自考英語詞匯學 部分章節(jié) 重點歸納English Lexicology

自考英語詞匯學部分章節(jié)重點歸納EnglishLexicology自考英語詞匯學部分章節(jié)重點歸納EnglishLexicology自考英語詞匯學部分章節(jié)重點歸納EnglishLexicology資料僅供參考文件編號：2022年4月自考英語詞匯學部分章節(jié)重點歸納EnglishLexicology版本號：A修改號：1頁次：1.0審核：批準:發(fā)布日期：《英語詞匯學》（課程代碼：00832）試卷結構Chapter5WordMeaning(詞的意義)Reference(所指關系)istherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Concept(概念)，whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognitionn.認識；知識；認識能力,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Sense(語義)denotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense(noteverywordhasreference)Motivation(詞義理據(jù))accountfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguistic(word)symbolanditsmeaning.Onomatopoeicmotivation(擬聲理據(jù))wordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturesoundsornoises.Morphologicalmotivation(形態(tài)理據(jù))compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningsofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.很多合成詞和派生詞都是這類，Semanticmotivation(語義理據(jù))referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.(由字面義派生出來的引申義)Etymologicalmotivation(詞源理據(jù))themeaningofmanywordsoftenrelatedirectlytotheirorigins.Inotherwordsthehistoryofthewordexplainthemeaningoftheword.Grammaticalmeaningreferstothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationships.Conceptualmeaningalsoknownasdenotativemeaning(外延意義),isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning.Associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning,traditionallyknowasconnotations.Stylisticmeaningreferstostylisticfeatures,whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentcontexts.Affectivemeaningindicatesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.(appreciativeorpejorative).Collocativemeaningisthatpartoftheword-meaningsuggestedbythewordsbeforeorafterthewordindiscussion.Stylisticmeaningandaffectivemeaningarerevealedbymeansofcollocations.Chapter6SenseRelationsandSemanticField(語義關系和語義場)6.1Polysemy（多義關系） 1．多義關系的形成：Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturelanguagethatawordhasmorethanonesense.Anoverwhelmingmajorityofwordsarepolysemous.Whenawordisfirstcoined,itisalwaysmonosemic.Butinthecourseofdevelopment,thesamesymbolmustbeusedtoexpressmoremeanings.Theresultispolysemy.2.Twoapproachestopolysemy(多義關系的兩種研究方法):diachronicapproach(歷時角度)andsynchronicapproach(共時角度).3.Twoprocessofdevelopment(詞義發(fā)展的兩種模式)1）Radiation(輻射型)isasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecenterandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerays.Themeaningsareindependentofoneanother.Butcanallbetracedbacktothecentremeaning.2)Concatenation(連鎖型),meaning‘linkingtogether’,isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveadj.連續(xù)的；繼承的；依次的；接替的shifts.6.2Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound異義meaning關系）6.2.1Typesofhomonyms1.Perfecthomonyms(完全同形同音異義詞)arewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning.2.Homographs(同形詞)arewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning.3.Homophones(同音詞)arewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.Homophonesconstitutethelargestnumberandaremostcommon.6.2.2OriginsofHomonyms1.Changeinsoundandspelling.2.Borrowing.3.Shortening.6.2.3Differentiationofhomonymsandpolysemants(同形同異義詞與多義詞的區(qū)別)Theyarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.homonyms1)Form形式Oneandsameworddifferentwords（shareform）Thefundamentaldifference最根本的區(qū)別2)Etymology詞源samesourceDifferentsources3)Semanticrelatedness語義相關性Correlated相關的unrelated4)Indictionaries字典上Allmeaningslistedunderoneheadword(詞條)Separateentries6.2.4Rhetoricfeaturesofhomonyms(同形同音異義詞的修辭特色)6.3Synonymy(同義關系)—2類型+4來源+3區(qū)分1.Definitionofsynonyms(同義詞的定義):wordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.2.同義詞的2個分類1)absolutesynonyms(完全同義詞)alsoknownascompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.2)relativesynonyms（相對同義詞）alsocallednear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,embracedifferentshadesofmeaningsordifferentdegreeofagivenquality.3.同義詞的4個來源 1)Borrowing.(外來詞)2)DialectsandregionalEnglish.（方言和區(qū)域性的英語）3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords.(詞的引申義和委婉語用法)4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions.(與習慣表達巧合一致)4.同義詞的辨析（3個區(qū)分）1)differenceindenotation.(外延意義)2)differenceinconnotation.(thestylisticandemotivecolouringofwords)(內涵意義)3)differenceinapplication.應用上（differenceinusage.differentcollocations）6.4Antonymy反義關系—semanticopposition（語義相反關系）1.反義詞的分類：矛盾反義詞、對立反義詞和關系反義詞1)Contradictoryterms(exclusiveandnon-gradable)--oppositeness2)Contraryterms.(ascalebetweentwopolesorextremes,gradableandoneexistsincomparisonwiththeother.)—semanticrelativity3)Relativeterms.(interdependent相互依存)—relationalopposites2.三類反義詞的特點和區(qū)別SomeofthecharacteristicsofantonymsAntonymsareclassifiedonthebasicofsemanticopposition.(adj.v.n.)therearemoresynonymsthanantonyms.Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.Antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion.Pairsofantonymsareseenasmarkedandunmarkedtermsrespectively.Contrarytermsaregradableantonyms,differingindegreeofintensity,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.Somewordscanhavetwodifferenttypesofantonymsatthesametime,onebeingthenegativeandtheotheropposite.3.使用：解釋詞義。構成習慣表達。被作家喜歡。6.5Hyponymy上下義關系semanticinclusion(語義包含關系)Themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.(specificwords—subordinate/hyponyms;generalwords—superordinate/hypernym)Subordinates下義詞,areconcreteandprecise,presentingavividverbalpicture;hyponyms上義詞onlyconveyageneralandvagueidea.的概念和相互關系.評論，那個句子更好。6.6Semanticfiled語義場:語義上相關的詞構成的群體。語義場的概念:thewordsoflanguagecanbeclassifiedintosemanticallyrelatedsetsorfileds.語義場的作用Chapter7ChangesInWordMeaning(詞義的演變)7.1TypesofchangesWord-meaningchangesbymodesofextension,narrowing,elevation,degradation,transfer.7.1.1ExtensionExtensionofmeaning,alsoknownasgeneralization,isaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralized.7.1.2NarrowingNarrowingofmeaning,alsocalledspecialization,istheoppositeofwideningmeaning.Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrowerorspecializedsense.7.1.3ElevationElevationorameliorationreferstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.7.1.4DegradationDegradationorpejorationofmeaningistheoppositeofsemanticelevation.Itistheprocessbywhichwordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscometobeusedinderogatorysense.Transfer/SemantictransferTransferisaprocessbywhichwordsusedtodesignateonethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelse.Associatedtransfer,Transferbetweenabstractandconcretemeaning.Transferbetweensubjectiveandobjectivemeaning.(d)Transferofsensations.7.2Causeofchanges變化的原因Therearegenerallytwomajorfactorsthatcausechangesinmeaningextra-linguisticfactorsandlinguisticfactors.Extra-linguisticfactors:1)Historicalreason:referentchanged.2)Classreason:elevationordegradation3)Psychologicalreason:theassociatedtransfer,euphemisticuseofwords;Psychologicalmotives;Religiousinfluence.Linguisticfactors:1)Shortening.2)Theinfluxofborrowings.3)Analogy類比Chapter8MeaningandContext（詞義與語境）8.1TypesofContextContextisusedindifferentsenses.People,culture,time,place,backgroundWords,clause,sentences,paragraphs…book.ThestruPeople,culture,time,place,backgroundWords,clause,sentences,paragraphs…book.ThestructurethatawordoccursWordsthatoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestionInabroadsense,itincludesthephysicalsituationwhichembracesthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturebackground.Thisiscalledextra-linguisticornon-linguisticcontext.(非語言語境)Inanarrowsense,itreferstothewords,clauses,sentences,aparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebookinwhichawordappears,thisisknownaslinguisticcontext.（語言語境）Linguisticcontext(verbalcontext)canbesubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.Lexicalcontextreferstothe