繁育豬群管理

Managingthebreedingherd

繁殖豬群的管理Objective目標Consistentlyproduceatargetssupplyofgoodqualityweanedpigsatlowcost(valuemaximization)持續(xù)地生按計劃產(chǎn)出低成本的優(yōu)質(zhì)斷奶仔豬(價值最大化)Decreasedcostperpigshipped降低每頭出售仔豬的成本Morepredictableproduction-reducedvariation能較好地預(yù)測生產(chǎn)狀況，減少變異Interrelationshipsbetweenfactorsinfluencingweanedpigoutput影響斷奶仔豬產(chǎn)量各因素之間的關(guān)系WeanedPigOutput/Year斷奶仔豬年產(chǎn)量Sow/GiltInventory(Capacity)母豬/小母豬存欄數(shù)(能力)No.PigsWeaned/Female/Year(Efficiency)每頭母豬年產(chǎn)斷奶仔豬數(shù)(效率)No.ServiceGroups配種群數(shù)No.Females/Farrowing/Group每個配種群的分娩母豬數(shù)No.PigsWeaned/Litter每窩斷奶仔數(shù)No.Litter/Female/Yr每頭母豬年產(chǎn)窩數(shù)No.BornAlive窩產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)PigletMortality仔豬死亡率No.FemalesServed/Group每群中配種母豬數(shù)FarrowingRate,%母豬分娩率AdaptedfromDial1996摘自：

Dial1996Ensurethatanimalinventoriesmatchfacilitycapacity確保存欄數(shù)適合于豬場設(shè)施的規(guī)模Requirementstomeetweanedpigtargets

實現(xiàn)斷奶豬生產(chǎn)計劃的條件Adequatesupplyofservicereadygilts

足夠數(shù)量作好配種準備的小母豬Adequatesupplyofweanedsowsingoodbodycondition,returningtoestruswithin6daysofweaning足夠的體況良好且在斷奶后6天內(nèi)發(fā)情的斷奶母豬Awelltrained,dedicatedstaff

訓(xùn)練有素認真負責(zé)的人員Properlydesignedfacilities

豬場設(shè)施設(shè)計恰當(dāng)Goodfeedingandmanagementprogram

良好的飼養(yǎng)管理方案Supplyofmaturev.boarsofhighlibido

成熟的、高性欲的輸精管結(jié)扎公豬Relativeimportanceoffactorsinfluencingthenumberofpigsweanedperweek

5%Mortalityofpigsbornalive活產(chǎn)仔數(shù)死亡率5%Numberbornaliveperlitter窩產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)30%Farrowingrate分娩率60%Numberofsowsserved已配母豬數(shù)量影響每周斷奶仔豬產(chǎn)量各因素的相對重要性Numberoffemalesbredperweekisdependenton3subpopulations

每周配種母豬數(shù)取決于三個因素Numberofweanedsowsavailable可供配種的斷奶母豬數(shù)量Numberofgiltsavailable可供配種的小母豬數(shù)量Numberofopportunitysowsavailable(skips,aborted,activecullsows)其它可用母豬的數(shù)量(可在下一個情期供利用的母豬,流產(chǎn)母豬,將予以主動淘汰的母豬)NumberofSowsAvailableandGiltsRequiredonaWeeklyBasis每周可用母豬數(shù)和所需小母豬數(shù)周數(shù)配種計劃的%Giltlittersconstitutethelargestparitygroup

在所有各胎次的母豬中,頭胎母豬占的比例最大

average21%(range15–30%)

平均約占21%(15-30%)So,ifgiltsperformsuboptimally,herdPerformancewillbecompromised所以,如果頭胎母豬性能欠佳,

豬群性能就會打折MESSAGE:STARTWITHAFERTILEGILT啟示：要從飼養(yǎng)具有高繁殖力的新母豬著手Percentageofsowsreturningtoestrusondifferentdaysafterweaning

斷奶后不同時間發(fā)情母豬的比例3.010.07,8,9,1093.489.04,5,63.61.01,2,3>Parity2二胎以上母豬Parity1頭胎母豬DaysPostweaning斷奶后天數(shù)斷奶到配種間隔天數(shù)窩產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)分娩率(%)Asuggestedfeedingprogramforreplacementgiltsto115kgliveweight

后備母豬到115千克體重的飼喂方案2.46Avg

平均3.25.50.60.6514.02.9090-1153.25.55.65.7515.52.7575-903.25.65.75.8517.02.550-753.25.7.801.0519.51.725-50McalDE/kg消化能(千卡/千克)Phosphorus磷Calcium鈣Lysine賴氨酸Protein蛋白質(zhì)Feed/d(kg)日采食

(千克)Wt.(kg)體重

(千克)Whengiltsreach145to150daysofage,afinalselectionshouldbebasedon:

小母豬達145-150日齡時應(yīng)按以下標準進行最后選擇：Weightforage一定日齡時的體重和背膘厚Giltsshouldbe95kgat145dor100kgat150d145日齡時體重應(yīng)達95千克，或150日齡時體重應(yīng)達100千克Backfatlevelsshouldbe10–12mmP2at95–100kg體重95-100千克時P2背膘厚應(yīng)為10-12毫米Conformation:體型Strongonlegs,moveeasily,freefromlameness肢蹄強壯，行動快捷，無跛行Atleast12welldevelopedevenlyspacesteats至少有12個發(fā)育良好、排列均勻的乳頭Freefromotherabnormalities(hermaphrodite,ruptures)orotherdeformitiesorinjuries無其它異常(兩性畸形,疝氣)或者其它畸形或損傷Temperament性情Giltsshouldbecalmandnotexcessivelyafraidofhumancontact應(yīng)性情安寧,不應(yīng)過于害怕與人接觸FinalSelection最后的選擇Commonsituationwithgiltreplacement

后備母豬通常的體況標準Giltsarriveonfarmat145–155daysofageweighing95to105kgandwith11to13mmP2backfat小母豬到達繁殖豬場時應(yīng)為145-155日齡,屆時體重應(yīng)為95-105千克，P2背膘厚應(yīng)為11-13毫米Performanceandbodycompositionofgiltsatpuberty

初情期小母豬的性能和軀體成分7.9-9.48.7ProteinMass:surfacearea(kg/m2)蛋白質(zhì)含量/體表面積(千克/平方米)0.66-1.130.90GrowthRate(kg/d)日增重(千克)12.3-21.716.7ProteinMass(kg)蛋白質(zhì)含量(千克)9.1-34.816.6Backfat(mm)背膘厚(毫米)79.6-155.2111.0Weight(kg)體重(千克)131-201158.2Age(d)日齡Range范圍Average平均N=219統(tǒng)計豬數(shù)219Patterson,UniversityofAlberta(2001)資料來源：Patterson,加拿大Alberta大學(xué)(2001)Pubertycanbeinducedby:

可通過以下方法進行初情誘導(dǎo)：Mixing混群Relocation換圈ExposuretoMatureBoar接觸公豬AdvantagesofEarlyBoarExposure

提早接觸公豬有何好處Loweraverageageatpuberty提早初情期的到來Allowsidentificationofmostfertilegilts可發(fā)現(xiàn)最有繁殖力的新母豬Formationofapoolofcyclicgilts形成已在發(fā)情的小母豬群ReducedNPD減少非生產(chǎn)天數(shù)Moregiltsbredatthirdestrous有較多的小母豬可在第三情期配種Giltselectioncompletedbeforemarketweightissurpassed可在超過上市體重之前完成對小母豬的選擇。BoarExposure-PubertyInduction

接觸公豬——初情誘導(dǎo)Giltmustbeoldenough>140days>95kg.小母豬應(yīng)大于140日齡，其體重應(yīng)大于95千克Boarmustbeoldenough>10monthsofage,withhighlibido,goodlegsandfeet.公豬必須大于10月齡,必須具有高性欲和健壯的肢蹄Moveboartogiltspen.Feedboarsbeforemovement.Giltpensmustbesuitableforincreasedactivity(floors,feeders,drinkers,space).Specializedmatingareasarepreferable.將公豬趕入小母豬圈,驅(qū)趕前應(yīng)飼喂,小母豬圈必須適于大活動量(地板、飼槽、飲水器、空間)Physicalcontactisessential,fence-linecontactismuchlesseffective.必須與公豬發(fā)生軀體接觸，隔欄接觸不太有效。Exposuretime15minutespergroupof10-12gilts.Asgroupsizeincreasestimeofexposuremustalsoincrease.

小母豬每群15頭，接觸15分鐘；數(shù)量多則應(yīng)增加時間Donothousegiltsnearstimulusboar.

小母豬舍不應(yīng)接近刺激用的公豬。Usev.boarstosimplifytheprocess.

利用輸精管結(jié)扎的公豬，可使過程簡單化。Twiceadaystimulationismosteffective.Morefrequentstimulationinhotweatherorifmorerapidattainmentofpubertyisrequired.

一天二次就極有效，若在熱天或要加快達到初情則可增加次數(shù)。BoarExposure-PubertyInduction

接觸公豬——初情誘導(dǎo)BoarExposure公豬刺激Rotationofboarsonadailybasisisnotmoreeffectivethanusingasingleboar每天輪換使用多頭公豬并不比只用一頭公豬更有效Usevasectomizedboars(v.boar)forstimulation...要用輸精管結(jié)扎的公豬進行刺激。Allowv.boartoservegiltstomaintaininterestandwillincreasegiltperformancer讓輸精管結(jié)扎的公豬與小母豬交配，可保持小母豬的興趣并可提高小母豬的性能。Percentofgiltsreachingpubertyeachweekafterinitialexposuretoaboar

首次接觸公豬后每周達到初情的小母豬比例Ageatexposure首次接觸時日齡WK12345678%gilts小母豬比例135days日齡517182116667Cumulative%累計比例%522406177838996160days日齡28152911664-Cumulative%累計比例%28437283899599-開始接觸后周數(shù)Performanceofearlyandlatematuringgilts早成熟和晚成熟小母豬的性能Nelsonetal.1990.108.39.3#bornalive窩產(chǎn)活仔數(shù).051.42.2#litters/sow每頭母豬年產(chǎn)窩數(shù).055483%Cyclingregularly發(fā)情周期正常的比例PLatePuberty初情晚EarlyPuberty初情早Holderetal.1995.175939%farrowing5litters

產(chǎn)5胎比例.028.120.8WSI斷奶至配種天數(shù)NS8.58.5#Weaned窩斷奶仔數(shù)NS14.314.1Ovulationrate排卵率.04144158Ageatpuberty(d)

初情日齡PEarly早成熟Control對照Performanceofearlyandlatematuringgilts早成熟和晚成熟小母豬的性能EffectsofV.boarserviceatpubertyonsubsequentperformance(555gilts)Hughes199710.49.5BornAlive窩產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)87.583.0ConceptionRate(%)受胎率(%)V.Boarservice輸精管結(jié)扎公豬交配Control對照初情時與輸精管結(jié)扎公豬交配對其后性能的影響Commonsituationwithgiltreplacement

后備母豬通常的體況標準Giltsarriveonfarmat145–155daysofageweighing95to105kgandwith11to13mmP2backfat小母豬到達繁殖豬場時應(yīng)為145-155日齡,屆時體重應(yīng)為95-105千克，P2背膘厚應(yīng)為11-13毫米4–6mm毫米RequiredP2gainingiltpool在小母豬群內(nèi)的增長16–17P2atbreeding配種時3–4P2gainingestation妊娠期增長11–13Giltatarrival進入繁殖群時19–20Atfarrowing分娩時P2(mm)P2背膘厚(毫米)

P2requirementforGilts對后備母豬P2背膘厚的要求Fromtimeofselectionthefeedingandmanagementprogramshouldbebasedonageandbackfatlevelattimeofselectionwiththeobjectiveofhavinggiltswith16to18mmP2backfatattimeofbreeding

從選擇的時候起，飼喂和管理方案就應(yīng)根據(jù)選擇時的日齡和背膘厚水平來制定，目標是使小母豬在配種時P2背膘厚達到16-18毫米

Forgiltsolderthan145daysand/ormorethan14mmP2backfatat115kg,feedadeveloperdietadlibitumuptobreeding對于體重115千克時大于145日齡以及/或者P2背膘厚大于14毫米的小母豬,應(yīng)飼喂發(fā)育期日糧直到配種。GiltDiets-Afterselection(115kgtoservice)選擇后的小母豬日糧(115千克體重到配種).75.70Phosphorus(%)磷(%).85.80Calcium(%)鈣(%).55.65Lysine(%)賴氨酸(%)13.514.5Protein(%)蛋白質(zhì)(%)3.453.25McalDE/kg

消化能(千卡/千克)<14mm>14mmBackfat(P2)P2

背膘厚FatEnhancing脂肪強化日糧GiltDeveloper發(fā)育期日糧

Forgiltsyoungerthan145daysofageand/orwithlessthan14mmP2backfatat110to115kg(finalselection)對于145日齡時體重小于110-115千克體重或背膘厚小于14毫米的小母豬(最后選育時)Feedafatenhancingdietuntilthegiltshave16t017mmP2應(yīng)飼喂脂肪強化日糧直到P2背膘厚達到16-17毫米GiltDiets-Afterselection(115kgtoservice)選擇后的小母豬日糧(115千克體重到配種).75.70Phosphorus(%)磷(%).85.80Calcium(%)鈣(%).55.65Lysine(%)賴氨酸(%)13.514.5Protein(%)蛋白質(zhì)(%)3.453.25McalDE/kg消化能(千卡/千克)<14mm>14mmBackfat(P2)P2

背膘厚FatEnhancing脂肪強化日糧GiltDeveloper發(fā)育期日糧

Forgiltsthatarenottobebreduntiltheirthirdestrusor210daysofageormorearestrictedfeedingprogrammaybeused對于要到第三情期或210日齡以上才首次配種的小母豬，可實行限飼Feedgiltsat85%ofadlibitumusingaphasefourfinishingdiet對小母豬飼喂第四期肥育日糧自由采食量的85%Restrict-fedgiltsshouldbeadlibitumfor10to12daysbeforebreeding(flushfeeding)實行限飼的小母豬應(yīng)在配種前自由采食10-12天(催情飼喂)Asuggestedfeedingprogramforreplacementgiltsto115kgliveweight2.46Avg平均3.25.50.60.6514.02.9090-1153.25.55.65.7515.52.7575-903.25.65.75.8517.02.550-753.25.7.801.0519.51.725-50Wt.(kg)體重(千克)McalDE/kg消化能(千卡/千克)Phosph.磷Calcium鈣Lysine賴氨酸Protein蛋白質(zhì)Feed/d(kg)日采食(千克)后備母豬到115千克活重的建議飼喂方案Whentobreed??何時配種??Ourrecommendation我們的建議Preferredage/weightatbreeding

配種時適宜的日齡和體重>190days大于190日齡120to130kg體重120-130千克16to18mmP2backfat

P2背膘厚16-18毫米secondestrus第二情期Decisionwhentobreedgiltsshouldbe

basedonmanyfactors:

何時配種，應(yīng)根據(jù)很多因素來確定Requirementsforservice-readygiltstomeetbreedingtargetsandoptimizefacilityuse為滿足配種計劃和優(yōu)化設(shè)施利用而對適配新母豬的需要程度theeffectsofage,weightandbackfatlevelattimeofbreedingoncullingrateandlifetimeperformanceofbreedingfemales小母豬配種時的日齡、體重和背膘厚對其淘汰率和終生性能的影響TherelativeimportanceofNonProductiveDaysonparitydistributionandsowlongevity非生產(chǎn)天數(shù)、胎次分布和母豬利用年限的相對重要性Numberofpigletsweaned/sow/lifetimewasnotaffectedbyageatfirstfarrowing(35631matings)

一頭母豬一生所產(chǎn)的斷奶仔豬數(shù)量不受首次分娩時日齡的影響(35631份統(tǒng)計)Ageat1stfarrowing首次分娩時日齡317334345355364376Parityatculling淘汰前已產(chǎn)窩數(shù)5.05.15.05.04.94.8Pigsweaned/sow/year年產(chǎn)斷奶仔豬數(shù)19.719.619.519.319.218.9Pigsweaned/lifetime終生所產(chǎn)仔豬數(shù)47.047.747.547.146.746.3Cozleretal.,1998Theeffectsofageatbreedingonlongevityandperformance2357records,L42PICsows(AlbertaPigCompany2000)PIC42系母豬,2357份記錄2313039490782083#animals母豬頭數(shù)2.83.33.64.04.04.0Removedparity淘汰時已產(chǎn)窩數(shù)34.037.841.244.843.341.5Totalliveborn/lifetime終生活產(chǎn)仔數(shù)12.011.5311.3510.9510.8210.25Totalliveborn/litter終生平均窩產(chǎn)活仔數(shù)82.546.6453528.825.7Entrytoconception(d)入群至受胎天數(shù)196268238209183158Aveserviceage(d)平均首配日齡217215197176160141Entryage(d)入群日齡286-350255-285226-255196-225166-195135-165Rangeinserviceage(d)首配日齡范圍首配日齡對利用年限和性能的影響Arelationshipbetweenbodycomposition,ageorweightatfirstmatingandlongevityorlifetimeperformancereflectsthenutritionandmanagementprogramonthefarm

首次配種時體況、日齡或體重，與利用年限或終生性能之間的關(guān)系反映了豬場中的營養(yǎng)和管理情況

Theseassociationsthereforearenotonlyfarmandgenotypespecificbutareactuallygiltspecific

因此,這些方面之間的關(guān)系不僅因豬場和豬種的不同而異，而且還因個體的不同而異。CostofdelayingmatingDirectcostsofextraNPDwillbeabout1.3Xdailyfeedcosts增加非生產(chǎn)天數(shù)的直接成本約為每天飼料成本的1.3倍。Indirectcosts(lostopportunitycosts)willbeabout1.4piglets間接成本(喪失機會成本)約為1.4頭仔豬24p/s/yequals0.06p/s/d每頭母豬每年少產(chǎn)24頭仔豬，相當(dāng)于每天少產(chǎn)0.06頭。0.06×21天d=1.4頭仔豬pigsForincreasingshort-termpigletproduction,delayedbreedingisusuallynotjustified為了增加短期內(nèi)的仔豬產(chǎn)量而延遲配種是不值得的非生時間的代價PerformanceGoals性能目標40Annualreplacementrate%

年更新率5Lifetimelitters一生所產(chǎn)窩數(shù)10.8Firstlittersize(totalborn)頭胎窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)(總數(shù))90%cyclingwithin28dofentry入群后28天內(nèi)開始發(fā)情的比例190–210dMeanageatfirstmating

首配平均日齡170–180dMeanageatpuberty

初情平均日齡140–150dAgeatstartofpubertystimulation開始初情誘導(dǎo)時的日齡InfluenceofseveralbreedingmanagementpracticesonreproductiveperformancePoorpost-inseminationhandling

輸精后處理不當(dāng)Poorsemenquality精液質(zhì)量不良Poorinseminationtechnique

輸精技術(shù)不良Suboptimaltimingofmating配種時間不當(dāng)Poorestrusdetection

發(fā)情檢測不良#BornAlive活產(chǎn)仔數(shù)FarrowingRate分娩率某些不良的配種管理措施對繁殖性能的影響MatingManagement:SummaryGoodmatingmanagementstartswithproperestrusdetectionprocedures良好的配種管理始于正確的發(fā)情檢測.Oneinseminationattherighttime(0to24hbeforeovulation)shouldresultinoptimalfertilization.However,becauseovulationtimeinvariable,mostsowsareinseminated/mated2or3times:在恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r間(排卵前0-24小時)輸精一次就應(yīng)導(dǎo)致最佳的受精；但因排卵時間的變異，多數(shù)母豬都輸精2-3次。inseminationsshouldoccurbeforeovulation

輸精應(yīng)在排卵前.avoidlateestrusinseminations

應(yīng)避免在發(fā)情期后期輸精.Trainstafftoensurepropermating/inseminationprocedures要培訓(xùn)人員，以確保配種/輸精操作正確。Remember:agoodmatingmanagementtakestime;bothforestrusdetectionandformating/insemination牢記：良好的配種管理要花費時間;要既搞好發(fā)情檢測,又搞好配種/輸精。配種管理：小結(jié)Estrusdetectionsummary:

發(fā)情檢測小結(jié)：

Generalrecommendations

總的建議Estrus發(fā)情ensuredetectionstaffareawareofallphysicalandbehavioralaspectsofpigestrus確保檢測人員熟悉發(fā)情母豬的體征和行為estrushasbeendetectedonlywhenastandingresponsehasbeenobserved(physicalchanges,egvulvalreddeningandswellingshouldnotbeusedtodefineestrus)只有觀察到呆立反應(yīng)才算檢測到發(fā)情(體征變化,如陰戶發(fā)紅和腫脹,不能作為發(fā)情指征)。BoarUsage公豬使用detectestrustwicedailywithamatureboar,preferablywithanintervalbetweendetectionsofatleast8hours每天用成熟公豬二次檢測發(fā)情，二次間最好至少相隔8小時。ensurehead-to-headcontactbetweenboarandgilts/sows確保公豬與母豬頭對頭接觸.forstalledsows,alloweachboarcontactwithnomorethan5sowsatonetime母豬若養(yǎng)在限位欄內(nèi),則每頭公豬每次最多接觸5頭。Housing房舍donothousegiltsorsowswithinameterofaboar母豬圈至少應(yīng)離公豬圈1米以外。Durationofdetectedestrusdiffersamongfarms,thereforeoptimaltimeforinseminationalsodiffersbetweenfarmsandtherefore,optimalinseminationstrategiesdifferbetweenfarms

檢測到的發(fā)情，其持續(xù)時間在不同的豬場是不同的，因而最佳輸精時間也因豬場的不同而不同，從而最佳輸精方案也應(yīng)隨豬場的不同而異。BreedingorAIafterovulationmaycauseuterineinfections

排卵后進行配種或人工授精有可能引起子宮感染

InoculationoftheuteruswithE.coliinearlytomidestruscausednodischargeorinfection,butwheninoculatedinlateestrus,60%ofsowsshoweddischargeanduterineinfection

在發(fā)情期早期或中期向子宮接種大腸桿菌,子宮不會排出分泌物或發(fā)生感染;若在發(fā)情期后期進行接種則60%母豬的子宮會排出分泌物和發(fā)生感染TimingofInsemination/Mating

Optimalnumberofinseminations?(2)

確定授精/配種時間，確定最佳輸精次數(shù)(2)Witheveryinsemination,‘foreign’materialisbroughtintotheuterus.Duringalargepartofestrus,uterinecontractionsarequiteintenseandensureremovalofthismaterial.每次輸精都會將“外來”物質(zhì)帶入子宮。發(fā)情期的大部分時間內(nèi)子宮收縮都相當(dāng)有力，從而確保驅(qū)除這些物質(zhì)。However,afterovulation,uterinecontractionsdiminish.Asaconsequence,inseminationsafterovulationhaveahigherchanceofresultinginuterineinfectionsandconsequently,areductioninreproductiveperformance.然而，排卵之后，子宮收縮減弱，所以排卵后輸精就有較大可能造成子宮感染從而降低繁殖性能。Also,theuterineimmuneresponseisgreaterduringearlytomidestrus.此外，在發(fā)情的早期和中期，子宮的免疫能力也較強。Timingofinseminationrelativetoovulation,farrowingrateandlittersize

輸精時間同排卵、分娩率和窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)的關(guān)系12.3760–12h小時Afterovulation排卵后13.2920–24h小時11.86824–36h小時Beforeovulation排卵前Litterszie窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)Farrowingrate(%)分娩率(%)InseminationTime輸精時間Numberofservicesperestrus

每次發(fā)情配種次數(shù)20Threetimes三次70