最終版reading-strategy-閱讀策略-課件

ReadingStrategyDuanLifuReadingStrategyDuanLifuReadingStrategyDuanLifuReadiContents1.BackgroundInformation2.FourReadingModels3.ThreeKindsofReadingStrategies4.ReadingProcessContents1.BackgroundInformaPritchard(1990)definesastrategyasadeliberateactionthatreaderstakevoluntarilytodevelopanunderstandingofwhattheyread.Kellerman(1983)definesastrategyasa“wellorganized

approachtoaproblem”.Olshavsky(1977)claimsthatastrategyisapurposefulmeansofcomprehendingtheauthor’smessage.1.1Whatisreadingstrategy?1.1Whatisreadingstrategy?1.2TheimportanceofusingstrategyIfareaderknowshow,whenandwheretouseanappropriatestrategy,thiswouldhelphimtoimprovereadingcomprehension.Strategiesaidreaderstoprocessthetextactively,tomonitortheircomprehensionandtoconnectwhattheyarereadingtotheirownknowledgeandtootherpartsofthetext.1.2Theimportanceofusingst2.FourReadingModelsThereadingmodelhasgonethroughthreestages.Bottom-upreadingmodelTop-downreadingmodel.Interactivereadingmodel(interactionofbottom-upreadingmodelandtop-downreadingmodel).Theschematheory2.FourReadingModelsTheread2.1Thebottom-upprocessing

Bottom-upmodelmeansthatthereaderconstructsthetextfromsmallestunit(lettertowordstophrasestosentence,etc)andthattheprocessofconstructingthetextfromthosesmallunitsbecomessoautomaticthatreadersarenotawareofhowifoperates.(Eskey,1988)2.1Thebottom-upprocessing

BThiscanhappenifourworldknowledgeisinadequate,orifthewriter’spointofviewisverydifferentfromourown.Inthatcase,wemustscrutinizethevocabularyandsyntaxtomakesurewehavegraspedtheplainsensecorrectly.Thusbottom-upprocessingcanbeusedasacorrectiveto“tunnelvision(seeingthingsonlyfromourownlimitedpointofview)”.Thiscanhappenifourworldk2.2Thetop-downprocessingThetop-downmodelisthatreadersbringagreatdealofknowledge,expectations,assumptionsandquestionstothetextand,giveabasicunderstandingofthevocabulary;theycontinuetoreadaslongasthetextconfirmstheirexpectations.(Goodman,1967)2.2Thetop-downprocessingTheWemakeconscioususeofitwhenwetrytoseetheoverallpurposeofthetext,orgetaroughideaofthepatternofthewriter’sargument,inordertomakeareasonedguessatthenextstep(basedontheschemawehaveacquired

).Wemightcomparethisapproachtoaneagle’seye.Wemakeconscioususeofitwh2.3Theinteractionofbottom-upandtop-downprocessing

Theformerneglectsthefactthatreadingisanactivecomprehensiveprocess,whilethelaterneglectsthefastandexactrecognitionofthelowerlevelinformationsuchasletters,vocabulary,grammarforms.Readermayshiftfromonefocustoanother,adoptingatop-downapproachtopredicttheprobablemeaning,thenmovingfromthebottom-upapproachtocheckwhetherthatisreallywhatthewritersays.Itisknownasinteractivereading.2.3Theinteractionofbottom-2.4TheschematheorySchematheoryisoneofthemostimportanttheoriesinthestudyofreadingcomprehension.Accordingtoschematheory,allknowledgeispackagedintounits.Theseunitsareschemata.Schematheoryalsoholdstheviewthatcomprehendingatextisaninteractiveprocessbetweenthereader’sbackgroundknowledgeandthetext.Efficientreadingrequirestheabilitytorelatethetextualmaterialtoone’sownknowledge.Thereader’sschemataassisthimtomakeassumptionsaboutthemeaningoftheincomingtext.Meanwhile,thereadermakesconfirmations,rejectionsandmediationswithmoreinformationcomingoutfromthetext.2.4TheschematheorySchemath3.Threekindsofreadingstrategies3.Threekindsofreadingstra最終版reading-strategy-閱讀策略-課件最終版reading-strategy-閱讀策略-課件DirectStrategiesMemoryDirectStrategiesMemorymemoryCognitivememoryCognitivecompensationcompensationIndirectStrategiesMetacognitiveIndirectStrategiesMetacognitiAffectiveAffectiveAffectiveAffectiveSocialSocial4.1Before-readingStrategies(1)DecidingthereadingpurposeGenerallyspeaking,therearemainlythreereadingpurposes:Forpleasure:ignorethemostsignificantlearningprocess–thinking.Forinformation:thecontentisoftheutmostimportancewhiledifficultlanguagepointsaredeliberatelyavoidedForlanguage:morelikelytoobstructedbytrifleachievement.4.1Before-readingStrategies((2)SelectingreadingmaterialReadersshouldselectsuitablematerialssothattheydonothaverelyondictionaryexcessively.Ifthereadersusedictionarytoofrequently,thereadingconsistencywillbebrokenup.Generallyspeaking,ifthenewwordsaccountforlessthan5%ofthetotal,theunderstandingwillnotbecompromised.(3)MakereadingplansYoushouldworkoutadetailedplanbeforereading.Itincludesthetimetheyspendreadingeverydayandthechoiceofpropermaterialsforintensiveandextensivereading.Besidestheyshouldconsideraboutreadingstrategiesandthenpredictingreadingresults.(2)Selectingreadingmaterial4.2DuringreadingstrategiesDuringreadingstrategiesrefertothetechniquesandmethodsappliedbyreadersduringthereadingprocess,whichplayanirreplaceableroleinreading.(1)Prediction

PredictingfromthetitleandtopicsentencePredictingwithbackgroundknowledgePredictingfromsinglewordsPredictingfrompriorplot4.2DuringreadingstrategiesD(2)Skimming:itreferstoreadingquicklytograspthemainideaorthethemeofthepassage.Readerscanquicklyidentifythegenreandthemostimportantinformationwiththehelpofstrategies,suchashighlightingmainsentences,emphasizingkeywordsandphrases,andskippingoverminorinformationanddetails.(3)Scanning:itisastrategywhichreaderapplytolocatesomespecificinformationquickly.Scanningrequiresreaderstofindanswerswithquestionintheirmind.(2)Skimming:itreferstorea(4)Keywordreading:itonlyfocusesonthecentralpartofsentencesandsomeclosely-relatedadjectivesandadverbs.Itisusuallyusetograspmainideasanddetailsofapassage.Thereadingspeedcantremendouslyimprovedinthisway,buttheaccuracyofunderstandingisalsoreduced,rangingfrom50%to70%.(5)SensegroupreadingReadingbysensegroupmeansthatreadersreadthewholepassageaccordingtotheconstitutedmeaningphrases.Readingbysensegroupsnotonlyimprovesreadingspeedandefficiency,butalsodeepenstheunderstandingofreadingmaterial.(4)Keywordreading:itonly(6)Makingnotes:Duringreadingprocess,readersshouldwritedownsomeimportantinformationtoenhancetheunderstandingofthewholepassageanddetails.Goodreadingnotesshouldbeshort,exact,selectiveandsystematic,clarifythewritingpurposeandthewayinformationisorganized.(7)Understandingthemaincontent:inreading,readersnotonlypassivelyreceivenewknowledge,butalsothinkdeeplyandcritically.Itincludes:SummarizingthemainideaIndentifyingreferencesDistinguishinggeneralizationsfromspecificsInferring(6)Makingnotes:Duringreadi(8)GuessingwordmeaningGuessingbydefinitionGuessingbysynonymandantonym（同義詞、反義詞）GuessingbyexampleGuessingbyrestatementGuessingbycauseandeffectGuessingbyexplanationGuessingbycommonsenseandexperienceGuessingbylogicalreasoningGuessingbyaffix(8)Guessingwordmeaning4.3AfterreadingstrategiesAfterreadingstrategiesaretechniquesappliedbyreadersafterthereadingprocesstomakeconclusion.Readersneedtodiscovertheirmistakesandcorrectthem.Theyalsoneedtoevaluatethemselvesproperlytodeveloptheiradvantages.ImprovingreadingspeedPacingyourselfSelf-evaluatingGettingridofthebadhabits4.3AfterreadingstrategiesAfWorkcited1.張東昌，潘巍巍.EmpiricalResearchesonReadingStrategiesinEnglish(2010).對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)出版社2.王篤勤.英語閱讀教學(xué)(2011).外語教育與研究出版社3.佟敏強(qiáng)(2009).大學(xué)英語閱讀教學(xué)理論與實踐.外語教育出版公司.4.周綿綿，余笑，葉長彬(2011).英語學(xué)習(xí)策略.科學(xué)出版社.Workcited1.張東昌，潘巍巍.Empirica最終版reading-strategy-閱讀策略-課件ReadingStrategyDuanLifuReadingStrategyDuanLifuReadingStrategyDuanLifuReadiContents1.BackgroundInformation2.FourReadingModels3.ThreeKindsofReadingStrategies4.ReadingProcessContents1.BackgroundInformaPritchard(1990)definesastrategyasadeliberateactionthatreaderstakevoluntarilytodevelopanunderstandingofwhattheyread.Kellerman(1983)definesastrategyasa“wellorganized

approachtoaproblem”.Olshavsky(1977)claimsthatastrategyisapurposefulmeansofcomprehendingtheauthor’smessage.1.1Whatisreadingstrategy?1.1Whatisreadingstrategy?1.2TheimportanceofusingstrategyIfareaderknowshow,whenandwheretouseanappropriatestrategy,thiswouldhelphimtoimprovereadingcomprehension.Strategiesaidreaderstoprocessthetextactively,tomonitortheircomprehensionandtoconnectwhattheyarereadingtotheirownknowledgeandtootherpartsofthetext.1.2Theimportanceofusingst2.FourReadingModelsThereadingmodelhasgonethroughthreestages.Bottom-upreadingmodelTop-downreadingmodel.Interactivereadingmodel(interactionofbottom-upreadingmodelandtop-downreadingmodel).Theschematheory2.FourReadingModelsTheread2.1Thebottom-upprocessing

Bottom-upmodelmeansthatthereaderconstructsthetextfromsmallestunit(lettertowordstophrasestosentence,etc)andthattheprocessofconstructingthetextfromthosesmallunitsbecomessoautomaticthatreadersarenotawareofhowifoperates.(Eskey,1988)2.1Thebottom-upprocessing

BThiscanhappenifourworldknowledgeisinadequate,orifthewriter’spointofviewisverydifferentfromourown.Inthatcase,wemustscrutinizethevocabularyandsyntaxtomakesurewehavegraspedtheplainsensecorrectly.Thusbottom-upprocessingcanbeusedasacorrectiveto“tunnelvision(seeingthingsonlyfromourownlimitedpointofview)”.Thiscanhappenifourworldk2.2Thetop-downprocessingThetop-downmodelisthatreadersbringagreatdealofknowledge,expectations,assumptionsandquestionstothetextand,giveabasicunderstandingofthevocabulary;theycontinuetoreadaslongasthetextconfirmstheirexpectations.(Goodman,1967)2.2Thetop-downprocessingTheWemakeconscioususeofitwhenwetrytoseetheoverallpurposeofthetext,orgetaroughideaofthepatternofthewriter’sargument,inordertomakeareasonedguessatthenextstep(basedontheschemawehaveacquired

).Wemightcomparethisapproachtoaneagle’seye.Wemakeconscioususeofitwh2.3Theinteractionofbottom-upandtop-downprocessing

Theformerneglectsthefactthatreadingisanactivecomprehensiveprocess,whilethelaterneglectsthefastandexactrecognitionofthelowerlevelinformationsuchasletters,vocabulary,grammarforms.Readermayshiftfromonefocustoanother,adoptingatop-downapproachtopredicttheprobablemeaning,thenmovingfromthebottom-upapproachtocheckwhetherthatisreallywhatthewritersays.Itisknownasinteractivereading.2.3Theinteractionofbottom-2.4TheschematheorySchematheoryisoneofthemostimportanttheoriesinthestudyofreadingcomprehension.Accordingtoschematheory,allknowledgeispackagedintounits.Theseunitsareschemata.Schematheoryalsoholdstheviewthatcomprehendingatextisaninteractiveprocessbetweenthereader’sbackgroundknowledgeandthetext.Efficientreadingrequirestheabilitytorelatethetextualmaterialtoone’sownknowledge.Thereader’sschemataassisthimtomakeassumptionsaboutthemeaningoftheincomingtext.Meanwhile,thereadermakesconfirmations,rejectionsandmediationswithmoreinformationcomingoutfromthetext.2.4TheschematheorySchemath3.Threekindsofreadingstrategies3.Threekindsofreadingstra最終版reading-strategy-閱讀策略-課件最終版reading-strategy-閱讀策略-課件DirectStrategiesMemoryDirectStrategiesMemorymemoryCognitivememoryCognitivecompensationcompensationIndirectStrategiesMetacognitiveIndirectStrategiesMetacognitiAffectiveAffectiveAffectiveAffectiveSocialSocial4.1Before-readingStrategies(1)DecidingthereadingpurposeGenerallyspeaking,therearemainlythreereadingpurposes:Forpleasure:ignorethemostsignificantlearningprocess–thinking.Forinformation:thecontentisoftheutmostimportancewhiledifficultlanguagepointsaredeliberatelyavoidedForlanguage:morelikelytoobstructedbytrifleachievement.4.1Before-readingStrategies((2)SelectingreadingmaterialReadersshouldselectsuitablematerialssothattheydonothaverelyondictionaryexcessively.Ifthereadersusedictionarytoofrequently,thereadingconsistencywillbebrokenup.Generallyspeaking,ifthenewwordsaccountforlessthan5%ofthetotal,theunderstandingwillnotbecompromised.(3)MakereadingplansYoushouldworkoutadetailedplanbeforereading.Itincludesthetimetheyspendreadingeverydayandthechoiceofpropermaterialsforintensiveandextensivereading.Besidestheyshouldconsideraboutreadingstrategiesandthenpredictingreadingresults.(2)Selectingreadingmaterial4.2DuringreadingstrategiesDuringreadingstrategiesrefertothetechniquesandmethodsappliedbyreadersduringthereadingprocess,whichplayanirreplaceableroleinreading.(1)Prediction

PredictingfromthetitleandtopicsentencePredictingwithbackgroundknowledgePredictingfromsinglewordsPredictingfrompriorplot4.2DuringreadingstrategiesD(2)Skimming:itreferstoreadingquicklytograspthemainideaorthethemeofthepassage.Readerscanquicklyidentifythegenreandthemostimportantinformationwiththehelpofstrategies,suchashighlightingmainsentences,emphasizingkeywordsandphrases,andskippingoverminorinformationanddetails.(3)Scanning:itisastrategywhichreaderapplytolocatesomespecificinformationquickly.Scanningrequiresreaderstofindanswerswithquestionintheirmind.(2)Skimming:itreferstorea(4)Keywordreading:itonlyfocusesonthecentralpartofsentencesandsomeclosely-relatedadjectivesandadverbs.Itisusuallyusetograspmainideasanddetailsofapassage.Thereadingspeedcantremendouslyimprovedinthisway,buttheaccuracyofunderstandingisalsoreduced,rangingfrom50%to70%.(5)SensegroupreadingReadingbysensegroupmeansthatreadersreadthewholepassageaccordingtotheconstitutedmeaningphrases.Readingbysensegroupsnotonlyimprovesreadingspeed