醫(yī)學(xué)英語學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作的格式,學(xué)術(shù)論文格式

醫(yī)學(xué)英語學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作的格式,學(xué)術(shù)論文格式分析和研究近年來國外各類醫(yī)學(xué)刊物上的論文,固然研究項(xiàng)目、闡述內(nèi)容以及推導(dǎo)結(jié)論等均有所不同,但是,在撰寫的方式方法上卻有其本身的特點(diǎn)和格式。觀察結(jié)果表示清楚:所采用的格式有漸趨近似之傾向。其排列的項(xiàng)目和順序通常為:(1)TITLE,(2)AB-STRACT,(3)INTRODUCTION,(4)METHODS,orEQUIPMENTANDTEST(EXPERIMENT)PROCE-DURE,(5)RESULTSANDDISCUSSION,(6)CONCLUSIONS(SUMMARY),(7)ACKNOWL-EDGEMENTS,(8)REFERENCES。筆者以為:了解、熟悉并把握運(yùn)用這些特點(diǎn)以及其編寫格式,無論對閱讀和撰寫英語論文,捕捉論著的原意,還是中英互譯等均具有頗為重要的應(yīng)用價(jià)值,十分是對撰寫醫(yī)學(xué)論文,具有一定的指導(dǎo)意義。1、TITLE標(biāo)題既然是標(biāo)題,不言而喻,就要力求新穎、簡明、扼要,例如下面幾個(gè)例子。AdvancesinControlofCancerPain控制癌腫疼痛方式方法的進(jìn)展。SemiquantitatieAnalysisoftheAutoradiographs放射自顯影半劑量分析TheHighertheDiffusionRate,theHigherthdChanceofEachNewlyIodinatedTgbMoleculeComingintoRepeatedContactwiththePeroxidaseSiteattheApicalMembrane彌散率越高,新碘化的Tgb分子與實(shí)膜過氧物酶部位所接觸的時(shí)機(jī)越多。有些雜志,某些作者除采用正標(biāo)題之外,還采用副標(biāo)題,這種情況在國外刊物上的各類論文中可謂俯拾即是。采用副標(biāo)題,一般是在正標(biāo)題過于簡單、籠統(tǒng)的情況下,起到補(bǔ)充和系統(tǒng)講明正題等的作用,或是要強(qiáng)調(diào)某一個(gè)方面或幾個(gè)方面,以其引起讀者注意等等。Ultra-Low-VolumeAdministration:SystemsEvaluationandDateAnalysis超低量用藥一系列評價(jià)和數(shù)據(jù)分析(補(bǔ)充正題)。MedicalChemotherapyWorksforBreastCancerwithInvolvedNodes醫(yī)學(xué)新聞:輔助性化學(xué)療法對伴有淋逢迎轉(zhuǎn)移的乳腺癌奏效(講明上題)。UnresolvedIssue:DoSmokersCatchLessLungCancer?尚未解決的問題:吸煙者患肺癌少嗎?(提醒人們注意吸煙者患肺癌的數(shù)量增加)。有時(shí),為了避免標(biāo)題太長而使用縮寫詞。EffectofLATS(=Long-ActingThyroidStimula-tor)andLATSProtectoronHTACA(=HumanThy-roidAdenyCyclaseActivity)長效甲狀腺刺激素和長效甲狀腺刺激素保衛(wèi)物對人體甲狀腺甙酸環(huán)化酶活性的作用?？紤]文章較長,可在統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)題下,用不同的副標(biāo)題分成若干相對獨(dú)立的篇章。例如:FactorsInflu-encingonesAbilitytoAdopttoChronicIllness影響個(gè)人對慢性疾病適應(yīng)能力的因素(1)CARE保健;(2)TECHNOLOGY技術(shù)學(xué);(3)FAMILYRELATION-SHIPS家庭關(guān)系;(4)DEVELOPMENTALLEVEL發(fā)展水平(研究標(biāo)準(zhǔn));(5)CULTURALVALUESANDBELIEFS文化價(jià)值和信仰。2、ABSTRACT(SUMMARY)內(nèi)容摘要、提要這部分是對整篇文章的高度概括或濃縮,故要簡單、明了。常用的詞匯和句型有:Somebodystudied(examinedinvestigated,determined,found,reported,interviewed,measured,documented,considered,thoughevaluated,observed,)。運(yùn)用這些動詞,所采用的時(shí)態(tài)通常是一般過去時(shí)和如今完成時(shí)。被動語態(tài)也屢見不鮮,常見有:Thisstudywastakentoex-amine;Patientswithwerefollowedupfor+時(shí)間;Itisshowedthat;Itisconcludedthat;Indicationswereobtainedthat,等。結(jié)尾時(shí)常用的表示出方式方法有:Theresultsindicate(show,state,suggest,demon-strate,conclude,express)that;Thesefindingshavespecialimportanceinshowingthat;Thefind-ingshavegeneralsignificanceinthat;Thispossibilityisstrengtheningbytheobservationthat,等等。例:EnzymeLinkelImmunosorbentAssay(ELISA)isusedtothedetectionforantibodyofanti-thyoglobulininnormalhumanserum,cordserum,andamnioticflu-id.Theresultsdemonstratethatitseemedtobeancer-tainrulethatthelowerappearedintheamnioticfluid,thehighestincordserum.Antibodyisdecreasingforanormallevelwiththegrown-upageafterbirth.Itisthusconcludedthatantibodyofanti-thyroglobulinwemeasuredmayplayacertainsignificanceindiagnosisofcretinismbyELISA.作者采用ELISA對正常人的血清、臍帶血清和羊水中的抗甲狀腺球蛋白抗體進(jìn)行了測定。其結(jié)果有一定規(guī)律:抗體在胎生期首先出現(xiàn),分娩時(shí)濃度達(dá)高峰,而后隨年齡增長逐步降至正常水平。故測定該抗體對地方克汀病之診斷有一定意義。3、INTRODUCTION引言本項(xiàng)除課題意義外,主要涉獵前人研究情況的評述及本研究的目的,后兩者有時(shí)分別列出。茲分述如下:3.1、REVIEWOFPREVIOUSWORK以往研究評論還有用其它題目的,例如:REVIEWOFLITER-ATURE(文獻(xiàn)評述),LITERATURECITED(文獻(xiàn)引述),PRIORRESEARCH(以前的研究),SOMEPASTDESIGNS(過去的某些設(shè)計(jì)),BACK-GROU-ND(背景材料),等等。而這些資料引文的重點(diǎn)要放在引述與本文有關(guān)的以往研究的結(jié)果,否則會喧賓奪主。句式常有Sb.etal.tested(reported,gave,car-riedoutexperimenton;Sbfound(showed)that.還有若干不同的其它表示出方式方法,寫在下邊:ourexper-imentsshowthat;Thepresentstudywasundertakentoidentify,Datearepresentedthatsuggest,Ourresultssupported;Thedistributionhasreportedby;Ourlaboratoryhasundertakenareexaminationof;Thisarticle(paper)documents;Wetrace(evi-dence)Thismodelextends;Ourfindingsdemon-strate;Wereasonedthat;Theeffectwereevalu-atedbymeansof;Thepresentresultsaddsomefur-therelementsto.Arecentstudyanalyzedheeffectofaspirin(ASA)onprimaryhemostasisinuremia,measuringbleedingtime(BT).ItwasfoundthatthesamedoseofASApro-longedBTmoreinuremicthatincontrolsubjects,sug-gestingplateletsweremoresusceptibletotheinhibitory-ofASA.ThismightbeduetodifferentASApharma-cokineticsandbioavailabilitythatmightbeinfluencedbytheuremiccondition.新近一項(xiàng)研究分析了乙酰水揚(yáng)酸對尿毒癥幅約占整個(gè)文章的一半或三分之二。它將對研究、試驗(yàn)、觀察等結(jié)果加以分析和討論,華而不實(shí)包括曲線、圖表和照片等。大都采用分題逐一討論的方式方法。常用語有:Thetest(experi-mental)resultspresented(obtained)show(indicate,con-firm)that;Itshouldbenotedthat等。例:OurresultshaveshownthatT-celldeplectioniseffectiveinthepreventionofacuteandchronicGVHD.我們的結(jié)果已經(jīng)講明,T細(xì)胞缺失對預(yù)防GVHD有效。6、CONCLUSION結(jié)論其它的表示出方式方法還有:SUMMARYANDCON-CLUSIONS(小結(jié)及結(jié)論),CONCLUSIONSANDRECOMMENDATIONS(SUGGESTIONS)(結(jié)論與建議)。常用語有:From(Onthebasisof),thefol-lowingconclusionscan(may)bemade(drawn,reached)或者Thefollowingrecommendations(SUGGES-TIONS)maybemade(PUTFORWARD)。例:Thefollowingrecommendationsmaybemadefortheimprovementofthemethodofthiskindofoperations對這類手術(shù)方式方法的改良可作下述改良7ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS感謝。這項(xiàng)的常用語是:Weacknowledgewith;Thisstudywassupportedby,Wethankfor;Thisstudywassupportedgrantsfrom。例:WewishtothankprofeorF.J.Kezdyforhisvaluablesuggestionsanddiscussions.WethankalsoMrs.A.AbramforherassistanceattheinitialstageofthisworkandMs,Be-betterwilkersonfortypingthemanuscript.通常,thank和support均可用以人和單位,而前者多用于人,后者多用于單位。有時(shí),在這一項(xiàng)之后還有一行內(nèi)容:CorrespondenceshouldbeaddresedtoL.S.FMRCCancerTrialsoffice,MedicalResearchCouncilCentre,HillsRoad,CambridgeCB22QH這是表示致函的地點(diǎn)和單位。8、REFERENCES以下為參考文獻(xiàn)以下為參考文獻(xiàn)的寫法有多種,但都有一定格式。無論采用哪一種,前后要一致。眾所周知,列出以下為參考文獻(xiàn)是為了查看或查證與文章敘述或引用部分有關(guān)的資料。通常的辦法是在論文中的引用部分按出現(xiàn)的先后順序編上號碼。以下為參考文獻(xiàn)要按號碼順序排列。每一條書目要包拓下面幾個(gè)內(nèi)容:作者姓名、書名、出版者和出版年份、頁數(shù)等?？梢砸圆话次闹幸孟群缶幪?而按作者姓氏的字母順序排列,而出版年份緊跟在姓名之后。例:文章正文:Thecapillarytubeisusedinsuchappli-ancesashouseholdrefrigerauors,smallfreezersandroomairconditioners,usuallyuptothreetonsystem[1].Cen-tralairconditioningsystemsinsmallresidence,smallice-makingmachinsandsmallbeveragecooleralsousethecapillarytube.Itisnotpracticleinlargecommercial-systemsbecauseofitslackofsensitivitytoloadchanges。如上所述,我們把參考的文獻(xiàn),根據(jù)作者的姓氏的字母排序,寫在下面:REFERENCES1.Althouse,A.D(1978)ModernRefrigerationandAirConditioning.InMichaelWallace,etal.(eds)NewDevelopmentsinAri-coditioning.CambridgeUniversityPress2.Black,Max(1976)SelectedWritingsofMaxBlackinModernAir-conditioningEngineering(ed.DavidG.Mandelbaum).OxfordUniversityPress3.Nels