2014年考研英語二真題

本資料由淘寶店鋪：光速考研工作室整理匯編如需題型分類版試題可進店獲取絕密★啟用前2014年全國碩士研究生招生考試英語（二）（科目代碼：204）☆考生注意事項☆答題前，考生須在試題冊指定位置上填寫考生編號和考生姓名；在答題卡考生須把試題冊上的“試卷條形碼”粘貼條取下，粘貼在答題卡的“試卷條形碼粘貼位置”框中。不按規(guī)定粘貼條形碼而影響評卷結(jié)果的，責(zé)任由考生自負。選擇題的答案必須涂寫在答題卡相應(yīng)題號的選項上，非選擇題的答案必須書寫在答題卡指定位置的邊框區(qū)域內(nèi)。超出答題區(qū)域書寫的答案無效；在草稿紙、試題冊上答題無效。填（書）寫部分必須使用黑色字跡簽字筆書寫，字跡工整、筆跡清楚；涂2B鉛筆填涂?？荚嚱Y(jié)束，將答題卡和試題冊按規(guī)定交回。（以下信息考生必須認真填寫）考生編號考生姓名SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWER(10points)Thinnerisn’talwaysbetter.Anumberofstudieshave1thatnormal-weightpeopleareinfactathigherriskofsomediseasescomparedtothosewhoareoverweight.Andtherearehealthconditionsforwhichbeingoverweightisactually2.Forexample,heavierwomenarelesslikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythanthinwomen.3,amongtheelderly,beingsomewhatoverweightisoftenan4ofgoodhealth.Ofevengreater5isthefactthatobesityturnsouttobeverydifficulttodefine.Itisoftendefined6bodymassindex,orBMI.BMI7bodymassdividedbythesquareofheight.AnadultwithaBMIof18to25isoftenconsideredtobenormalweight.Between25and30isoverweight.Andover30isconsideredobese.8,canbedividedintomoderatelyobese,severelyobese,andveryseverelyobese.Whilesuchnumericalstandardsseem9,theyarenot.Obesityisprobablylessamatterofweightthanbodyfat.SomepeoplewithahighBMIareinfactextremelyfit,10otherswithalowBMImaybeinpoor.Forexample,manycollegiateandprofessionalfootballplayers12asobese,thoughtheirpercentagebodyfatisConversely,someonewithasmallframemayhavehighbodyfatbuta13BMI.wehavea(n)14tolabelobesityasadisgrace.Theoverweightaresometimes15inthemediawiththeirfacescovered.Stereotypes16withobesityincludelaziness,lackofwillpower,andlowerprospectsforsuccess.employers,andhealthprofessionalshavebeenshowntoharborbiasesagainsttheobese.17veryyoungchildrentendtolookdownontheoverweight,andteasingaboutbodybuildhaslongbeenaprobleminschools.Negativeattitudestowardobesity,18inhealthconcerns,havestimulatedanumberofanti-obesity19.Myownhospitalsystemhasbannedsugarydrinksfromitsfacilities.Manyemployershaveinstitutedweightlossandfitnessinitiatives.MichelleObamahaslaunchedahigh-visibilitycampaign20childhoodobesity,evenclaimingthatitrepresentsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.1.[A]denied[B]concluded[C]doubted[D]ensured2.[A]protective[B]dangerous[C]sufficient[D]troublesome3.[A]Instead[B]However[C]Likewise[D]Therefore4.[A]indicator[B]objective[C]origin[D]example5.[A]impact[B]relevance[C]assistance[D]concern6.[A]intermsof[B]incaseof[C]infavorof[D]inrespectsof7.[A]measures[B]determines[C]equals[D]modifies8.[A]inessence[B]incontrast[C]inturn[D]inpart9.[A]complicated[B]conservative[C]variable[D]straightforward10.[A]so[B]while[C]since[D]unless11.[A]shape[B]spirit[C]balance[D]taste12.[A]start[B]qualify[C]retire[D]stay13.[A]strange[B]changeable[C]normal[D]constant14.[A]option[B]reason[C]opportunity[D]tendency15.[A]employed[B]pictured[C]imitated[D]monitored16.[A]compared[B]combined[C]settled[D]associated17.[A]Even[B]Still[C]Yet[D]Only18.[A]despised[B]corrected[C]ignored[D]grounded19.[A]discussions[B]businesses[C]policies[D]studies20.[A]for[B]against[C]with[D]withoutSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Whatwouldyoudowith$590m?ThisisnowaquestionforGloriaMacKenzie,an84-year-oldwidowwhorecentlyemergedfromhersmall,tin-roofedhouseinFloridatocollectthebiggestundividedlotteryjackpotinhistory.Ifshehopeshernew-foundfortunewillyieldlastingfeelingsoffulfilment,shecoulddoworsethanreadHappyMoneybyElizabethDunnandMichaelNorton.Thesetwoacademicsuseanarrayofbehavioralresearchtoshowthatthemostrewardingwaystospendmoneycanbecounterintuitive.Fantasiesofgreatwealthofteninvolvevisionsoffancycarsandextravaganthomes.satisfactionwiththesematerialpurchaseswearsofffairlyWhatwasonceexcitingandnewbecomesold-hat;regretcreepsin.Itisfarbettertospendmoneyonexperiences,sayMsDunnandMrNorton,likeinterestingtrips,uniquemealsorevengoingtothecinema.Thesepurchasesoftenbecomemorevaluablewithtime–asstoriesormemories–particularlyiftheyinvolvefeelingmoreconnectedtoothers.Thisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotterywinnersgetthemost“happinessbangforyourbuck.”Itseemsmostpeoplewouldbeiftofriendsandfamilyandlessofitwatchingtelevision(somethingtheaverageAmericanspendsawhoppingtwomonthsayeardoing,andishardlyjollierforit).Buyinggiftsorgivingtocharityisoftenmorepleasurablethanpurchasingthingsforoneself,andluxuriesaremostenjoyablewhentheyareconsumedsparingly.ThisisapparentlythereasonMcDonald’srestrictstheavailabilityofitspopularMcRib–amarketingtrickthathasturnedtheporksandwichintoanobjectofobsession.ReadersofHappyMoneyareclearlyaprivilegedlot,anxiousaboutfulfilment,nothunger.Moneymaynotquitebuyhappiness,butpeopleinwealthiercountriesaregenerallyhappierthanthoseinpoorones.thelinkbetweenfeelinggoodandspendingmoneyonotherscanbeseenamongrichandpoorpeoplearoundtheworld,andscarcityenhancesthepleasureofmostthingsformostpeople.Noteveryonewillagreewiththeauthors’policyideas,whichrangefrommandatingmoreholidaytimetoreducingtaxincentivesforAmericanhomebuyers.Butmostpeoplewillcomeawayfromthisbookbelievingitwasmoneywellspent.AccordingtoDunnandNorton,whichofthefollowingisthemostrewardingpurchase?Abighouse.Aspecialtour.AstylishArichmeal.Theauthor’sattitudetowardAmericans’watchingTVis .criticalsupportivesympatheticambiguousMcRibismentionedinParagraph3toshowthat .consumersaresometimesirrationalpopularityusuallycomesafterqualitymarketingtricksareofteneffectiveraritygenerallyincreasespleasureAccordingtothelastparagraph,HappyMoney .hasleftmuchroomforreaders’criticismmayprovetobeaworthwhilepurchasehaspredictedawiderincomegapintheUSmaygiveitsreadersasenseofachievementThistextmainlydiscusseshowto .balancefeelinggoodandspendingmoneyspendlargesumsofmoneywoninlotteriesobtainlastingsatisfactionfrommoneyspentbecomemorereasonableinspendingonluxuriesText2AnarticleinScientificAmericanhaspointedoutthatempiricalresearchsaysthat,actually,youthinkyou’remorebeautifulthanyouare.Wehaveadeep-seatedneedtofeelgoodaboutourselvesandwenaturallyemployanumberofself-enhancingstrategiestoachievethis.Socialpsychologistshaveamassedoceansofresearchintowhattheycallthe“aboveaverageeffect”,or“illusorysuperiority”,andshownthat,forexample,70%ofusrateourselvesasaboveaverageinleadership,93%indrivingand85%atgettingonwellwithothers–allobviouslystatisticalimpossibilities.rose-tintourmemoriesandputourselvesintoself-affirmingsituations.becomedefensivewhencriticised,andapplynegativestereotypestootherstoboostourownesteem.stalkaroundthinkingwe’rehotstuff.PsychologistandbehaviouralscientistNicholasEpleyoversawakeystudyintoself-enhancementandattractiveness.Ratherthanhavepeoplesimplyratetheirbeautycomparedwithothers,heaskedthemtoidentifyanoriginalphotographofthemselvesfromalineupincludingversionsthathadbeenalteredtoappearmoreandlessattractive.recognition,readstheis“anautomaticpsychologicalprocess,occurringrapidlyandintuitivelywithlittleornoapparentconsciousdeliberation”.Ifthesubjectsquicklychoseafalselyflatteringimage–whichmostdid–theygenuinelybelieveditwasreallyhowtheylooked.Epleyfoundnosignificantgenderdifferenceinresponses.Norwasthereanyevidencethatthosewhoself-enhancedthemost(thatis,theparticipantswhothoughtthemostpositivelydoctoredpictureswerereal)weredoingsotomakeupforprofoundinsecurities.Infact,thosewhothoughtthattheimageshigheruptheattractivenessscalewererealdirectlycorrespondedwiththosewhoshowedothermarkersforhavinghigherself-esteem.“Idon’tthinkthefindingsthatwehaveareanyevidenceofpersonaldelusion,”saysareflectionsimplyofpeoplegenerallythinkingwellofthemselves.”Ifyouaredepressed,youwon’tbeself-enhancing.Knowingtheresultsofitmakessensethatmanypeoplehatephotographsofthemselvesviscerally–ononelevel,theydon’tevenrecognisethepersoninthepictureasthemselves.Facebook,therefore,isaself-enhancer’sparadise,wherepeoplecanshareonlythemostflatteringphotos,thecreamoftheirwit,style,beauty,intellectandlifestyles.notthatpeople’sprofilesaredishonest,saysCatalinaofWisconsin-MadisonUniversity,“buttheyportrayanidealisedversionofthemselves.”Accordingtothefirstparagraph,socialpsychologistshavefoundthat .ourself-ratingsareunrealisticallyhighillusorysuperiorityisabaselesseffectourneedforleadershipisunnaturalself-enhancingstrategiesareineffectiverecognitionisbelievedtobepeople’s .rapidmatchingconsciouschoiceintuitiveresponseautomaticself-defenceEpleyfoundthatpeoplewithhigherself-esteemtendedto .underestimatetheirinsecuritiesbelieveintheirattractivenesscoveruptheirdepressionsoversimplifytheirillusionsTheword“viscerally”(Line2,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto .instinctivelyoccasionallyparticularlyaggressivelyItcanbeinferredthatFacebookisaself-enhancer’sparadisebecausepeoplecan .presenttheirdishonestprofilesdefinetheirtraditionallifestylessharetheirintellectualpursuitswithholdtheirunflatteringsidesText3Theconceptofmanversusmachineisatleastasoldastheindustrialrevolution,butthisphenomenontendstobemostacutelyfeltduringeconomicdownturnsandfragilerecoveries.Andyet,itwouldbeamistaketothinkwearerightnowsimplyexperiencingthepainfulsideofaboomandbustcycle.Certainjobshavegoneawayforgood,outmodedbymachines.Sincetechnologyhassuchaninsatiableappetiteforeatinguphumanjobs,thisphenomenonwillcontinuetorestructureoureconomyinwayswecannotimmediatelyforesee.Whenthereisrapidimprovementinthepriceandperformanceoftechnology,jobsthatwereoncethoughttobeimmunefromautomationsuddenlybecomethreatened.Thisargumenthasattractedalotofattention,viathesuccessofthebookRaceAgainsttheMachine,byErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfee,whobothhailfromCenterforDigitalBusiness.Thisisapowerfulargument,andascaryone.Andyet,JohnHagel,authorofThePowerofPullandotherbooks,saysBrynjolfssonandMcAfeemissthereasonwhythesejobsaresovulnerabletotechnologyinthefirstplace.HagelsayswehavedesignedjobsintheU.S.thattendtobe“tightlyscripted”and“highlystandardized”onesthatleavenoroomfor“individualinitiativeorcreativity”.Inshort,thesearethetypesofjobsthatmachinescanperformmuchbetteratthanhumanbeings.ThatishowwehaveputagianttargetsignonthebacksofAmericanworkers,Hagelsays.timetoreinventtheformulaforhowworkisconducted,sincewearestillrelyingonavery20thcenturynotionofwork,Hagelsays.Inourrapidlychangingwemorethaneverneedpeopleintheworkplacewhocantakeinitiativeandexercisetheirimagination“torespondtounexpectedevents”.Thatisnotsomethingmachinesaregoodat.Theyaredesignedtoperformverypredictableactivities.AsHagelnotes,BrynjolfssonandMcAfeeindeedtouchedonthispointintheirbook.needtoreframeraceagainstthemachineasracewiththemachine.Inotherwords,weneedtolookatthewaysinwhichmachinescanaugmenthumanlaborratherthanreplaceit.Sothentheproblemisnotreallyabouttechnology,butrather,“howdoweinnovateourinstitutionsandourworkpractices?”Accordingtothefirstparagraph,economicdownturnswould .easethecompetitionofmanvs.machinehighlightmachines’threattohumanjobsprovokeapainfultechnologicalrevolutionoutmodeourcurrenteconomicstructureTheauthorsofRaceAgainsttheMachinearguethat .technologyisdiminishingjobopportunitiesautomationisacceleratingtechnologicaldevelopmentcertainjobswillremainintactafterautomationmanwillfinallywintheraceagainstmachineHagelarguesthatjobsintheU.S.areoften .performedbyinnovativemindsscriptedwithanindividualstylestandardizedwithoutacleartargetdesignedagainsthumancreativityAccordingtothelastparagraph,BrynjolfssonandMcAfeediscussed .thepredictabilityofmachinebehaviorinpracticetheformulaforhowworkisconductedefficientlythewaysmachinesreplacehumanlaborinmoderntimesthenecessityofhumaninvolvementintheworkplaceWhichofthefollowingcouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?HowtoInnovateOurPractices?MachinesReplaceHumanLaborCantheRaceAgainstMachines?EconomicDownturnsStimulateInnovationsText4Whenthegovernmenttalksaboutinfrastructurecontributingtotheeconomythefocusisusuallyonroads,railways,broadbandandHousingisseldommentioned.Whyisthat?someextentthehousingsectormustshouldertheblame.havenotbeengoodatcommunicatingtherealvaluethathousingcancontributetoeconomicgrowth.Thenthereisthescaleofthetypicalhousingproject.Itishardtoshoveforattentionamongmultibillion-poundinfrastructureprojects,soitisinevitablethattheattentionisfocusedelsewhere.Butperhapsthemostsignificantreasonisthattheissuehasalwaysbeensopoliticallycharged.Nevertheless,theaffordablehousingsituationisdesperate.listsincreaseallthetimeandwearesimplynotbuildingenoughnewhomes.Thecomprehensivespendingreviewoffersanopportunityforthegovernmenttohelprectifythis.Itneedstoputhistoricalprejudicestoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddressoururgenthousingneed.Therearesomeindicationsthatitispreparingtodojustthat.Thecommunitiesminister,DonFoster,hashintedthatGeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,mayintroducemoreflexibilitytothecurrentcapontheamountthatlocalauthoritiescanborrowagainsttheirhousingstockdebt.Evidenceshowsthat60,000extranewhomescouldbebuiltoverthenextfiveyearsifthecapwerelifted,increasingGDPby0.6%.Ministersshouldalsolookatcreatinggreatercertaintyintherentalenvironment,whichwouldhaveasignificantimpactontheabilityofregisteredproviderstofundnewdevelopmentsfromrevenues.Butitisnotjustdowntothegovernment.Whilethesemeasureswouldbewelcomeintheshortterm,wemustfaceuptothefactthattheexisting￡4.5bnprogrammeofgrantstofundnewaffordablehousing,settoexpirein2015,isunlikelytobeextendedbeyondthen.TheLabourpartyhasrecentlyannouncedthatitwillretainalargepartofthecoalition’sspendingplansifitreturnstoThehousingsectorneedstoacceptthatweareveryunlikelytoeverreturntotheeraoflarge-scalepublicgrants.needtoadjusttothischangingclimate.Whilethegovernment’scommitmenttolong-termfundingmayhavechanged,theverypressingneedformoreaffordablehousingisrealandisnotgoingTheauthorbelievesthatthehousingsector .hasattractedmuchattentioninvolvescertainpoliticalfactorsshoulderstoomuchresponsibilityhaslostitsrealvalueineconomyItcanbelearnedthataffordablehousinghas .increaseditshomesupplyofferedspendingopportunitiessufferedgovernmentbiasesdisappointedthegovernmentAccordingtoParagraph5,GeorgeOsbornemay .allowgreatergovernmentdebtforhousingstoplocalauthoritiesfrombuildinghomespreparetoreducehousingstockdebtreleasealiftedGDPgrowthforecastItcanbeinferredthatastablerentalenvironmentwould .lowerthecostsofregisteredproviderslessentheimpactofgovernmentinterferencecontributetofundingnewdevelopmentsrelievetheministersofresponsibilitiesTheauthorbelievesthatafter2015,thegovernmentmay .implementmorepoliciestosupporthousingreviewtheneedforlarge-scalepublicgrantsrenewtheaffordablehousinggrantsprogrammestopgenerousfundingtothehousingsectorPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWER(10points)EmerginginthelateSixtiesandreachingapeakintheSeventies,LandArtwasoneofarangeofnewforms,includingBodyArt,PerformanceArt,ActionArtandInstallationArt,whichpushedartbeyondthetraditionalconfinesofthestudioandRatherthanportrayinglandscape,landartistsusedthephysicalsubstanceofthelanditselfastheirmedium.TheBritishlandart,typifiedbyRichardpiece,wasnotonlymoredomesticallyscaled,butalotquirkierthanitsAmericancounterpart.Indeed,whileyoumightassumethatanexhibitionofLandArtwouldconsistonlyofrecordsofworksratherthantheworksthemselves,photographofhisworkisthework.Sincehis“action”isinthepast,thephotographisitssoleembodiment.Thatmightseemratheranobscurepoint,butitsetsthetoneforanexhibitionthatcontainsalotofblack-and-whitephotographsandrelativelyfewnaturalobjects.LongisBritain’sbest-knownLandArtistandhisStoneCircle,aperfectringofpurplishrocksfromPortisheadbeachlaidoutonthegalleryfloor,representstheelegant,rarefiedsideoftheform.TheBoyleontheotherhand,standforitsurbanaspect.ComprisingartistsMarkBoyleandJoanHillsandtheirchildren,theyrecreatedrandomsectionsoftheBritishlandscapeongallerywalls.TheirOlafStreetasquareofbrick-strewnwasteground,isoneofthefewworksheretoembracethecommonplacenessthatcharacterisesmostofourexperienceofthelandscapemostofthetime.Parksfeature,particularlyintheearlierworks,suchasJohnHilliard’sveryfunnyAcrossthePark,inwhichalong-hairedstrollerisvariouslysmiledatbyaprettygirlandunwittinglyassaultedinasequenceofimagesthatturnouttobedifferentpartsofthesamephotograph.GenerallyhoweverBritishlandartistspreferredtogetawayfromtowns,gravitatingtowardslandscapesthataretraditionallyconsideredbeautifulsuchastheLakeDistrictortheWiltshireDowns.Whileitprobablywasn’tapparentatthetime,muchofthisworkispermeatedbyaspiritofromanticescapismthatthelikesofwouldhavereadilyunderstood.DerekJarman’syellow-tintedfilmacollectionoflong,mostlystillshotsoftheWiltshirelandscape,evokesatraditionofEnglishlandscapepaintingstretchingfromSamuelPalmertoPaulNash.InthecaseofHamishFulton,youcan’thelpfeelingthattheScottishartisthassimplyfoundawayofmakinghisloveofwalkingAtypicalwork,suchasSevenDays,consistsofasinglebeautifulblack-and-whitephotographtakenonanepicwalk,withthemileageandnumberofdaystakenlistedbeneath.BritishLandArtasshowninthiswellselected,butrelativelymodestlyscaledexhibitionwasn’taboutimposingonthelandscape,moreakindoflandscape-orientatedlightconceptualartcreatedpassingthrough.Ithaditsoriginsinthegreatoutdoors,buttheresultswereasgallery-boundasthepaintingsofTurnerandConstable.[A]originatesfromalongwalkthattheartisttook.41.StoneCircle[B]illustratesakindoflandscape-orientatedlightconceptualart.42.OlafStreetStudy[C]remindspeopleoftheEnglishlandscapepaintingtradition.43.AcrossthePark[D]representstheeleganceoftheBritishlandart.44.TowardsAvebury[E]depictstheordinarysideoftheBritishlandart.45.SevenDays[F]embodiesaromanticescapeintotheScottishoutdoors.[G]containsimagesfromdifferentpartsofthesamephotograph.SectionIII 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