英語-課程大綱自原處后退或避開別人注視

DefineglobalizationfromdifferentFromeconomicViewedpurelyfromaneconomicstandpointglobalizationisconsideredasaprocessofincreasinginvolvement（參與）ininternationalbusinessoperations.？FromsociologicalviewofGlobalizationoccurswhentheconstraints系統(tǒng)規(guī)定參數(shù)ofgeographyonsocialandculturalarrangementsrecede自原處后退或避開別人的注視aspeoplearoundtheworld increasinglyawarethattheyarereceding.FromMarxist?mɑ:ksist主義BasedonMarxistphilosophy,globalizationiswhatpeopleintheThirdWorldhavealreadyexperiencedforseveralcenturies—colonization.k?l?nai?zei??nHistoricaloriginofBarber,serviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.InternationalModernconceptofTheoryofmodernizationisapartofglobalization.EconomicgrowththeoryofTheory,advocatedthateconomicgrowthfollowedapatterninalleconomiesastheywentthroughindustrialization.Thatistoadoptthefreemarketeconomy,undergodifferentstagesofeconomicGlobaltransportationandcommunicationnetworks.Theessence本質(zhì),實質(zhì),isthetimeandspaceElementscontributingtotheNewComputers,Internet,OpenCompaniesbenefitfromlargeeconomiesofscale.Productivitywillbeboosted.Livingstandardshavethepotentialtorise.Overseasjobbeingsliceddifferentlythanbefore.Cultureculturetowhichallpeoplewilladhere.0.2.3DisadvantagesofcultureAttitudinalthoseofChinesemanagers.ToChinese:lifeisasetofsituationstobeaccepted—soproblemexistswhenithasalreadyPerceptualCulturaldiversitywithinanorganization,withoutanystrategiesorattitudesto modateit,maycreateperceptual(stereoty,status-relatedproblems,genderroles)andcommunicative0.3.2ThedefinitionofandneedforinterculturalInterculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.Interculturalbusinesscommunicationallowsustoworkontheproceduralissuesofcountry-to-countrycontacts,diplomacy,andlegalcontexts;itallowsusto TheunderstandingandacceptanceofHighpriorityofDevelotoleranceandDevelocultureNostifle;遏制andignoreontheEqualdistributionoforganizationalShareddecision-Flexibleinstitutional??nsti?tju:??n?l由來已久的,policies,practices,andChapterIDefineculturefrom FromInlectualAccordingtotheConciseOxfordDictionarycultureistheartsandothermanifestationsofhumaninlectualachievementregardedcollectively".Itreferstoinlectual,suchasmusic,art,exhibition,dance,etc.WhenyoutalkaboutPicasso,Beethoven,etc.,youaretalkingaboutculture.FromAnthropologic?nθr?p??l?d?ik人類學(xué)Cultureis"thecustoms,civilizations,andachievementsofaparticulartimeorpeople."Thisisananthropologist'sdefinition.FromSocialFromCultureisthecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichcategoryofpeoplefromanother.FromIntercultural

themembersofCultureisalearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople.CharacteristicsofCultureIsWelearnculturefrom , , （parents,otherfamilymembers,friends,andevenstrangerswhoarepartoftheCultureIsaSetofSharedAllcommunicationstakeplacebymeansofCultureInvolvesBeliefs,Values,andBeliefsrefertothebasicunderstandingofagroupofpeopleaboutwhattheworldislikeorwhatistrueorfalse.Valuesinvolvewhatacultureregardedasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,valuableorworthless,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorNormsrefertorulesforappropriatebehavior,whichprovidetheexpectationspeoplehaveofoneanotherandofothers.CultureAffectsCulturaldifferencesareevidentinvariouswaysinwhichpeopleconducttheireverydayactivities,aspeople“perform”theircultureintheirbehavioralroutines.CultureInvolvesLargeGroupsofThetermcultureinvolvesamuchlarger,societallevelsoforganization.Andthetermisalsooftenusedtorefertoothertypesoflargegroupsofpeople.CulturalCulturalidentityreferstoone’ssenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorethnicgroup.Peopleconsciouslyidentifythemselveswithagroupthathasasharedsystemofsymbolsandmeaningsaswellasnormsforconduct.FormationofCulturalCharacteristicsofCulturalCulturalidentityiscentraltoa’ssenseofself.Culturalidentityisdynamic.Subculture亞文化群Co-cultureandSubgroupSubcultureandco-culturediffersfromthepatternofthelargersociety.Inasense,asubculturecanbethoughtofasacultureexistingwithinalarger,dominantculture.Generallyspeaking,thesubgroupmembersusuallyhavethecharacteristicsoftemporalityanddeviantlabelandhavingwanna-behehaviors.ChapterIICulturalEnculturationisthesocialiationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyourAcculturation文化傳入,Acculturationreferstoanindividual’slearningandadoptingthenormsandvaluesofthenewhostculture.PredictorsofsimilarityofalcharateristicsandYoungerpeopleadaptmoreeasilythanolderones.Educationbackgroundalsoplaysa

or

orcandeterminehowreadilytheywilldesiretoblendinwithanewculture.Finally,previousSeparationandsegregationrefertomaintainingone’soriginalcultureandnotparticipatinginthenewculture.;Integrationtakesplacewhenindividuals eanintegralpartofthenewculturewhilemaintainingtheirculturalintegrity.(AssimilationisthedegreetowhichanindividualrelinquishesanoriginalcultureforWhenindividualsareassimilatedintoamainstreamculture,theylosetheirpreviousMarginalization,ordeculturation,referstolosingone’sculturalidentityandnothavinganypsychologicalcontactwiththelargersociety.The hasfeelingsof“notbelongingTheProcessofCultureWhydoesWuLian fortableinthenewReversecultureCulturereferstothetraumatictr?:?m?tik經(jīng)歷)痛苦難忘experiencethatReversecultureCulturemayoccuruponreturningtothehomecountryifa hasadjustedexceptionallywelltothehostculture.SymptomsofculturephysicalPhysicalsymptomsareover-concernedaboutcleanlinessoffood,bedding,anddishes,extremestressonhealthandsafety;fearorphysicalcontactwithanyoneinthenewcountry;concernoverminorpainsandskineruptions;craving“homecooking”;useofdrugs;andadeclineinworkquality.psychological,,frustration,criticismofnew,

,self-AspectsofcultureCulturalEnteringanunfamiliarcultureisstressful;infact,transitionsofanytypearebothpsychologicallyandphysicallystressful.Problemswithhousing,climate,services,orcommunicationinanotherlanguagebringadditionalstress.Socialalienationeili??nei??n疏遠,Anaspectofcultureshockthatcanhaveadverseeffectsuponthe erstoacultureissocialalienationandthefeelingsoflonelinessthatareassociatedwithbeingisolatedfromfriendsandthehomeculture.Socialclassandpoverty-wealthClassdistinctionsdoexistintheUnitedStatesbutaresocomplicatedandsubtlethatvisitorsfromothercountriesoftenmissthenuancesandeventheexistenceofaclassstructure.FinancialAdaptingtoanewcultureandreenteringthehomecultureinvolvefinancialadjustments,suchascostandavailabilityofhousing,bankingpractices,useofcreditcardsandchecks,andcostsofRelationshipsandfamilyProblemsrelatedwithrelationshipssuchasfailureofthespouse配偶,andotherfamilymemberstoadapttothenewcultureareamajorfactorintheearlyreturnofexpatriates.eks?p?trieit僑民StagesofcultureThefirststage(the“honeymoon”Thefirststageofinitialcontact,sometimescalledthe“honeymoon”stageorinitialeuphoria,iswhereeverythingisnewandexciting.ThesecondstageThethirdstage(thecrisisordisenchantmentThesecondstageinvolvesdisintegrationoffamiliarcuesandirritationandhostilitywiththedifferencesexperiencedinthenewculture.Thethirdstage(thereintegrationThethirdstageinvolvesareintegrationofnewcuesandanincreasedabilitytofunctioninthenewculture.Inthethirdstage,theadjustmentphase,youbegintoacceptthenewculture.Thefourthstage(thegradualadjustmentInthefourthstage,gradualadjustmentcontinuestowardgradualautonomyandseeing“good”and“bad”elementsinboththehomeandnewcultures.Thefifthstage(thefulladjustmentThefinal,fifthstageisdescribedasreciprocalinterdependencewherethe hasachievedbiculturalismby ingabletocopecomfortablyinbothhomeandnewcultures.Fulladjustmentcantakeyears.2.3.4StrategiesforManagingCultureStudythehostStudythelocalLearnbasicverbalandnonverballanguageMaintainanintimatesocialChapter ThedefinitionofCommunicationasanelementofCommunicationisderivedfromtheLatinwordcommunicare,meaningtosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.WesternofInwesterncultures,communicationisstudiedasthemeansoftransmittingideas.Westernculturesemphasizetheinstrumental有幫助的,起作用的functionofcommunication;thatis,effectivenessisevaluatedintermsofsuccessinthemanipulationofotherstoachieveone’s algoal.EasternofDefinitionsofcommunicationfrommanyAsiancountriesstressharmony,whichismostnotableincultureswithaConfuciantradition.PerceptionandCommunicationistheperceptionofverbalandmeaningtothem.CommunicationdefinedbySamovarand

behaviorsandtheassignmentCommunicationoccurswhenevermeaningisattributedtobehaviorortheresidue剩余,ofbehavior.Thismeansthatwhensomeoneperceivesbehaviororitsresidueandattributesmeaningtoit,communicationhastakenplaceregardlessofwhetherthatbehaviorisconsciousorunconscious,intentionalorunintentional.reciprocal互相給予的;Simmel’sreciprocal互相給予的;Allhumancommunicationconsistsofinformation-exchangethat惠的;相互的ontheindividualsinvolved.Communicationoccursamong惠的;相互的ComponentsofcommunicationThesourceis withanideaheorshedesirestoUnfortunay(orperhapsfortunay),humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,theverb;themessageistheresultingobject.Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.ThetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceNoisecanbeofmanyExternal外面的noisecanbethesights,sounds,andotherstimulithatdrawyourattentionawayfromthemessage.InternalnoisereferstoyourthoughtsandfeelingsthatcaninterferewiththeSemanticsi?m?ntik語義的;語義學(xué)的noisereferstohowalternativemeaningsofthesource’smessagesymbolscanbedistracting.Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.ReceiverThereceiveristhe whoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Generally,contextcan Askstudentswarming-upWhatiscommunicationcomposedWhatistheprocessofCharacteristicsofCommunicationisCommunicationisanongoing,ever-changingactivity.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediayreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.Communicationisirreversible??ri?v?:s?bl不可更改的;不可挽回的,Oncewehavesaidsomethingandsomeoneelsehasreceivedanddecodedthemessage,theoriginalsendercannottakeitback.CommunicationisSymbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Symbolsarevehiclebywhichthethoughtsandideasofone canbecommunicatedtoanther CommunicationisCommunicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargersystem.Ittakesplaceinaphysicalandasocialcontext;bothestablishtherulesthaterntheinteraction.Communicationisself-Justasweusesymbolstoreflectonwhatgoesonoutsideofus,wealsousethemtoreflectonourselves.Communicationistransactionaltr?n?z?k??n處理,辦理,Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations.CommunicationisAllcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext.Bycontext,wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpuroposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinteralsettings.ChapterIVInterculturalCultureandThemetaphorofthejourneyandthemapcanhelpusunderstandtherelationshipbetweencultureandcommunication.Culturesareboththemapsofaplace(therulesandconventions)andthejourneysthattakeplacethere(actualpractices).culturalInterculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleculturalsymbol aredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationsymbol FormsofIntercultural alInternationalInterracial.1al alcommunicationisaformofcommunicationthatasmallasmallnumberIntraculturalcommunicationisdefinedascommunicationbetweenandamongmembersofthesameculture.Generally,peoplewhoareofthesamerace,politicalpersuasion,andreligionorwhosharethesameinterestscommunicateintraculturally.betweennationsbetweennationsInternationalcommunicationtakesplaceitisquiteformalandritualized.儀式

ratherthanethnicInterethniccommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofthesameraceethnicInterracialInterracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentracesthatpertaintodifferentphysicalcharacteristics.InterregionalCommunicationreferstotheexchangeofmessagesbetweenmembersofthedominantculturewithinacountry. InterculturalcommunicationethicsBeingfreetoactconsistentwithone’ownImpartiality;giving hisorherlegitimatedueorportionoftheAccountabilityfortheconsequencesofone’sactions,includingafailuretoPartialitytothosewhocannotprotectthemselvesandtowhomweareinspecialAfricanethicsAfricanethicsstresstherights對政治權(quán)利的經(jīng)濟考慮BuddhistValueisplacedon

ofthecommunityandeconomicconsiderationsover同情,self-sacrifice,kindness,andlove,whicharetopursuedforthebettermentof ifnotinthislife,theninthe theobliterationofallHinduismstrivesfortheonenesstheobliterationofall TraditionalIslamicsonethicsarebasedonitsreligiousconcepts.Therearedifferentrulesofethicalconductforwomenandformen.Chapter CulturalDefineworldviewanddealswithaculture’smostfundamentalbeliefsaboutplaceinthecosmos宇宙,beliefsGod,andbeliefsaboutthenatureofhumanityandReligion—oneofthemostimportantreferstobeliefinandreverence尊敬forasupernaturalpowerorpowersregardedascreatorandaernoroftheuniverse.ThreemajorChristianReligionsRomanCatholicRomanCatholicItreferstothetraditionalformofChristianitywithbeliefinthespiritualleadershipofthepope.EasternOrthodoxThisChristiangroupadvocatestheinfallibilityofthepopeandEasternOrthodoxItdoesnotrecognizetheauthorityofthepope.However,itsownreligiousorderissignificantlyhierarchical. antantisdividedintomanybranches.Thisgroupsincommonnoultimateauthority,suchasthepopeinRome.Theybelievethatthereisnoneedformediationthroughhierarchyofthechurch.JesusistheSonofGod,the oftheTrinityofGod三位一體的神,theFather,the，andtheHolySpirit;thathislifeonearth,hiscrucifixion,resurrection,andascension受難，和升天intoheavenareproofofGod'sloveforhumanityandGod'sforgivenessofhumansins;andthatbyfaithinJesusonemayattainsalvationandeternallife.ThisteachingisembodiedintheBible,specificallyintheNewTestament,butChristiansacceptalsotheOldTestamentassacredandauthoritativescripture.，b.Allah,rulestheuniverse.Everythinggoodorevilproceedsdirectlyfromthedivinewill.Thisorientationisresponsibleforfatalism.AtthecoreofIslamistheQur'analsoasKoran)（theProphetofIslam.thetheAllahistheonlyAllahsendsAngels,spiritualbeings,tocommunicateamessagewithMuslimsbelievesintheJewishBibleandtheChristianGospels,howevertheybelievethattheirmessagehasbeenlost.TheHolyQur’anwhichwasdictatedtoMuhammadisthefinalbookandreplacestheotherbooks.MuslimsbelieveinalltheprophetsGodsenttomankindasmessagesbutthelastgreatestprophetwasMuslimsbelieveinjudgmentMuslimsbelievethatAllahconstructseverythingonearthandbeyond.Goddetermineswhowillbesavedandwhowillsufferin ethicalFivepillars支柱ofIslam:repetitionofthecreed;prayer; giving;fasting;重復(fù)的信條;祈禱;施舍，禁食;朝c.SiddharthaGautama,喬達摩悉達多bodatree,NirvanaCulturalKluckhohnandStrodtbeck’svalueHumanisisevilbutgoodbut(2)isamixtureofgoodandgoodbutRelationshiptosubjugationtoharmonywithmasterywithSenseofbeing-orientedisanon-developmentalmodelofingisakindofspiritualgoodofinnerharmonyandSocialhierarchy:Thismeanseach hasapositioninahierarchy.PeoplehaveclearlydefinedprivilegesandobligationsaccordingtotheirpositioninrelationtoGroup:Incultureswithgroupvalues,peoplemakedecisionsbbMasculinityversus VSThemasculinity-femininitydimensionmeasuresaculture’sdominantvaluesrangingfromaggressivemasculinetraitstonurturingfemininetraits.masculineTheseculturesplacehighvaluesonmasculinetraitsandstressassertiveness,competitionandmaterialsuccess.FeminineTheseculturesplacehighvaluesonfemininetraitsandstressqualityoflife,interalrelationships,andconcernfortheweek.UncertaintyItdealswithasociety’stoleranceforambiguitypeoplewillendureandhowmuchrisktheyliketotake.ItindicatestowhatextentacultureprogramsitsmemberstofeeleitherfortableorcomfortableinunstructuredPowerItdescribesthedistributionofinfluencewithintheculture,theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersoforganizationsandinstitutionsacceptandexpectthatpowerisdistributedLong-termversusshort-termlong-termorientationOrderingrelationshipsbystatusandobservingthisorderHavingasenseofshort-termorientation1)alsteadinessandProtectingyourRespectorValuingpastandFulfillingsocialImplicationsofculturalvaluesforinterculturalvalueorientationstheimportanceofpeople’sattitudeininterculturalChapterVICulture’sInfluenceonGeneralSensationistheneurologicalprocessbywhich eawareoftheirOfhumansenses,sight,hearing,smell,taste,andtoucharethemostPeople’sSensesandTheirTheimportanceandsensitivityofsmellvaryamongdifferentorganisms.Theaverage Tasteisoneofthemostcommonandfundamentalsenses.Theaveragenonsmoker(usingtheirTouchmaysimplybeconsideredasoneoffivehumansenses;however,whena somethingorsomebody,thisgivesrisetovariousfeelings.Thustheterm"touch"isactuallythecombinedtermforseveralsenses.Body EffectsofCultureonenvironmentalcontext.Notwoofuscanassumethatoursensationsarethesame.TheroutefromTheProcessofthantheycouldpossiblymanage.Thesecondstepisorganization.Alongwithselectingstimulifromtheenvironment,peoplemustorganizeitinsomemeaningfulway.Thethirdstepisinterpretation.Thisreferstoattachingmeaningtosensedata,anditistheirculturalbackground.EffectsofCultureonCross-culturalDifferenceinSensationandTherearefourreasonsforwhichpeopledifferacrossculturesintheirabilitytogather ConditionsofthephysicalIndirectenvironmentalGeneticCulturaldifferencesinhowpeopleinteractwiththeirHighversusLowHavestudentslistentothelead-incaseHigh-contextCultureandLow-contextAskstudentswarming-upWhydidtheChinesedoctorfeelunhappyandWhatarethedifferencesinwaysofexpressionbetweentheChinesedoctorandtheCanadianArethedifferencesintheirwaysofexpressionandtheircommunicative scaused,tosomeextent,bythedifferentculturesinwhichtheywerebroughtup?High-ContextCulturesinwhichlittleofthemeaningisdeterminedbythecontextbecausethemessageisencodedintheexplicitcodearelabeledlow-contextculture.Low-ContextCulturesinwhichlesshastobesaidorwrittenbecausemoreofthemeaningisinthephysicalenvironmentoralreadysharedbypeoplearelabeledhigh-contextculture.Inlow-contextcultures,verbalmessagesareelaborateandhighlyspecific.Logicandreasoningareexpressedinverbalmessages;inhigh-cultures,mostoftheinformationiseitherinthephysicalcontextorinternalizedinthe LevelofNorthAmerica,includingtheAmericanNordicMostLatinAmericanSouthernandeasternCultures,suchasGreece,AndArabChapter InterculturalCommunicationCommonproblemsandbarriersininterculturalAnxietyoccursbecauseofnotknowingwhatoneisexpectedtodo,andfocusingonthatfeelingandnotbetotallypresentinthecommunicationtransaction.AssumingsimilarityinsteadofEthnocentrismmeans,bythedefinitionoftheWebster’sThirdNewInternationalahabitualdispositiontojudgeforeignpeoplesorgroupsbythestandardsandpracticesofone’sowncultureatendencytowardviewingaliencultureswithdisfavorandaresultingsenseofStereotypesandStereotypesaretheperceptionsorbeliefsweholdaboutgroupsorindividualsbasedonpreviouslyformedopinionsandattitudes.Prejudicereferstotheirrationaldislike,suspicion,orhatredofaparticulargroup,race,religion,orsexualorientation.Racismisanypolicy,practice,belief,orattitudethatattributescharacteristicsorstatustoindividualsbasedontheirrace.TheroleofWhatarethereasonsforthepersistenceofprejudice,ethnocentrism,stereotypesandracism?SocialbenefitsEconomicbenefitsPsychologicalbenefitsHateHatespeechreferstohostilewordsoractionsthatpeoplesayordoagainstacertaingroupbecausethatgroupisdifferent.7.1.5LanguageLinguisticdeterminististhatlanguagestructurecontrolsthoughtandculturalLinguisticrelativityismorescientific.ItholdsthatcultureiscontrolledbyandcontrolsWhatledtotranslationThelackIdiomaticExperientialConceptualingInterculturalCommunicationRaiseConsciousnessofone’svaluesandbiasesandtheirNecessity ingcomfortablewithSensitivitytoObtainWecanobtainknowledgebyreadingbooks,surfingontheinternetandcommunicatingwithpeoplefromdifferentcultures.EnhanceMasterskillsCultural-generalskillsCultural-specificChapter LanguageandVerbalinterculturalcommunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguage.Masteringallthoserulesoflanguage，suchasphonology,morphology,syntaxandsemantics,isstillnotenoughforeffectivecommunication,forlanguageandculturecannotbeseparated.Theyareintertwined,shaeachother.CultureandWordWorddifferencesareobviousinvariouslanguages.Therelationbetweenwordanditsmeaningisarbitrary任意的.Forexample,weliveinahouseinEnglish,wealsoliveinacasainSpanishandwestillliveinabaninThai.CorrespondingChinesewordscannotalwaysexplaintheEnglishWordswithdifferentassociatedLanguagereflectstheenvironmentwelivein,history,customvaluesandsoon,whicharediverseindifferentcultures.Sowordsthatrefertothesameobjectmayhavedifferentassociated（的）meanings.Theculturally-loadedwordsandexpressionsaregoodexamplesshowingtheculturalinfluenceonthemeaningsofwords.symboloffortuneandsymbolof龍symbolofsymbolofsymbolofsymbolofWordswithoutcounterpartinanotherLanguagereflectsculture,andculturaldiversityleadstothelackofvocabularyequivalence,conceptequivalenceandexperienceequivalence.Therefore,therearealotofwordsthatwefailtofindthecounterpartsinanotherlanguage.Forexample,theEnglishword“hippies”,“mo”,wecannotfindexactcounterpartinChinese.ConfusingCulturaldistinctionsleadtodifferentconnotations,sosomeexpressionsarereallyconfusingwhentranslated.Forexample:“單位”—“unit”;“equalitarian”—“平均主義/主義”,物質(zhì)主義/唯物主義ChineseEnglishwords’A orgroupthatisregardedassinglewholepartofsomething(1)Thebeliefthatmoneyandpossessionsratherthanthingsofthemindsuchasartorreligion.Thebeliefthatonlyphysicalthingsreally平均主義/主ThebeliefthateveryoneisequalandhasthechancetodoProverbsProverbsarefruitsofwisdom.Proverbsreflectreligion,morality,values,andlifeexperience.ChineseculturehasbeengreatlyinfluencedbyConfucianphilosophyemphasizingthesocialrelationships.Incontrast,therearemoreproverbsdescribingthepreferenceofindependence,freedomandself-fulfillmentinwesternculture.CultureandtheWayofSayingPeople,fromdifferentculturalbackgrounds,speakdifferentlanguagesindifferentFormsofTheformsofaddressineverylanguagereflectsocialstatusofthespeaker,oftheaddressee,oroftherelationbetweenthem.TraditionalChinesecultureisbasedonthefamily-basedsocialstructure.Undersuchculturalbackground,kinshiptermshaveextendedandgeneralizedusage.SocialstatusandhierarchyweighgreatlyinChineseculture.Inthatcase,peopleusesuchway“surname+professionortitle”asformaladdress,whilethewesternersseldomusetheseaddresses.GreetingsandChinesecultureisrelation-oriented.Maintainingorpromotingrelationcallsforsomethinginteral,soitisquiteacceptableinChinatogreeteachotherbyaskingprivatequestions,whileEnglishpeoplehaveaverystrongsenseofprivacy.“Good-bye”or“Bye-Bye”isacceptablebothinEnglishandChinese,anditisaveryformalway.Englishpeoplealsosay“Seeyou”,“Seeyoulater”,“Goodnight”,and“Haveaniceday”.Thoseexpressionsconveyless alconcernsthanChineseroutinessuchas“Walkslowly”,“StayComplimentsandresponsestoComplimentsandpraisesareofgreatsocialfunctions.Concerningcomplimentsandcomplimentresponses,thepragmaticrulesarevariousindifferentcultures.InAmericanculture,thetopicofcomplimentscanbevaried.Theirresponsetocomplimentsispositive.Chinesepeopleareshytocomplimentothersandalsoshytoacceptcompliments.TaboosandeuphemismTabooreferstosomewordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.Euphemismmeanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.CultureandCommunicationCultureinfluencesthestyleofcommunicationatgreatlevel.Whenweareinanunfamiliarcountry,itiswisetowatchandlearnthewaynativepeoplecommunicatefirst.CultureandConversationWhentoWhattoDirectvs.IndirectCommunicationDirectcommunicationWithdirectcommunicationstyle,speakerexpresseshisintention（needanddesire）openlyanddirectly.Directstylesareoftenusedinlow-context,individualistic