDivisionoftheTextPart1Part2Part3Althoughfree-marketcompetitionisoftendescribedas“cutthroat”and“wasteful,”competitionandcooperationexistsidebysideinfree-marketeconomy.Competitionarisesfromscarcitywhilecooperationbecomesappropriatewhencoordinatedeffortsandknowledgeofmanypeoplearenecessarytoachievethecommongood.Notallformsofcompetitionandcooperationarebeneficial,butincompetitivemarkets,firmscompetebymeansofservingthecustomersaswellastheycanandonlythosewhocooperatebestcansurvive.Part4Farfromunderminingcooperation,free-marketcompetitionenhancescooperation.1~34~67~910Difficultsentencesandvocabulary(1~3)1.“Dog-eat-dog”rivalriesarefueledby“greedyself-interests”operatingaccordingto“thelawofthejungle”inwhich“survivalofthefittest”istheonlyrule.Whatdothephrases“thelawofthejungle”and“survivalofthefittest”mean?a.“Thelawofthejungle”meanseveryonecaresforhimselfonly.b.“Survivalofthefittest”meansonlythestrongestcreatureswillstayalive.TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.貪婪的私利”遵循“叢林法則”中“適者生存”這唯一的一條定律，使“互相傾軋”的競爭變本加厲。Vocabularyandexpressions:cutthroat:adj.veryfierce,cruel,orunprincipled*Attherootoftheproblemswiththeoldsystemwascut-throatcompetition.那是一筆殘酷無情的生意。Thatisacutthroatbusiness.

rivalry

:n.[+with/between]thestateorconditionofcompeting*Mostofthekillingsresultfromgangrivalry.TherehasalwaysbeenintenserivalrybetweenNewZealandandAustralia.Collocations:

intense/acute/bitter/fierce/keen/strongrivalrybetween……激烈競爭

siblingrivalry

手足相爭fuel

:vt.tomakesth.,especiallysth.bad,increaseorbecomestronger*Hiswordsfuelledherangerstillmore.這個預(yù)算會加劇通貨膨脹，降低我們的生活水平。Thisbudgetwillfuelinflationandcutourlivingstandard.pulltogether:(ofagroupofpeople)toworkhardtoachievesth.*Parents,teachers,andstudentsshouldallpulltogethertotackletheschool'sdrugproblems.*Ifweallpulltogether,we'llfinishontime.Competitivemarketsexcelatpromotingcooperation.Paraphrasethesentence.Competitivemarketsdoquitewellinencouragingpeopletocooperate.TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.充滿競爭的市場才擅長合作。Competitionandcooperationexistsidebyside.(1)Translatethesentence.競爭與合作并存。(2)Saysomethingmoreabouttheusageof“sidebyside.”Thiskindofphrasesarecalled“frequentativewords”(重復(fù)型成對詞).Thetwosamewordscanbelinkedbytheconjunction“and”orprepositionssuchas“in”,“by”andsoon.Moreexamples:againandagain 反復(fù)地;屢次地;一再地throughandthrough 徹底地；全面地out-and-out 完全的,徹底的dayafterday 持續(xù)不斷地wordforword 逐字逐句地eyetoeye 見解一致man-to-man 坦誠地handinhand 手牽手地，緊密合作

deplore:vt.todisapproveofsth.verystronglyandcriticizeitseverely,especiallypublicly*TheUnitedNationshasissuedastatementdeploringthecontinuedfighting.她譴責他那那些不道德的行為。Shedeploredhisscandalousactions.spin:v.tomake(thread)bytwisting(cotton,wool,etc.);produceinathreadlikeform*Theyspunacointodecidewhoshouldstart.標志牌在風(fēng)中打著旋兒。*Thesignwasspinningroundandroundinthewind.Collocations:somebody'sheadisspinning

頭昏腦脹*Iwaspouringwithsweat,andmyheadwasspinning.我汗流浹背，頭昏腦脹。spinatale/story

編故事*Theoldsailorlovestospinyarnsabouthislifeatsea.那老水手愛信口開河地講他的航海生涯。spinoff

（從旋轉(zhuǎn)體中）甩出；派生出*Thewheelspunoffandthecarcrashedintoatree.車輪甩了出去，汽車撞到一棵樹上。spinout

拉長；拖延；使（金錢）盡可能多維持些日子*Hespunouthisspeechforanextrafiveminutes.他把發(fā)言延長了5分鐘。*Wewereabletospinourmoneyoutuntiltheendofourholidays.我們能使錢維持到假期結(jié)束。

CF:spin,rotate,revolve&roll

這些動詞均有“轉(zhuǎn)動”、“旋轉(zhuǎn)”之意。spin指沿內(nèi)軸迅速而連續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)，或沿外部一個點作快速圓周運轉(zhuǎn)。rotate強調(diào)指物體圍繞自己的軸或中心旋轉(zhuǎn)，即自轉(zhuǎn)。revolve強調(diào)指物體圍繞本身以外的中心旋轉(zhuǎn)，即公轉(zhuǎn)。roll指某物在平面上滾動或翻滾。

Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.(1)Theball___intothestreet.(rolled)(2)TheEarth_____onitsaxisonceevery24hours.(rotates)(3)Theboywas_____aroundinhisfather'sdeskchair.(spinning)(4)TheEarth____roundthesun.(revolves)coordinate:v.tomake(peopleorthings)worktogether,especiallysoastoincreaseeffectiveness*TheRedCrossiscoordinatingreliefaidtotherefugees.在那個著名的醫(yī)院里有一批相互配合得很好的護理人員。Inthefamoushospital,thereisanursingstaffthatcoordinatessmoothly.

Itfollowsthatwemustfindsomewaytodecidewhogetshowmuchofanyscarcegoods.TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.

這樣我們必須找到某種方式來確定誰該得到多少某種奇缺的商品。Difficultsentencesandvocabulary(4~6)Wecallsuchbiddingcompetition,butnotethatsuchcompetitiondiffersfundamentallyfromanotherkindof“competition”…(1)Whatdoesthefirst“such”refertohere?Itreferstowhathadmentionedintheprevioussentence.(2)Comparethetwo“such”inthesentence.Thesetwowordshavedifferentpartsofspeech.Thefirstoneisapronounwhilethesecondoneisanadjective.Translatethesentence.我們稱其為“出價競爭”，但是必須注意，這種競爭從根本上不同于另外一種“競爭”…Vocabularyandexpressions:privilege:n.aspecialadvantagethatisgivenonlytoonepersonorgroupofpeople

*Agoodeducationshouldnotjustbeaprivilegeoftherich.在這條街上停車是此處居民特有的權(quán)利。*Parkinginthisstreetistheprivilegeoftheresidents.

Collocations:anexclusiveprivilege 獨有的特權(quán)diplomaticprivileges 外交特權(quán)abuseaprivilege 濫用特權(quán)offerspecialprivileges 提供特殊優(yōu)惠parallel:vt.tobesimilarto*Hiscareerparallelsthatofhisfather.他的表演舉世無雙。Hisperformancehasneverbeenparalleled.

inseparable:adj.[+from]impossibletoseparatefromsth.elseorfromoneanother;alwaystogether*Tomwasinseparablefromhisdog,Jordan.

權(quán)利和職責是分不開的。*Rightsareinseparablefromduties.

itfollowsthat:tobetrueasaresultofsth.elsethatistrue*Itdoesn'tnecessarilyfollowthatyou'regoingtodowellacademicallyevenifyou'rehighlyintelligent.照你的說法，他肯定不是兇手。*Itfollowsfromwhatyousaythatheisnotthemurderer.Itfollowsthatifyouworkhard,youwillsucceed.scarce:adj.notmuchormanycomparedwithwhatiswanted;hardtofind那時是戰(zhàn)爭時期,食物短缺。*Itwaswartimeandfoodwasscarce.*Therewasfiercecompetitionforthescarceresources.bid:v.[+for]offertopay(aprice)forgoodsortocharge(aprice)forone’sworkorservices*Threefirmsbidforthecontractonthenewbuildings.這幅畫給我開個價,諸位愿意出多少錢?*WhatamIbidforthispainting?

beatup:towound(sb.)severelybyhitting*Herboyfriendgotdrunkandbeatherup.*Intheendofthedemonstrationyesterday,thepolicebeatupdemonstrators.

allmannerof:everykindof*Thissmallportableoveniscapableofcookingallmannerofbakedgoods.用了各種各樣的食物和飲料招待客人。*Theguestswereservedwithallmanneroffoodanddrink.*TheBritishIsleshavebeenconqueredbyallmannerofpeople.Difficultsentencesandvocabulary(7~9)IftheownersofGeneralMotorsspreadnailsontheroadsleadingtoFordfactoriesanddealerships,thisisaformofnon-economiccompetition—andamostundesirableform.

Whatistheauthor’spurposeofcitingtheexampleof“spreadingnails”?Hejustwantstosupporthisargument–sometimescompetitionisnotgood.Translatethesentence.如果通用汽車公司在通往福特公司的工廠和經(jīng)銷處的路上撒下釘子，這就是一種非經(jīng)濟的競爭形式，也是一種最不受歡迎的競爭形式。ButnoticethatidenticallyundesirableconsequencesoccurwhenGeneralMotorsandFordcooperatewitheachothertolobbysuccessfullyforimportrestrictionsonforeignautomobiles.Whydoesn’ttheauthorthinkmuchofthe“importrestrictiononforeignautomobiles”?Becauseinhisopiniontariffshurtconsumerstoo.Translatethesentence.但是，請注意，如果通用公司和福特公司互相合作，疏通議員，成功地爭取對進口汽車的限制，也會發(fā)生同樣不理想的結(jié)果。Instead,suchlegislationistypicallyreveredasdesirablesocialpolicy.Whatcanweinferfromthissentence?Fromthissentence,wecaninferthattheauthordoesn’tthinkmuchofthiskindoflegislation.Translatethesentence.相反，這樣的立法通常被尊崇為理想的社會政策。Today,thedescendantsoftheownersofmom-and-popsaresurelybetteroffthantheywouldhavebeenhadsupermarketsnevercomealong.(1)Whatcanweinferfromthesentence?Bycitingthisexample,theauthorjustwantstotellussometimesthecompetitionisnotabadthing.(2)Whatdoestheauthorwanttotelluswhenheusesthesubjunctivemoodhere?Theauthorjustwantstotellusthatsupermarketsdoexitnow.(3)TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.今天，夫妻店老板的子孫過的生活，肯定比超級市場未出現(xiàn)時富裕得多。Vocabularyandexpressions:attheexpenseofsth.: withlossordamagetosth.*Hedidnotwanttodevotemoretimetohisbusinessattheexpenseofhisfamily.Thecarswereproducedquickly,attheexpenseofsafety.lobby:v.[+for/against]trytopersuadethegovernmentorsomeonewithpoliticalpowerthatalaworsituationshouldbechanged*Weneedtolobbyourleaderstoworkforpeace.成員正在為減少國防開支而游說議員。Thegroupislobbyingforareductionindefensespending.

revere:vt.togivegreatrespectandadmirationto那教授學(xué)識淵博，備受敬重。Theprofessorwasreveredforhisimmenselearning.*Collinswasreveredbyhisfellowcountrymen.

CF:revere,adore&worshiprevere意為“崇敬”、“尊敬”。正式用語，語體莊重。*Thepeoplereveretheirpriests.

人們崇敬自己的牧師。adore意為“敬慕”、“敬愛”。在口語中是非正式用語，意為“很喜歡”。*Shegavehimanadoringlook.她向他投以敬慕的一瞥。*Sheadorestheschool.她很想上學(xué)。worship意為“崇拜”、“仰慕”。指懷有宗教般的虔誠崇敬的感情。*LetusworshipGod.misrepresent:v.torepresent(sb./sth.)wrongly;togiveafalseaccountof(sb./sth.)*Somesellerswillattempttomisrepresenttheconditionofahousetobuyers.那篇報道完全歪曲了我對移民入境的看法。Thatreporthascompletelymisrepresentedmyopinionsaboutimmigration.

patronize:vt.(1)touseorvisitashop,restaurantetc*It'sacharminglittlerestaurantwhichismostlypatronizedbylocals.我們常常到附近的沃爾瑪超市購買貨物。WeoftenpatronizeournearbyWal-Martsupermarket.

(2)tosupportorgivemoneytoanorganizationoractivity

*Atlast,therichmandecidedtopatronizethatyoungmusician.如今，一些城市居民資助貧困地區(qū)的孩子上學(xué)。Nowadayssomepeopleincitiespatronizethechildreninpoverty-strickenarea.

在本課文中還有一詞patronage，該詞是patronize的名詞形式，意為“顧客的光顧，惠顧；贊助，資助”。*Wethankyouforyourpatronage.謝謝您的惠顧。*Withoutthepatronageofseverallargefirms,thefestivalcouldnottakeplace.沒有幾大公司的贊助,就沒有這一慶典。undermine:vt.toweakenordestroygradually*Thekidnappingsunderminedseveralmonthsofdelicatepeacenegotiations.晚睡會損害健康。Latehourscanundermineone'shealth.*Theconstantcriticismwasbeginningtoundermineherconfidence.

enhance:vt.toincreaseinstrengthoramount*Lowlightingandsoftmusicenhancedtheatmosphereintheroom.我們正在運用技術(shù)來提高我們的服務(wù)水平。We'reusingtechnologytoenhanceourlevelsofservice.CF:enhance,heighten,intensify&aggravateenhance強調(diào)增加價值，魅力或聲望等使人或物具有超乎尋常的吸引力。*Canwefurtherenhanceourcompetitiveness?heighten通常指使某物的某種性質(zhì)變得不同于一般的顯著或突出。*Tradetendstobeprotectedwheninternationaltensionsheighten.當國際關(guān)系變得緊張時，貿(mào)易活動常常受到保護。intensify指深化或強化某事或某物，尤指其特別之處。*Thepresshasintensifieditsscrutinyofthecandidate'sbackground.

新聞界已增強了對該候選人背景的調(diào)查。aggravate指加劇令人不快或困難的形勢。*Heaggravatedhisconditionbyleavinghospitaltoosoon.他因過早出院而使病情惡化。Watchthevideoclipentitled“YahooVSGoogle”andwrite“T”(true)or“F”(false)foreachstatementbelow.ListeningComprehensionScript5.SofarnoothersitescancatchGoogleoritshigh-flyingstock.Yougoanywhereintheworldtodayandpeoplearegoogling.()6.GooglewasfoundedbytwoStanfordUniversitydropoutstenyearsago.Eightyearsago.3.Yougoanywhereintheworldtodayandpeoplearegoogling.()4.GoogleandYahoomakemoneyfromthoseadsyouseeeverytimeyoudoasearch.2.GooglesaidcompetitionfromYahooisaffectingitsabilitytomakemoney.Yahoo,oneoftheweb’soriginalposterchildren,saidcompetitionfromGoogleisaffectingitsabilitytomakemoney.1.Behindeverysearchisafiercebattleforadvertisingdollarsandsofar,Googleiswinningthewar.()()()()TFTTFT…you’vesurfedtheweb,you’veusedthesearchenginesGoogleandYahoo.But,hereissomethingyoumightnotknow.Behindeverysearchisafiercebattleforadvertisingdollarsandsofar,Googleiswinningthewar.MorenowfromCNBC’sCarlQuintanilla:It’sbecomearesearchritual,findsomething,anythingyouareinterestedinandgoogleit.EnoughofthehabitformillionsofwebusersthatotherInterneticonsarenowgettinghurt.Thisweek,Yahoo,oneoftheweb’soriginalposterchildren,saidcompetitionfromGoogleisaffectingitsabilitytomakemoney.AndexpertslikeDavidVise,co-authorofanewbookonGoogle,saythecompanyisthebiggestbreakthro