SDH(同步數(shù)字體系)基礎(chǔ)知識

-1-舊的傳輸技術(shù)(PDH)同步數(shù)字系列(SDH)SDH的速率,幀結(jié)構(gòu)及接口STM-1的基本單元SDH網(wǎng)元SDH的同步結(jié)構(gòu)SDH的監(jiān)測，維護及其測試SDH網(wǎng)絡(luò)國際標準傳輸技術(shù)未來趨勢SDH的基本知識-2-舊的傳輸技術(shù)-3-LELE電話系統(tǒng)-4-T1T2T3T4T5T6T7時間音頻信號抽樣信號輸出

時間T1T2T3T4T5T6T7脈幅調(diào)制信號(PAM)抽樣-5-+V0000XXXX0001XXXX0010XXXX1000XXXX1001XXXX1010XXXX1011XXXX1100XXXX1101XXXX1110XXXX1111XXXX數(shù)字編碼-V符合CCITTA率1/2V1/4V1/8V1/16V1/32V1/64V量化級別3248648096112非均勻量化編碼-6-每抽樣點8比特x=64kbit/s每秒8000采樣點PCM信號速率-7-時分復(fù)用(TDM)-8-2048kbit/s64kbit/sx4x30/31x24x3x7x5x3日本美國歐洲基群速率2次群3.4.5.32064kbit/sx397728kbit/s397200kbit/sx4x434368kbit/s139264kbit/sx4564992kbit/sx48448kbit/s44736kbit/s274176kbit/sx61544kbit/s6312kbit/sx4世界范圍的PDH系統(tǒng)-9-64kbit/sDataSignals15kHzSoundProgramSignals139264kbit/s(+/-15ppm)12048kbit/s(+/-50ppm)8448kbit/s(+/-30ppm)34368kbit/s(+/-20ppm)64信道容量:64x30=19200.3to3.1kHzAFsignalsDSMX34/140DSMX8/34DSMX2/8130DSMX64k/2130PCMX301PCMX305130414PDH復(fù)用/解復(fù)用-10-Si:保留給國際使用Sa4:非緊急告警(0=告警)A:遠端告警(1=緊急告警)Sa4toSa8:空余比特或用于數(shù)據(jù)鏈路信息(點對點應(yīng)用)FAS:幀同步信號(0011011)NFAS:非幀同步信號2.048kbit/s幀結(jié)構(gòu):32x8bit=256bitin125μs

Si0011011編碼的語音/數(shù)據(jù)信號編碼的語音/數(shù)據(jù)信號信令信息時隙

Si1ASaSaSaSaSa45678幀同步字節(jié)(frames0,2,4...)非幀同步字節(jié)(frames1,3,5...)(M)0123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930312Mbit/s幀結(jié)構(gòu)

-11-Si:保留給國際使用Sa4:非緊急告警(0=告警)A:遠端告警(1=緊急告警

Y:對端復(fù)幀告警(1=Alarm)E:CRC誤碼指示(0=Error)Sa4toSa8:空余比特或用于數(shù)據(jù)鏈路信息(點對點應(yīng)用)FAS:幀同步信號(0011011)NFAS:非幀同步信號用戶信令.n用戶信令.n+152.048kbit/s幀結(jié)構(gòu):32x8bit=256bitin125μs

Si0011011編碼的語音/數(shù)據(jù)信號編碼的語音/數(shù)據(jù)信號信令信息時隙

Si1ASaSaSaSaSa45678幀同步字節(jié)(偶數(shù)幀.)非幀同步字節(jié)(奇數(shù)幀)(M)0000xYxx

abcdabcdMFASNMFAS第0幀第1...15&17...31幀0123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930312Mbit/s幀結(jié)構(gòu)-12-2.048kbit/s復(fù)幀,ITU-TG.704fr15fr0fr1fr2fr3fr4fr5fr6fr7fr8fr9fr10fr11fr12fr13fr14fr15復(fù)幀子復(fù)幀1子復(fù)幀2用戶信令.n用戶信令.n+152.048kbit/sframe:32x8bit=256比特in125μs

Si0011011編碼的語音/數(shù)據(jù)信號編碼的語音/數(shù)據(jù)信號信令信息時隙

Si1ASaSaSaSaSa45678幀同步字節(jié)(偶數(shù)幀.)非幀同步字節(jié)(奇數(shù)幀)(M)0000xYxx

abcdabcdMFASNMFAS第0幀第1...15&17...31幀0123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930312Mbit/s幀結(jié)構(gòu)Si:保留給國際使用Sa4:非緊急告警(0=告警)A:遠端告警(1=緊急告警

Y:對端復(fù)幀告警(1=告警)Sa4toSa8:空余比特或用于數(shù)據(jù)鏈路信息(點對點應(yīng)用)FAS:幀同步信號(0011011)NFAS:非幀同步信號-13-2.048kbit/s復(fù)幀,ITU-TG.704fr15fr0fr1fr2fr3fr4fr5fr6fr7fr8fr9fr10fr11fr12fr13fr14fr15復(fù)幀子復(fù)幀1子復(fù)幀2Si:保留給國際使用Sa4:非緊急告警(0=告警)A:遠端告警(1=緊急告警)Y:對端復(fù)幀告警(1=告警)E:CRC誤碼指示(0=誤碼)M:復(fù)幀定位信號(CRC復(fù)幀定位:001011)Sa4toSa8:Sparebitsorusedformessagebaseddatalinks(point-to-pointapplications)FAS:幀同步信號(0011011)NFAS:非幀同步信號用戶信令.n用戶信令.n+15

Si0011011

Si1ASaSaSaSaSa45678幀同步字節(jié)(偶數(shù)幀.)非幀同步字節(jié)(奇數(shù)幀)(M)0000xYxx

abcdabcdMFASNMFAS第0幀第1...15&17...31幀Timeslot0ofCRCmultiframe:子復(fù)幀1子復(fù)幀22.048kbit/s幀:32x8bit=256bitin125μs編碼的語音/數(shù)據(jù)信號編碼的語音/數(shù)據(jù)信號信令信息時隙0123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930310FAS

C10011011

C40011011

C10011011

C4001101101ASaSaSaSaSa11ASaSaSaSaSa11ASaSaSaSaSa

E21ASaSaSaSaSa1NFAS6FAS7NFAS8FAS9NFAS14FAS15NFAS256X8比特=2048比特256X8比特=2048比特2Mbit/s幀結(jié)構(gòu)-14-1c2c3c4c

s1s2s3s41111010000AN1a2a3a4a1b2b3b4b8.448kbit/s;幀長848bit;100.4us;ITU-TG.742

A:告警比特N:國內(nèi)空余比特1a:添塞控制比特S:填塞比特1020020820820424444準同步系列–幀結(jié)構(gòu)-15-1c2c3c4c

s1s2s3s41111010000AN1a2a3a4a1b2b3b4b8.448kbit/s;幀長度848bit;100.4us;ITU-TG.742

34.368kbit/s;幀長度1536bit;44.7us;ITU-TG.7511111010000AN

A:告警比特N:留給國內(nèi)使用的空余比特1a:填充控制比特S:填充比特102002082082042444410372380380376244441c2c3c4c

s1s2s3s41a2a3a4a1b2b3b4b準同步系列–幀結(jié)構(gòu)-16-A:告警比特

N:留給國內(nèi)使用的空余比特1a,b,c,d:填充控制比特S:填充比特139.264kbit/s;幀長度2928bit;21us;ITU-TG.7511a2a3a4a1c2c3c4c1d2d3d4d1b2b3b4b1e2e3e4e

s1s2s3s4111110100000ANNN

124724844844844444484448044準同步系列–幀結(jié)構(gòu)-17-AISPDH設(shè)備AISPDH設(shè)備LOSLOFAISD-BitBER10-3D-BitBER10-6N-BitPDH維護信號-18-OLTU34-1408-342-8OLTU34-1408-342-8OLTU34-1408-342-8OLTU34-1408-342-8主用備用140Mbit/s140Mbit/s線路終端單元線路終端單元上下電路局站1,2.................641,2.................64準同步設(shè)備上下電路-19-同步數(shù)字系列(SDH)-20-更簡單的復(fù)用結(jié)構(gòu)(低速SDH信號能直接從高速SDH信號中提取)

上,下業(yè)務(wù)通道更簡單

可兼容北美和歐洲兩大PDH體系SDH對新業(yè)務(wù)是開放的(能夠承載PDH,ATM,HDTV,MAN等業(yè)務(wù))SDH提供TMN(ECCs)

(用于集中式網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制)為什么要引入SDH-21-2Mbit/s

34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

STM-1

STM-4STM-1/STS-3cGatewaytoSONETTMDXCADMADM

ATM

SwitchSTM-4/-162Mbit/s34Mbit/s140Mbit/sSTM-1LAN2Mbit/sADMSTM-1STM-1,STM-42Mbit/s8Mbit/s34Mbit/s140Mbit/sADM:分插復(fù)用器DXC:數(shù)字交叉連接設(shè)備TM:終端復(fù)用器DSC:數(shù)字交換中心LAN:局域網(wǎng)DSC同步網(wǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)JTEQ-22-設(shè)備外觀-23-信息包網(wǎng)絡(luò)電話網(wǎng)VC-3VC-4VC-11VC-12VC-2VC-3復(fù)用段層中繼段層物理層......低階通道層高階通道層段層電路層SDH傳送層傳輸媒質(zhì)層SDH網(wǎng)絡(luò)分層模型-24-VC-2VC-1VC-2VC-1VC-4VC-3VC-12VC-4VC-3VC-2VC-1VC-4VC-3VC-12VC-4VC-3RegSMXSMX復(fù)用段中繼段高階通道低階通道STM-n中繼段開銷STM-n中繼段開銷STM-n復(fù)用段開銷VC-4/3通道開銷VC-1/2/3通道開銷通道定義-25-MUX/DEMUXMUX/DEMUXPDHPDHSDHSDHSDHReg.CCNNINNINNIITU-TRec.:G.707 同步復(fù)用結(jié)構(gòu)G.703 電接口特性G.957 光接口特性網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點接口規(guī)范對于用于傳送業(yè)務(wù)負荷的同步數(shù)字網(wǎng)元間的互通是必需的網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點接口(NNI)-26-SDH的比特率，幀結(jié)構(gòu)及接口-27-ATM:149.760kbit/sE4:139.264kbit/sDS3:44.736kbit/sE3:34.368kbit/s

AUG

C-4

TUG-3TU-3VC-3

C-3AU-3x1x3x7x7x3x1

STM-NSTS-3N

AU-4STS-3C

VC-4STS-3CSPESTS-1VC-3STS-1SPE

TUG-2

VTgroupx3xNx1

x4DS1:1.544kbit/sTU-11VC-11

C-11VT-1.5VT-SPEE1:2.048kbit/sTU-12VC-12

C-12

VT-2VT-SPESDHSONETITU-TG.707BELLCOREGR.253

ANSIT1.105ATM:48,384kbit/sDS2:6.312kbit/sTU-2VC-2

C-2

VT-6VT-SPEx1

STM-0

STS-1指針處理復(fù)用定位校準映射SDHETSISDH與SONET都是國際性的標準-28-RSOH:中繼段開銷MSOH:復(fù)用段開銷Payload:信息傳送區(qū)域一個字節(jié)的傳送能力:64kbit/s幀容量:270x9x8x8000=155.520Mbit/s幀周期:125μ(字節(jié))19逐行傳送中繼段開銷復(fù)用段開銷AU指針凈負荷(傳送能力)STM-1幀結(jié)構(gòu)-29-C-4STM-1幀結(jié)構(gòu)-30-VC-4C-4VC-4POHSTM-1幀結(jié)構(gòu)-31-AUPointerAU-4VC-4C-4VC-4POHSTM-1幀結(jié)構(gòu)(字節(jié))19中繼段開銷AU-4復(fù)用段開銷管理單元指針VC-4VC-4POHC-4STM-1幀結(jié)構(gòu)-33-12341234123412....11111222223333344444STM-1#1STM-1#2STM-1#3STM-1#4STM-4STM-4/16/64的比特速率是由STM-1同步傳送模塊比特率的整數(shù)倍.支路側(cè)的頻偏由STM－n的輸出信號通過指針調(diào)整來實現(xiàn)B1B2B1B2段開銷終結(jié)新的段開銷高階SDH比特復(fù)用-34-STM-4段開銷A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2A2J0Z0Z0Z0

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

B1

E1

F1

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

D1

D2

D3

X

D4B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2B2K1K2

D7

D10

S1M1E2

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

XD5D8D11D12D9D5

36字節(jié)B1andB2字節(jié)將被重新計算.字節(jié)E1,F1,K1,K2,D1toD3和D4toD12由第一個支路中提取.AU指針凈負荷#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4#1#2#3#4STM-4幀結(jié)構(gòu)-35-STM-1的基本網(wǎng)元-36-MUX/DEMUXMUX/DEMUX備用線路PDHPDHSDHSDHSDH復(fù)用段復(fù)用段中繼段中繼段Reg.CC時鐘時鐘時鐘B1B1B3B2B2通道校驗字節(jié)F2E1,F1,D1...D3E2,D4...D12普通信道B1中繼段同步網(wǎng)-37-J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1V5J2N2K4AU-PTRVC-3/4通道開銷VC-11/12/2通道開銷STM-1段開銷與傳輸媒質(zhì)有關(guān)的字節(jié)X國內(nèi)使用字節(jié)SOH:段開銷POH:通道開銷開銷(SOH,POH)用于SDH傳輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)的維護和管理.RSOHMSOHPayloadPOHPointerA1A1A1A2A2A2J0XX

D1D2D3B2B2B2K1K2D4D5D6D7D8D9

D10D11D12S1

M1E2XXB1E1F1XXH1YYH211H3H3H3開銷比特-38-奇偶校驗(中繼器和復(fù)用器會各自計算出B1)

數(shù)據(jù)通信通路(兩個中繼器之間D1...D3,F1字節(jié)提供)

語聲通路(兩個中繼器之間的E1字節(jié)提供)幀同步

(A1,A2)

再生段蹤跡

(J0定義了源中繼器)A1A1A1A2A2A2J0

B1E1F1D1D2D3B2B2B2K1K2D4D5D6D7D8D9D10D11D12S1M1E2AU–

指針中繼段開銷功能-39-奇偶校驗(B2)告警信息(K2)遠端誤碼指示(M1,K2)自動保護倒換(K1,K2字節(jié))數(shù)據(jù)通信通道(兩個復(fù)用器之間的D4toD12字節(jié))同步狀態(tài)(S1)語聲通路(兩個復(fù)用器之間的E2字節(jié)提供)A1A1A1A2A2A2J0

B1E1F1D1D2D3B2B2B2K1K2D4D5D6D7D8D9D10D11D12S1M1E2AU–指針復(fù)用段開銷功能-40-奇偶校驗

B3,V5/BIP-2由通道終結(jié)點來計算告警及性能信息

(V5,G1)VC的信號結(jié)構(gòu)

信號標記字節(jié)：C2復(fù)幀指示字節(jié)(H4)使用者通路在兩個通道終結(jié)網(wǎng)元之間(F2,F3)通道源識別(通道標記字節(jié)J1,J2)J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K4N1V5J2N2K4VC-3/4POHVC-11/12/2POH通道開銷功能-41-獨立網(wǎng)元網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點接口的功能與特性容器(C)承載PDH支路信號最基本的包與STM-1信號同步通過比特填充方式對支路的速率進行適配調(diào)整通過在特定位置填充比特方式對支路信號進行同步適配逐比特填充虛容器(VC)容器加上通道開銷后變?yōu)樘撊萜魈撊萜髯鳛镾DH網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的基本傳輸單位承載多個虛容器的高階虛容器也有指針區(qū)域-42-支路單元(TU)由虛容器加上指針構(gòu)成支路單元組(TUG)用以構(gòu)成新的虛容器的幾個支路單元復(fù)用管理單元(AU)由虛容器加上指針構(gòu)成同步傳送模塊等級1(STM-1)由管理單元組加上段開銷構(gòu)成定時的調(diào)整由指針區(qū)域的正零負填充來實現(xiàn)逐字節(jié)填充獨立網(wǎng)元網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點接口的功能與特性-43-A1,A2 幀同步字節(jié)B1,B2 用于中繼段、復(fù)用段傳輸誤碼監(jiān)測的奇偶校驗字節(jié)J0 再生段蹤跡 D1...D3 中繼段DCC通道 D4..D12 復(fù)用段DCC通道E1,E2 公務(wù)通信F1 用于維護目的使用者通路(數(shù)據(jù),語聲)K1,K2 自動保護倒換通路S1 同步狀態(tài)M1 復(fù)用段遠端誤碼指示 J1 高階通道蹤跡字節(jié)B3 用于通道誤碼監(jiān)測的奇偶校驗字節(jié)C2 信號標記(標記凈荷的構(gòu)成)G1 通道狀態(tài)F2,F3 高階通道使用者通路H4 位置指示K3 自動保護倒換通路N1 網(wǎng)絡(luò)運營者字節(jié)V5 誤碼檢測,通道狀態(tài),信號標記J2 低階通道蹤跡N2 網(wǎng)絡(luò)運營者字節(jié)K4 自動保護倒換通路(APS)段開銷VC-3/4通道開銷VC-1/2通道開銷段開銷字節(jié)功能-44-容器虛容器管理單元同步傳送模塊通道開銷指針段開銷準同步信號140Mbit/sC4VC-4AU-4STM-1PDH信號裝配成STM-1信號的方法-45-指針技術(shù)提供了一種容納SDH網(wǎng)絡(luò)中定時偏差的手段.指針值指示STM-1幀中凈負荷的起始位置.AU-指針19TU-

指針VC-4通道開銷VC-12

POHVC-12VC-4STM-1指針-46-

H1YYH211H3H3H3負調(diào)整機會(高速率支路)指針值i增加/減少IDIDIDID新數(shù)據(jù)標志,映射結(jié)構(gòu),指針值增加/減少J1C4凈荷NNNNSSID

IDIDIDIDH1字節(jié)H2字節(jié)0110

1001

1001

XXXXXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXX1001SS1111100000負調(diào)整機會(低速率支路)指針說明:新數(shù)據(jù)標志(NDF)無效:

新數(shù)據(jù)標志有效:

AU/TU類型AU-4/TU-3:

AU/TU類型AU-3/TU-3:

AU-4指針0...782:

TU-3指針0...764:

無效指針指示(NPI):

AU-4指針區(qū)域的作用,編碼-47-不同的STM-1信號進入網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點時進行的頻率調(diào)整(指針填充)中繼段開銷復(fù)用段開銷

H1H2H3中繼段開銷MSOH

H1H2H319270中繼段開銷復(fù)用段開銷

H1H2中繼段開銷復(fù)用段開銷

H1H2H3125μs250μs375μs500μsVC-4起點負調(diào)整字節(jié)D比特反轉(zhuǎn)新的指針值實際指針值非同步SDH網(wǎng)絡(luò)-48-AU指針中繼段開銷復(fù)用段開銷9261J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z520x13bytes每行C-4140Mbit/s260C-4傳送能力:260x9x64kbit/s=149.760kbit/s容器C-4用來承載140Mbit/sPDH支路信號140Mbit/s的映射-49-W=IIIIIIIIY=RRRRRRRR

X=CRRRROOOZ=IIIIIISRI=信息比特S=調(diào)整機會比特R=固定比特填充C=調(diào)整控制比特O=開銷比特下圖示出VC-4中的一行96IW96IY96IY96IY96IX96IX96IX96IY96IY96IY96IY96IY96IX96IY96IY96IY96IZ96IY96IX96IYJ1140Mbit/s支路信號映射進VC-4-50-AUPointerRSOHMSOHJ1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5

H1H1H1

H2H2H2

H3H3H3260固定填充ContainerC-4contains3timesa34Mbit/sPDHTributary(ETSIstructure)C-3傳送能力:84X9x64kbit/s=48.384kBit/s84C-3J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5C334Mbit/s9261VC-3#1VC-3#2VC-3#3VC-4POHVC-3POH34Mbit/s信號的映射-51-中繼段開銷復(fù)用段開銷AU指針VC-4TUG-3TUG-2TU-12VC-12Tu指針2Mbit/s的映射-52-AU-4PointerRSOHMSOHJ1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z512345678910...........................................261ABCABCAABCSTUFFINGSTUFFING.......186TUG-3(A).......186TUG-3(C).......186TUG-3(B)映射與復(fù)用(1)-53-12345678910...........................................86NPIE3F3G3STUFFINGSTUFFINGA1B1C1D1E1F1G1A2123123123123TU-12#1TUG-2(A)TU-12#3.....123123123123TU-12#1TUG-2(B)TU-12#3.....123123123123TU-12#1TUG-2(G)TU-12#3.....TUG-3NPI:無效指針指示1001XX1111100000XXXXXXXXTU-12s在每幀占用36字節(jié)映射與復(fù)用(2)-54-V5R32字節(jié)(32x8I)RJ2C1C2OOOORR32字節(jié)(32x8I)32字節(jié)(32x8I)32字節(jié)(32x8I)RK4RN2RC1C2OOOORRS2IIIIIII140字節(jié)35bytesinoneVC-4500μsV5:VC-12PathOverheadR:fixedstuffingbitsJ2:PathTraceC1/2:JustificationcontrolbitO:OverheadbitN2:NetworkOperatorbyteK4:APSS2:JustificationopportunitybitI:Info-bitPayloadVC-4凈負荷V4XXXXX00PayloadVC-4凈負荷V1XXXXX01PayloadVC-4凈負荷V2XXXXX10PayloadVC-4凈負荷V3XXXXX11PayloadVC-4凈負荷V4XXXXX00VC-12Structure:H4:IndicatesthenumberofVxV1,V2,V3:TU-12PointerH4H4H4H4H4VC-4POH2Mbit/s的映射(異步方式)-55-AU-4指針復(fù)用段開銷中繼段開銷STM-4VC-4-4cJ1C2G1F2H4F3K3N1C-4-4c固定填充固定填充固定填充4x9字節(jié)4x261字節(jié)4x261字節(jié)ATM信元第一個指針指示J1位置，其他指針值設(shè)置成串聯(lián)指示B3VC-4級聯(lián)-56-ATM交換機提供VC-4的SDH交叉連接ATM交換機150Mbit/s600Mbit/s

In

OutOutInOutIn

In

OutVC-4-4cSTM-4cportSTM-4cportSTM-4portSTM-4

port150Mbit/s150Mbit/s150Mbit/s?VC4VC4VC4VC44x不同的VC-4?延時不同嗎？622Mbit/s622Mbit/s如何在150Mbit/s的SDH上傳送600Mbit/sATM信號-57-生成端:所有的指針都置為相同值級連VC-4由同一STM-4來承載所有級連VC-4都將被認為是一個級連VC-4個體進行傳送AU-4PointersMSOHRSOHSTM-4VC-4-4vcJ1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1C-4-4vc4x9字節(jié)4x261字節(jié)4x261字節(jié)ATM信元J1B3C2G1F2F3K3N1H4J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1VC-4級聯(lián)(生成端)-58-終結(jié)端:級連VC-4-4vc將被分成不同的VC4，并使用不同的指針值對每一個分出的VC－4進行定位校準VC-4-4vcJ1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N14x261字節(jié)ATM信元J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1C-4-4vcJ1B3C2G1F2F3K3N1H4J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1VC-4#1VC-4#2VC-4#3VC-4#4VC-4級聯(lián)(終結(jié)端)-59-E4:139.264kbit/sDS3:44.736kbit/sE3:34.368kbit/s

AUG

C-4

TUG-3TU-3VC-3

C-3AU-3x1x3x7x7x3x1

STM-NSTS-3N

AU-4STS-3C

VC-4STS-3CSPESTS-1VC-3STS-1SPE

TUG-2

VTgroupx3xNx1

x4DS1:1.544kbit/sTU-11VC-11

C-11VT-1.5VT-SPEE1:2.048kbit/sTU-12VC-12

C-12

VT-2VT-SPESDHSONETITU-TG.707BELLCOREGR.253

ANSIT1.105ATM:149.760kbit/sATM:48,384kbit/sDS2:6.312kbit/sTU-2VC-2

C-2

VT-6VT-SPEx1

STM-0

STS-1SDH與SONET都是國際標準-60-

SDH網(wǎng)元-61-SDH中繼器STM-nSTM-n應(yīng)用場合:在點對點和環(huán)型網(wǎng)中應(yīng)用的線路信號中繼器終端復(fù)用器STM-nPDH&STM-m支路m<n應(yīng)用場合:點對點傳輸系統(tǒng)(STM-1/4/16/64/256)SDH網(wǎng)元-62-STM-1/4STM-1/4支路端口:nx2Mbit/s(34Mbit/s)ADM......西向東向上下電路復(fù)用器-63-16x16x4x4xVC11342

SDH復(fù)用器

VC4VC3VC122.4Gbit/s622Mbit/s2.4Gbit/s622Mbit/s140Mbit/s34(45)Mbit/s2(1.5)Mbit/s140Mbit/s34(45)Mbit/s2(1.5)Mbit/s155Mbit/s155Mbit/sVC12

VC3

140VC4

VC12

VC314022

VC12

VC1222140

VC1222343422

VC12140Mbit/s34Mbit/s34Mbit/s140Mbit/sVC4140155VC4155Mbit/s同步交叉連接-64-光接收單元同步解復(fù)用4444光傳送單元同步復(fù)用4444通信管理單元服務(wù)信道單元開銷處理單元數(shù)據(jù)通道服務(wù)通道PC/TMN(Q)16x140Mbit/s

or

16xSTM-116x140Mbit/s

or

16xSTM-1STM-16STM-16SLX1/16同步線路設(shè)備-65-2Mbit/s

34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

STM-1

STM-4SDHSTM-1/STS-3cGatewaytoSONETTMDXCADMADM

ATM

交換機STM-4/-162Mbit/s34Mbit/s140Mbit/sSTM-1LAN2Mbit/sADMSTM-1STM-1,STM-42Mbit/s8Mbit/s34Mbit/s140Mbit/sADM:上下電路復(fù)用器DXC:數(shù)字交叉連接

TM:終端復(fù)用器連接新舊技術(shù)的混合網(wǎng)-66-本地網(wǎng)STM-4STM-16STM-1STM-1交換局FlexMux用戶接入網(wǎng)Mux64/2M本地交換干線網(wǎng)1L1干線網(wǎng)L2SDH網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓撲干線網(wǎng)L2-67-SDH的同步結(jié)構(gòu)-68-PRCSSUSSU主時鐘從時鐘SDH設(shè)備時鐘SEC

SDH

Equip.SEC

SDH

Equip.SEC

SDH

Equip.銫鐘(一級節(jié)點)requ:1x10-11

typ:5x10-12

長期:保持24小時:銣鐘(二級節(jié)點)requ:1.6x10-8,1x10-10

typ:4x10-11,2x10-11

網(wǎng)同步-69-限制:最多網(wǎng)元數(shù).10xG.812TNC最多網(wǎng)元數(shù).60xG.813SEC,

兩個從時鐘之間的數(shù)不能超過20個G.811

PRCG.812

TNCG.812

TNCG.813

SECG.813

SECG.813

SECSSUSSU同步參考模型-70-同步SDH信號155Mbit/s

數(shù)據(jù)信號2Mbit/s數(shù)據(jù)信號2048kHz主控外時鐘SDH網(wǎng)元Osc.內(nèi)部振蕩器4.6ppmSDH網(wǎng)元的同步-71-相位偏差[ns]觀察時間間隔[s]0.0111001000010100100010000100000保持模式-72-測量值界面(TIE)-73-

ITU-T ANSI/Bellcore ETSI

定義 G.810 T1.101/GR-253 ETS300462-1網(wǎng)絡(luò) G.825 T1.105/GR-253 ETS300462-3主時鐘 G.811 T1.101 ETS300462-6從時鐘(ST2) G.812 T1.101 ETS300462-4設(shè)備時鐘(ST3) G.813(G.81s) GR-253 ETS300462-5定義同步網(wǎng)絡(luò)的建議-74-SDH的監(jiān)視，維護及控制功能-75-LOS 輸入信號丟失 LOS LossOfSignal

TSE 測試序列錯誤(比特誤碼.) TSE TestSequenceError

LSS 測試序列同步丟失 ErrorInd.

AU-LOP 管理單元指針丟失

AU-NDF 管理單元指針新數(shù)據(jù)指示

AU-AIS AU告警指示 AU-PJE AU指針調(diào)整

B3 高階通道誤碼 HP-UNEQ 高階通道未裝載 UNEQ-P SPUnequipped

HP-RDI 高級通道遠端缺陷指示 RDI-P SPRemoteDeect.Ind.

HP-REI 高階通道遠端誤碼指示 REI-P SPRemoteERrroInd.

PDI-P SPPayloadDefectInd.

HP-TIM 高階通道通道識別符失配 TIM-P SPTraceIdent.Mismatch

HP-PLM 高階通道凈負荷失配 PLM-P SPPayloadLabelMismatch

TU-LOP TU指針丟失 LOP-V VPLossOfPointer

TU-NDF 支路新數(shù)據(jù)標志 NDF-V VPNewDataFlag

TU-AIS 支路告警指示 AIS-V VPAIS

TU-LOM 復(fù)幀丟失 LOM LossOfMultiframe

BIP-2/B3 低階通道誤碼 UNEQ-V VPUnequipped

LP-RDI 低階通道遠端缺陷指示 RDI-V VPRemoteDefectInd.

LP-REI 低階通道遠端誤碼指示 REI-V VPRemoteErrorInd.

LP-RFI 低階通道遠端失效指示 RFI-V VPRemoteFailureInd.

PDI-V VPPayloadDefectInd.

LP-TIM 低階通道通道識別符失配

LP-PLM 低階通道凈負荷失配 復(fù)用段再生段高階通道低階通道LCD LossofCellDelineation I.610HCOR CorrectableHeaderErrorsHUNC UncorrectableHeaderErrorsVP-AIS VirtualPathAIS I.610VP-RDI VirtualPathRemoteDefectIndication I.610VC-AIS VirtualChannelAIS I.610VC-RDI VirtualChannelRemotDefectIndication I.610Vx-AIS VirtualChannelAIS&Virtual,PathAISsimultan. (O.191)Vx-RDI VirtualChannelRDI&Virtual,PathRDIsimultan. (O.191)LOC LossOfContinuity I.610ATMPathSDH事件EVENSSONET-76-再生段復(fù)用段凈負荷B1:-監(jiān)視整個STM-1幀-覆蓋傳輸系統(tǒng)的再生段開銷B2:-覆蓋復(fù)用段、指針及凈負荷B3:-覆蓋STM-1凈負荷區(qū)域再生段復(fù)用段Payload凈負荷再生段復(fù)用段奇偶校驗字節(jié)提供了一種監(jiān)視STM-Nsignal傳輸質(zhì)量的方式凈負荷AU-PTR奇偶校驗字節(jié)檢驗的幀區(qū)域-77-發(fā)送側(cè)BIP-8B1第n幀第n+1幀奇偶校驗程序-78-奇偶校驗程序與發(fā)送側(cè)的值作比較發(fā)送側(cè)BIP-8B1第n幀第n+1幀BIP-8B1接收側(cè)第n+1幀第n幀接收側(cè)重新進行奇偶校驗-79-BitinterleaveddatafieldstructureoftheareacoveredFieldwidth: BIP-24:24bits (B2) BIP-8:8bits (B1,B3) BIP-2:2bits (V5)Columnbycolumnparitycheckforevennumbersof"1"BIP-2480111111111111111111111110101100011101010001100111001010100111101011001000110111101010110111110101011011010011100101100100001010000010101000123Byte1Byte2Byte3evennumbersof"1"例如:24比特間插奇偶校驗(BIP-24)如何構(gòu)造一個奇偶校驗字節(jié)?-80-LOS/LOFRS-TIMBIPErr."1"AISMS-AIS"1"MS-BIPErr.MS-REIMS-RDIAU-AISAU-LOPAIS"1"HP-UNEQHP-TIMHP-BIPErr.HP-REIHP-RDI"1"AISTU-AISTU-LOPLOMHP-PLMLP-UNEQLP-TIMLP-BIPErr.LP-REILP-RDILP-PLM"1""1""1"AISAIS中繼段復(fù)用段高階通道低階通道(J0)(B1)(K2)(B2)(M1)(K2)(C2)(J1)(B3)(G1)(G1)(H4)(C2)(V5)(J2)(V5)(V5)(V5)(V5)SDH維護信號的關(guān)系-81-LOS DropofincommingopticalpowerlevelcausesBERof10-3orworseOOF A1,A2incorrectformorethan625usLOF IfOOFpersistsof3msB1Error MismatchoftherecoveredandcomputedBIP-8MS-AIS K2(bits6,7,8)=111for3ormoreframesB2Error MismatchoftherecoveredandcomputedBIP-24MS-RDI IfMS-AISorexcessiveerrorsaredetected,K2(bits6,7,8)=110MS-REI M1:BinarycodedcountofincorrectinterleavedbitblocksAU-AIS All"1"intheentireAUincludingAUpointerAU-LOP 8to10NDFenableor8to10invalidpointersHP-UNEQ C2="0"for5ormoreframesHP-TIM J1:TraceidentifiermismatchHP-SLM C2:SignallabelmismatchHP-LOM H4values(2to10times)unequaltomultiframesequenceB3Error MismatchoftherecoveredandcomputedBIP-8HP-RDI G1(bit5)=1,ifaninvalidsignalisreceivedinVC-4/VC-3HP-REI G1(bits1,2,3,4)=binarycodedB3errors

維護信號的定義(1)-82-TU-AIS 單元信號全部為"1"，包括支路指針TU-LOP 新數(shù)據(jù)標識使能或收到無效指針值LP-UNEQ VC-3:C2被置"0"等于或超過1幀

VC-12:V5(比特5,6,7)被置000for等于或超過1幀LP-TIM VC-3:J1失配;VC-12:J2失配LP-SLM VC-3:C2失配;VC-12:V5(bits5,6,7)失配BIP-2Err 接收端計算出的BIP-2(V5)與發(fā)送端的值不同LP-RDI V5(bit8)=1,若TU-2通道AIS或信號失效被接收到LP-REI V5(bit3)=1,若檢測到BIP-2誤碼大于或等于1LP-RFI V5(bit4)=1,若有缺陷發(fā)生縮寫:AU

管理單元HP

高階通道LOF

幀丟失LOM

復(fù)幀丟失LOP

指針丟失LOS

輸入信號丟失LP

低階通道OOF

幀失步REI

遠端誤碼指示(FEBE)RDI

遠端缺陷指示(FERF)RFI

遠端失效指示SLM

信號標記失配TIM

通道識別符TU

支路單元UNEQ

未裝載VC

虛容器C

容器維護信號的定義(2)-83-性能參數(shù)ES 差錯秒 有一個或一個以上誤塊的秒SES 嚴重差錯秒誤塊超過30％或一個缺陷被檢測到的秒BBE 背景誤塊與SES不同的誤塊ITU-TG.826ES 誤碼秒 有一個或一個以上比特誤碼秒SES 嚴重誤碼秒 平均誤碼率>1x10E-3秒UAS 不可用秒:時間10sec10sec<10sec不可用秒檢測到不可用檢測到可用ITU-TG.821-84-抖動和漂移-85-0123456789...時間線101101001100比特序列1UI理想信號(不歸零碼)實際信號(帶有抖動和漂移)數(shù)字傳輸系統(tǒng)中相位變化(抖動或漂移)抖動和漂移的定義-86-信號間的干擾依賴于信號類型的抖動相位噪聲信號的延遲填充與去除非信息比特帶來的抖動映射抖動指針調(diào)整帶來的抖動抖動和漂移產(chǎn)生的原因-87-Amplitude/dBFrequency/Hz10HzSTM-1: 500Hz 65kHz 1.3MHz

STM-4: 1kHz 250kHz 5MHz

STM-16: 5kHz 1MHz 20MHz高頻抖動包含低頻分量的抖動總抖動WanderValuesaccordingtoITU-TRec.G.825andG.813Max.JitterAmplitude: 1,5UI 0,15UI抖動測試濾波器-88-抖動幅度

(PP)測試時間抖動/UIpp時間抖動峰峰值幅度的