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自上而下的閱讀模式在初中英語閱讀教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用獨(dú)創(chuàng)性聲明本人聲明所呈交的學(xué)位論文是本人在導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行的研究工作及取得的研究成果,盡我所知,除了文中特別加以標(biāo)注和致謝的地方外,論文中不包含其他人已經(jīng)發(fā)表或撰寫過的研究成??蠢果,也不包含本人為獲得內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)或其它教育機(jī)構(gòu)的學(xué)位‘',,1或證書而使用過的材料。與我一同工作的同志對本研究所做的任何貢獻(xiàn)均已在論文中作了明確的說明并表示感謝。簽名:獻(xiàn)。娼觚日期:∥。1年<月}7日關(guān)于論文使用授權(quán)的說明本學(xué)位論文作者完全了解內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)有關(guān)保留、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定:內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)有權(quán)保留并向國家有關(guān)部門或機(jī)構(gòu)送交論文的復(fù)印件和磁盤,允許論文被查閱和借閱,可以將學(xué)位論文的全部或部分內(nèi)容編入有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫進(jìn)行檢索,可以采用影印、縮印或掃描等復(fù)制手段保存、匯編學(xué)位論文,并且本人電子文檔的內(nèi)容和紙質(zhì)論文的內(nèi)容相一致。保密的學(xué)位論文在解密后也遵守此規(guī)定。簽名:氓韻歹峙師簽名:彳島矽日期:礦,,年廠月f7日?內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文中文摘要隨著現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的發(fā)展,英語作為一門語言己成為一種工具。為了能與人更好的相處,我們應(yīng)該得到更多的信息,而閱讀是一個(gè)最好的方法。它能給學(xué)習(xí)者提供重要和足夠的語言輸入?!白陨隙拢⒌拈喿x模式可以有效的幫助大學(xué)的學(xué)生在課堂中輕松的完成與讀訓(xùn)練,但在初中英語中的應(yīng)用研究還比較少。本篇論文是為了研究中國初中學(xué)生使用“自上而下”的閱讀策略的情況和訓(xùn)練效果而構(gòu)思的,文中的實(shí)驗(yàn)也是為了了解初中生使用“自上而下”閱讀模式而進(jìn)行的嘗試研究。1976年Goodman(古德曼)提出了“自上而下"的閱讀理論。他認(rèn)為閱讀是“心里猜測游戲”,就是主動(dòng)的“猜測一證實(shí)"的活動(dòng)。它是一種閱讀對象與閱讀者之間相互作用的過程。《英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》指出:閱讀教學(xué)的目的是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生閱讀策略,培養(yǎng)語感,特別強(qiáng)調(diào)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生在閱讀過程中獲取和處理信息的能力。如何有效地提高學(xué)生的英語閱讀理解能力、提高閱讀技巧是擺在每位英晤教師面前的一項(xiàng)重要任務(wù)。閱讀理解是中學(xué)英語教學(xué)的側(cè)重點(diǎn),是各單元教學(xué)的核心。中學(xué)英語閱讀課程應(yīng)當(dāng)有意識(shí)地運(yùn)用與閱讀相關(guān)的理論來指導(dǎo)學(xué)生的閱讀模式,幫助學(xué)生建立正確的閱讀模式,以提高學(xué)生對閱讀材料的正確理解。本文將“自上而下”閱讀模式運(yùn)用到了初中英語閱讀教學(xué)中并通過實(shí)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了英語閱讀教學(xué)的研究:實(shí)驗(yàn)對象為嗎海市普通中學(xué)初中二年級兩個(gè)班的學(xué)生,其中一個(gè)為實(shí)驗(yàn)班另一個(gè)為普通班。實(shí)驗(yàn)將分別對這兩個(gè)班的學(xué)生采用自上而下的英語閱讀模式和傳統(tǒng)的閱瀆訓(xùn)練方式,進(jìn)行對比研究。實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間為~個(gè)完整的教學(xué)年,在實(shí)驗(yàn)中主要采用閱讀測,可行性ABSTRACTWiththedevelopmentofmodemsociety,Englishasaforeignlanguagehasbecomeat001.Inordertogetalongwellwithpeople,weshouldgetmoreinf.ormation,whilereadingisoneofthebestmethod.ItcangiVeleamerstoprovideimportantandenoughlanguageinput.¨Top'down¨readingmodelcaneff色ctivelyhelpuniVersitystudentsinarelaxedclasswithtraining,butinjuniorhi曲schoolreadingEnglishapplicationresearchalsoless.ThispaperistostudyChinesejuniormiddleschoolstudentstouse¨top—down”readingstrategies,thepaperexperimentisalsot拶ingtounderstandmiddle。schoolstudentsuse”top—down¨modeIofreading.1976Goodman(Goodman)putforwardthetheo巧of"top—down¨reading.Hethinksthatreadingis”conjecturedthatgame¨,namely¨guess—connrmedtheinitiative¨.ItisakindofobIjectandthereadertoreadtheinteractionprocess.The‘‘Englishcurriculumstandard''pointedout:thepu叩oseofteachingreadingistocultiVatestudents'readingstrategies,withpanicularemphasisontrainingstudents'languageinthisitiontiVelyiprehensasksforemphasihemiddldconscidethesteprocessoandprocesmproVestuionandreaeachteachsisthecoreschoolEnouslyandrudents'refreadingsingcapadents'Endingsk-lerinthemeofteachglishreaeadingreadingpatinf.omatcity.HowgIishrealsareimpiddleschingandledingcourlatedthetem,helpionacqutoeffecdingcomortantI001.Theaming.Tseshoul09toguistudentageinthisitiontiVelyiprehensasksforemphasihemiddldconscidethesteprocessoandprocesmproVestuionandreaeachteachsisthecoreschoolEnouslyandrudents'refreadingsingcapadents'Endingsk-lerinthemeofteachglishreaeadingreadingpatinf.omatcity.HowgIishrealsareimpiddleschingandledingcourlatedthetem,helpionacqutoeffecdingcomortantI001.Theaming.Tseshoul09toguistudentABSTRACTdemoebedyChpechththdemoebedyChpechththedevelopmentofmodemsocietyEnglsaforeignlanguagehasbecomeat001.Inotogetalongwellwithpeopleweshouldgeeinf.ormationwhilereadingisoneofthtmethod.ItcangiVeleamerstoprovideimantandenoughlanguageinput.Topdowadingmodelcaneff色ctivelyhelpuniVerstudentsinarelaxedclasswithtrainingnjuniorhi曲schoolreadingEnglishapplionresearchalsoless.Thispaperistostuinesejuniormiddleschoolstudentstousp—downreadingstrategiesthepaperexmentisalsot拶ingtounderstandmiddle。slstudentsusetop—downmodeIofreadinruttg.1976Goodman(Goodman)putforwardthetheo巧of"top—down¨reading.Hethinksthatreadingis”conjecturedthatgame¨,namely¨guess—connrmedtheinitiative¨.ItisakindofobIjectandthereadertoreadtheinteractionprocess.The‘‘Englishcurriculumstandard''pointedout:thepu叩oseofteachingreadingistocultiVatestudents'readingstrategies,withpanicularemphasisontrainingstudents'languageintheprocessofreadinginf.omationacquisitionandprocessingcapacity.Howtoeffec
tiVelyimproVestudentsEngIishreadingcomprehensionandreadingsk-llsareimportantIasksforeachteacherinthemiddlesch001.Theemphasisisthecoreofteachingandleaming.ThemiddleschoolEnglishreadingcourseshouldconsciouslyandreadingrelatedthe09toguidethestudentsreadingpattemhelpstudent內(nèi)蒙吉師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文establishcorrectreadingschema,toimproVethestudents。readingspeed,andtostrengthenthecoITectunderstandingofthereadingmaterials.Thisarticlewilluse¨top—down¨waytojuniormiddleschoolbyreadingthroughtheteachingofEnglishreadingresearch.ExperimentalsubjectsaretwoclassesofstudentsofGradeTwoinWuHaiordina叫middlesch001.0neisexperimentalclass,andtheotherisregularclass.TheexperimentwillrespectiVelyonthetwoclassofstudentsusingatop—downEnglishreadingmodeandordina叫readingtrainingformsascomparatiVestudy.ExperimentteachingtimewilltakeawhoIeteachingterm,anditwillusepretestingandaRertestasmeasurementtocollectresearchresults.Throughtheexperiment,thestudentsinexperimentclassnotonlytheirscoreshasbeenrisenbutalsotheirleamingmotiVationhasbeeninspired,students'self二conndencehasbeenstrengthenedandlearninginteresthasbeenincreasedsignincantly.Thispaperexplored"top—down¨readingpattemoftheoreticalresearch,and向rtherconfirmedtheteachingof“top—down¨readinginjuniorhighschool,andalsocreatedef.fectiVeEnglishreadingclassroomleaming.TheBenefitsf.orjuniormiddleschooIEnglishteachingref.ormproVidesanewidea.KEYWORDS:JuniorEnglishreading,¨top—down¨reading,efnciency,feasibility‘▲‘?CONTENTSI.Introduction..。...?.。。....。......。。.。......。?...。。。?.......?........。l1.1Researchbackground1.2Briefintroductionofthestudy???????????????????.11.3Theneedforthepresentstudy???????????????????.2Ⅱ.LiteratureReview.。....。......。.。...。?.。..。?..。....。...。。.....。.。....42.1Definitionsofreading???????????????????????.42.2Relatedresearchesonreadingmodels??????????????..52.2.1Relatedstudiesbyforeignresearchers..72.2.2Relatedstudiesbydomesticresearchers???????..72.3ThestudyonTbp—downreadingteachingatHome8Ⅲ.TheoreticaIfoundationonTbp.downreadingteaching....。。..。.103.1TheDeflnitionofTIop—downreading???????????????.1O3.2TheadvantagesofTbp—downreading???????????????1O3.3MajorMethodsofTop—downreading????????????ll3.3.1Activatingbackgroundknowledge??????????????.?113.3.2Beforereadingstrategies???????????????????一1l3.3.3Cultivatingability??????????????????113.3.4Remainactiveclassroomatmosphere?????????????l2Ⅳ.MethodoIogy????????????????????????”134.1ResearchQuestions??????????????????????13內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文
4.2Hypothesis??????????????????????l34.3Subjects???????????????????????134.4Instruments????????????????????????????..134.5Procedures?????????????????????????????144.5.1Proces44.5.2Examplesofteachingtraining4.5.3SymbolicDescription:????????????????l84.5.4Experiment????????????????????l84.5.5DataAnalysis???????????????????一204.5.6Findings?????????????????????.22V.ConcIusio24Reference6Appendi。.。.。。?28Appendi2.0Appendix.3lAppendix0Appendix.3lAppendix4..。32Appendi32Appendi34Achlowledgement??。??????38??。.IntroductionReearchbackgroundReearchbackgroundLe鋤ingforeignlanguagethroughlanguageVehicleismainlyabouttogainandexchangeinfo腫ation.NowadayssciencetechnologyiswelldeVeloped;readingisobvi叫slythechiefwayfromwhichwegainandexchangemessages.ReadingisoneoftheimponantlinksinteachingofaforeignlanguageWiththedeVelopmentofthem
ododemsocietyEnglishatoolwhichpeoplecanther.Inordertogetweshouldgetmoreinfo腫aabestway.ItgivesleaientmaterialsforlanefoundationtoimproVspeakingwritingandaSalanguagehasbecomecOmmunlcatewitheachollknownfromotherswetionofwhichreadingismersimportantandsumcguageinputanditisthestudentslisteningtranslationabilitiesOntheotherhand,studentsmustfacealltypesoftextsintheirlifewhichtheonreadingpartsisnotonlyimportantbuthasmorescores.Studentsmustdoexcellentreadingpanandtheycangethigherscore.SoinVariousgradesofEnglishtestsreadingstandsatthetopoftheworld.BecauseofthissometeachersandscholarsbegintoresearchnewteachingmethodsofEnglishreadinginordertoimproVestudentsreadingcomprehensionleveIanditisnecessaryforteacherstogiVetheproperwayofreadlngtotheirstudents12BrjefintroductionofthestudyThede6nedas‘‘constructingmeaningfromawrittentext,'processofreading,is(1996p.141).CarrellandEsdayaIsobelieVereadingisareceptlVelanguagep1.ocesslnthatitstanswithalinguisticrepresentationencodedbyawriterandendswlthmeanIngwhichthereaderconstructs.SuchdennitionshowsanimportantandactiVeroIethatreadersplayduringtheinteractjonwiththetext.Inthelast40yearsresearchersfGoodmilll196;Slnitll191;Widdowson1981983;DLlbinEskey&Grabeetal?1984)havedevelopedmo
deldelstodescribewhathappenswhenpeopleread,amongwhlcnbottom.uptop.downandinteractiVemodelsarethethreemostimponantmodeIsAebersoldandFieId(1997p.18)assertintheIealteachillgcontextwhichmodeltochoosedependsonthetypeoftext.readersbackgroundknowledgetheirlanguage內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文pronciencyleVelandeVentheirculturalbeliefSaboutEnglishreading.Basedonthebriefcommentsaboutreadingathomeandabroad,andalsobasedonthetheo巧andtop-downmodelofEnglishreading,thethesisdoaroughanalysisontheEnglishreadingability.Inthispaper,studentshadbeentrainedbydifl'erentwaysoftheEnglishreadingteaching;onef.orregularreading,theotheristhroughtop—downapproachtoreadinginstruction.Thereadingmaterialis”PentiumEnglishSpecialtrainingofnewjuniorhighschoolreadingcomprehensionofthedesign”.InordertoimprovetheirEn91.shreadingleVel,theteacherwouldtrainthe60students'readingthroughtheteachingofEnglishreadingeVeryday.Af?。簦澹颍幔螅澹恚澹螅簦澹颍铮妫簦颍幔椋睿椋睿?,thetestscoresofmidtermand6nalexamswillbeanalyzed,theformoftheresultswillshowtheresultswhichbytwoclassesofhorizontalcontrast,aswe¨asdifrerentleVelsofComparisonoflongitudinalstudentachieVementoutcome.1.3TheneedforthepresentstudyAccAccordingtothesylfEnglishteachingatjodeVelopstudentsskkingreadingandwrisreadingisthemajorstimportantlanguagelabusin2000thegoalouniormiddleschoolistillsoflisteningspeating.Amongtheseskillone.Itisnotonlythemoskillsbutalsotheleamingskillsthatleamersshouldmaster.EnglishisleamedasaforeignlanguageinChina.AlthoughitisgiVenomcialprioritytheproblemofitstimeconsunlingandlowefnciencyhasnotbeensolVed.Especiallyforjuniormiddleschoolstudentstheylacklanguageknowledge,motiVationandreadingstrategies.TheyarestrugglinginlearningEnglishallthetime.MostofthemhaVestudiedEnglishsincetheyarepupiIsinprima巧schoolbuttheirEnglishreadingabilityisVerylow.Whenaskedthecaseoffailuretheysaythattherearetoomanyunknownwordsandthattimeissoshortthattheycantfinishthereadingcomprehensionpantsata11.Theseproblemshavecollectwithreadingability.ThereforewhetherintheoryorinpracticeitisVerysignincanttoseektheapproachestOimproVeVocationals【udenLsreadingability.ThispaperdoesnotVenturetoshowaf.ullpictureofthethreemodels,theauthorattemptstoargue,asfarasteachingreadingcomprehensionskillsisconcemed,thetop—downreadingstrategiestrainingis111【)reeff.ectiVet11anthebottom—upmodelinhelpingthejuniorschoolstudentsbecometluentandefbcientreadersinEng“sh.ThisI.Inn‘oductionpaperf.ocusesontheanalysisofusingthetop—downreadingmodelcanhelpstudentsle鋤Englishreadingbetter.內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文II.LiteratureReview2.1De6nitionsofreadingAuthoritiesandexpertsonthedennitionsofreadinghaVedi婦erentviews.Seliger(1972thoughtthatcomprehensionisaninVariantconditionofreading.Read(1970)howeVerdisagreedthatreadingindispensabIinVolVedunderstandingCarroll(1970)expressedtheViewsimilartoSeligerwhenheidenti6edtheessentialskillsinreadingasgettingmeallingfIromaprintedorwrittenmessages.Inhisviewreadingistheidentificationoflinguisticf;)rmsf.romstringsofwrittenconngurationthatrepresentthemaseVidencedbproducingtheconVentionalsignsf.orthesamelinguisticforminsomeothersstemofpresentation"Ontheotherhand,readingisdennedasasequenceofcognitiVeeVents.Forexample,Harris(1966)belieVedthatreadingisthecomplexityofthereading——thinkingrelationshipandbytheprocessofreadingreaderscanleamandpracticetheaccuracofthoughtgoodjudgment,andaf.eelingofValues.FromthepscholinguisticperspectiVemostpscholinguisticstressedthatreadingwasacommunicationprocessinwhichthereaderinteractedwiththeprintthroughtheuseofpastexperienceandknowledgeofthelinguisticsystem.Althoughtherearediff.erentopinionsaboutaprecisedennitionofreading,mostoftheresearchersagreedthreepointsaboutreading:First,readingisadecodingprocess,especiallydecodingputintosound.Inthissense.readingtendstobemadeasdecodingleaderstosoundsoritisregardedasataskofidentif.yingwords.ThiskindofreadingisVisualinnatureandwhichafo門mofwordgettingbefIorecomprehensionsis.AndaIso,thisdennitiontendstoagreeonbeginninginstructionwithletters
and.words,payinglittleattentiontomeaningunt訂substantialprogressindecodinghaVebeenachieVed.TheseconddennitionisIhatreadingisanunderstandingorconlprehension1)roccss.R,1isJel11iti‘)nIhclcaJcl.、、ilIu+>~cr)11alJtugcL【hc111canillgofabookoratextfromthepointofViewofauthors.However,asIrwin(1991)suggestedthatthewriterdidnotreallyconVeyideastothereadersbutonlystimulatedthellltoconstructideasoutoftheirownexperience.Thus,?。。荷。?!墮!竺墜∑?。。。椋簦椋簦瑁幔螅桑铮睿纾螅椋睿悖澹猓澹澹睿颍澹悖铮纾睿椋澹洌簦瑁幔簦纾澹簦簦椋睿纾恚澹幔睿椋睿纾妫颍铮恚簦瑁澹穑颍椋睿簦澹洌穑幔螅螅幔纾澹椋螅簦铮铮欤椋恚椋簦澹洌幔洌澹妫椋睿椋簦椋铮睿铮妫颍澹幔洌椋睿纾拢颍椋睿纾椋睿纾恚澹幔睿椋睿纾簦铮簦瑁澹穑颍椋睿簦澹洌穑幔纾澹椋睿洌椋悖幔簦澹螅恚铮颍澹幔悖悖酰颍幔簦澹欤簦瑁澹颍澹悖椋穑颍铮悖幔欤穑颍铮悖澹螅螅猓澹簦鳎澹澹睿簦瑁澹穑颍椋睿簦澹洌螅恚猓铮欤螅幔睿洌簦瑁澹恚椋睿洌铮妫簦瑁澹颍澹幔洌澹颍樱铮颍澹幔洌椋睿纾恚蹋欤螅簦猓澹螅澹澹睿幔螅悖铮睿螅簦颍酰悖簦椋郑澹簦瑁欤睿耄欤睿纾穑颍铮悖澹螅螅裕瑁澹颍澹妫铮颍澹簦瑁澹簦瑁椋颍洌洌澹妫椋睿椋簦椋铮睿椋螅恚铮颍澹螅酰椋簦幔猓欤澹鳎瑁椋悖瑁睿幔颍颍铮鳎螅簦瑁澹穑酰颍穑铮螅澹铮簦颍澹幔洌椋睿纾洌铮鳎睿簦铮纾澹簦簦瑁澹恚澹幔睿椋睿纾妫颍铮恚簦澹簦椋睿鳎颍椋簦簦澹睿妫铮颍恚牛觯澹颍洌幔鳎澹恚幔颍澹幔洌洌椋幔澹颍澹睿簦簦穑澹螅铮妫簦瑁椋睿纾螅椋睿睿澹鳎螅穑幔穑澹颍螅螅酰悖瑁幔螅妫桑澹幔簦酰颍澹颍澹穑铮颍簦螅睿澹鳎螅颍澹穑铮颍簦螅悖幔恚穑酰螅欤椋妫澹螅瑁铮颍簦睿铮觯澹欤螅螅簦铮颍椋澹螅幔洌觯澹颍簦椋螅澹恚澹睿簦螅螅簦幔簦椋螅簦椋悖螅幔睿洌欤澹簦簦澹颍螅遥澹幔洌椋睿纾螅酰悖瑁恚幔簦澹颍椋幔欤螅椋螅幔穑颍铮悖澹螅螅铮妫螅悖幔睿睿椋睿纾簦锎#睿洌簦瑁澹椋睿妫铮颍恚幔簦椋铮睿睿澹澹洌澹洌桑睿妫幔悖簦睿铮恚幔簦簦澹颍鳎瑁幔簦鳎澹颍澹幔洌鳎澹螅铮恚澹簦椋恚澹螅幔颍澹椋睿簦澹颍澹螅簦澹洌椋睿簦瑁澹穑颍铮睿酰睿悖椋幔簦椋铮睿铮妫鳎瑁幔簟ⅲ觯澹颍澹幔洌澹悖澹穑簦椋睿簦椋睿恚椋睿铮颍椋簦觯铮妫悖幔螅澹螅恚铮颍澹簦瑁幔睿鳎澹幔颍澹椋睿簦澹颍澹螅簦澹洌椋睿簦瑁澹纾颍幔恚恚幔簦椋悖幔欤螅簦颍酰悖簦酰颍澹螅酰螅澹?Whenweread,wewanttogetthefacts,ideasandenjoyment廳omthewriting.Whateveritiswewanttogetthemessagethatthewriterhasexpressed,andweareinterestedinwhatthewritingmeans.As、veknowthepu巾oseofthewriter'sproducingatextistoinformandthereadersroleistonndoutthispurposeandgetthetextwriter'sinf0?。幔簦椋铮睿龋澹睿悖澹簦瑁澹簦瑁椋颍洌洌澹睿睿椋簦椋铮睿簦酰恚螅铮酰簦簦铮猓澹簦瑁澹恚铮螅簦椋恚穑铮颍簦幔睿簦幔睿洌螅酰椋簦幔猓欤澹洌澹妫椋睿椋簦椋铮睿铮妫颍澹幔洌椋睿纾桑簦螅瑁铮鳎螅簦瑁澹妫酰睿洌幔恚澹睿簦幔欤颍澹幔螅铮睿妫铮颍颍澹幔洌椋睿纾桑簦幔欤螅铮螅瑁铮鳎螅簦瑁幔簦簦瑁澹颍澹幔洌澹?sroIeinreadingisactiveratherthanpassiVe.Readingteachingisofcommunication,bycommunicationandforcommunication.2.2RelatedresearchesonreadingmodelsTbp.downapproachtoreadingemphasistheroleofsearchingfor‘meaning'ratherthantheroleofccode.breaking'intheinitialteachingofreading.FrankSmith(1978)andGoodmanandGoodman(1979)areassociatedwiththetheoreticalunde印inningtoapproachesfavouring‘top.down'strategiesfordecodingbaSedonpredictionandguessing.JeniRileyde6nesthestrongpointoftheseapproachesaSfollows:‘MeaningDrovidesthedvnalllo孫I.t11ew110leactivityofrcading.giVingitpurpose'(Riley;l996,p.23).However'shejoinsothercriticsofextremef.onnsofthenlodel“1poilltingoutthat?whoIereading'or‘top.down'approachesdonothelpteacherswiththesystematlcteachingneededattheinitialstages.ThisopinionisembodiedintheRoseReport(2006)w11ichreconlmendsthatreaderss110Llldbetau曲tinitiallybegillningbya11exclLIsi、7elysyntheIicphonicmethod?Later內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文thereneedstobecarefulIyplannedworkatletterandwordleVel(‘bottom-up'approach)aswellasattentiontocontextandwholetextaspects(‘top-do、)m'approach).HerearetheViewsofsomeresearchersaboutthetop—downreadingmodel:FrankSmith,ajournalisttumedreadingresearcher:Readingisnotdecodingwrittenlanguagetospokenlanguage.?ReadingdoesnotinVolVetheprocessingofeachletterandeachword.?Readingisamatterofbrjngingmeaningtoprint,notextractingmeaningfromprint.(McCornlick,T.1988)KennethS.Goodman,readingspeciaIislattheUniVersityofArizona:?“?thegoalofreadingisconstructingmeaninginresponsetotext?ItrequiresinteractiVeuseofgrapho-phonic,syntactic,andsemanticcuestoconstructmeaning.”(Goodman,K.1981).?AlthoughGoodmanisoRenreferredtoaSaleadingadVocateofthetop-down印proach,hismodeIbyhisownadmissionisinteractiVe,“?itisonewhichusesprintasinputandhasmeaningasoutput.ButthereaderproVidesinputtoo,andthereader,interactingwithtext,isselectiVeinusingjustaslittleofthecuesfromtextaSnecessarytoconstructmeaning.”(Goodman,K.1981)Herearesomefeaturesofatop?downapproachtoreading(GoVe1983):?ReaderscancomprehendaselectioneVenthoughtheydonotrecognizeeachword.?Readersshouldusemeaningandgrammaticalcuestoidentifyunrecognizedwords.?ReadingformeaningistheprinlaryobjectiVeofreadingratherthanmasteryofletters.1etter/soundrelationships.andwords.?ReadingrequirestheuseofmeaningactiVitiesratherthanthemasteryofaseriesofword—recognitionskills.?Theprinlaryf.ocusofinstructionshouldbeIhereadingofsentences,paragraphs,a11dwholeselections.6II.LiteratureReview2.2.1Relatedstudiesbyf-oreignresearchersGoodman(1971)thoughtthatreadingisanactiVe—guessing-a?nddle——connnnprocess,kownasthetop—oownmodel.WhilereadingthereaderSareactiVeinchoosing,experiencingpredictingconnrminganddecidingwiththeknowledgewhichthereadersalreadyhavehadandtheinf-ormationofthevisualsenseappears,ThatisapsycholinguisticguessinggameD.E.Rumelhan(1980)thinksthatreadingisaninteractiVeexchangeprocess.Itconsistsofbothbottom—upmodelandtopdownmodel.ThatistheinteractiVemodel.Butnomatterwhatmodelsthereadertakesthereadingabilitymainlydependsontheirbackgroundknowledge.AsamatteroffactWiddowson(1990)thinksthatboththereaderslanguageknowIedgeandschematicknowIedgehaVegreatef.fectontheRumeRumelhart(1977)haatheoryinwhichreadiicschematacontentsschemata.Accordingtdingfirstofallistintoonesmind.Thenrhematathatcallexplautmessagealreadystotheseschemataarefoutained.OthensetherdwhattheyreadrunderstandingofthsestablishedtheschemngismadeupoflinguistchemataandrhetoricalotheschematheoryreaoputthewordsmessageseaderssearChforthescinorillustratetheinpredintheirminds.Whenndcomprehensionisobeaderscantunderstantext.2.2.2RelatedstudiesbydomesticresearchersHuChundong(1998)pointedoutthatreadingabilityisakindofspeechab訂ityofpeopleandthespeechabilityref色rstotheabilitythatanndVdualussalanguagabltoflstiiieeiiyiingspeakingreadingandwritingGenerallyEnglishreadingabilitybelongstothecategoryofspeechcomprehensionability.HediVidesreadingabilityintotheabilitytounder踺andtheworksofspeechtheabilitytounderstandthecountofthe、vorksofspeechtheabilityofcommunicationideaandtheskillsofreading.TheyarethepillarsoftheEnglishreadingabilityaSawholeDuXue7engf19961PointedoutthatEnglishreadingisacomprehensiVeab訂ityandhediscussedmanyrelationsbetweenreadingandunderstanding,readingandVocabulary,readingandgrammar,readingandbackgroundknowledge,readingspeed,readinginterestetc.HealsodiscussedmanyreadingskillsinEnglishreading.Heclaimedthatonecan'tunderstandthesimplereadingmaterialswithoutlargeVocabuIary,withoutknowingthedif艷rencesbet、、.censynon)'nls。、、'ithoutbasicgramlllarkno、、7ledge.especiallyaboLItVerbs7——————?———-—————一。一!?。禾m!堡!型竺竺墜竺坐一一——intheearlystagesofreadingisthemosteffectiVeandemcientway”(1999,p.254).However'withthelearnerSwhohavealreadyhadcertainproficiency'“pre'reamng,schemabu訂dingtasksdesignedtohelpthemapplywhattheyalreadyknowaboutasubjectcanhelpsignificantlyinreadingcomprehension”(1999,p.268).Thus.consideredthestudents'cognitivematurityandtheleVelofpronciency,thetop。do、Vnstrate舀est豫iningseemstobemoresuitableandef琵ctiVethanthebottom。uponesincateringfortheneedsoftheChineseuniversityEFLlearnersinteachingreadingskills.Inthesecondplace,duetotheinfluenceoftraditionalgrammartranslationapproachinChineseEFLteaching,foralongtime,readingstrategiestraininghasemphasizedonthebottom.upmodehl.goTeheswaeslsluwniltphttihonbeelhiienfdbSootftgom-upmaarptprraonasclebramationmethodinthattheyallconsiderEnglishleamingaLsconstructingawaIlinwhichbricks(thesmallestlinguisticunit)arethemostimportantcomponents(Nunan1998,p.101).WiththebeliefthatnewwordsshouldbesolVedasthenrststepofreadingcomprehensioninmostChineseEFLreadingclasseseVenattheuniVersityleVelteachinglanguagepointsexplainingdi踞cultsyntacticstructurestranslatingthetextf.romEnglishintoChineseaccountformostoftheclasstime.Asuccessfultranslationbetweenthetwolanguagesisconsideredasthecompleteunderstandingoftt.DuetothisChineseEFLstudentsrechonthedictionarytounderstandthematerialsandalmostignorethecontndstructuralknowledgewhichcanf.tethemtoinfbrmcaningoftheunf.amids.ThustheirreadingispepperedwquentIycstoppedwordsthatbreakthentrationandcomprehension(Ande1986;CitedinJohnson&Steelel996h0).Beagthnbnnienp.m。ungskiIs,wehinkingtoductop—downstsuchaprctlernngandf-0gomeangrrtdsmayhelpthtobecomemoreCheuniVesieefnntandnenyEFLlreade內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文Ⅲ.TheoreticaIfodingteaching3.1TheDeflnitioInl976,Americanundationon1'op—dnof7rop—downreadpsychologistGoodoodman),poillyinfbnnatifytheiralreVise,thentnderstandinn¨mode,itisfthereadershatthereadentedoutthation,butgueseadyacquireheysuspecttg.Thispattereadnowthep.Top-downrershouldusebthereaderislsFilteringadknowledgeaorealizeaccumiscalledtoositiVeinfluadingpattemmasicknowledgdunderanounderstandthethemeofthewholetextnotunderstandthepaSsageandthencastudywhathemeans.ItsuggestedthetenswiththemindreaderdriVerprocessodthetextinanassumption.ReadersidationisusedinlettersandwordstheyahemeaningofthetextgeW6dknowledge,ofnguatextoomuadingtuaIailitaarworhf.rerconc&Bos,35preadtionog,IntanWoramerss.9。wnreanghoe(GiterandVerndtorrateup—dowenceoeanste,IandingtGuessemllytbegiclosenti6csumet3.2TheadVantagesof7rop—downreadingManystudents,especiallythosewithlowleVelofEnglishleamingapproachemphasizespart”,suchastheglossaryandthegrammarstructurethisprocessisregardedas”bottom-up”readingmethods.AppIicationbottom—upmodelofreadingisbeganinwordsandphrasesandgrammarandmakethemtointeract,andfinallytounderstandthewholetext.Bottom—upreadingpatterninlanguageteachingproblemsIiesinitsnotf.ocusonproVidinganopportunityforreadersCecilia(2004)moreThispattemistoreadf如mthewordasthegeneralideaofthetextmessagestodecodeprocess.ReadersandthecontactisunilateralhecanonlythroughsuchaswordorphrasetounderstandsothereaderwilloftenpassiVeposition,itseasytofIaceaonlyknowthemeaningoftheworddidnotknowordontfullyunderstandthewholetextcarelessness.ForexamplethepricereferstoareagreementiftheliteraImeaningtotranslatebecameaseeeyetoeye:fomdi仟erentmeanings.Top—downmodclofreadinga11dbottom—upreadingpattern、、asopposite.Bottom-upwaypayattentiontothewordandthetop—downwaymaketheunderstandingtostanfromt11ebackgroundoft11ewholeIextmeaning.Dif億rentfromthereadertoreadignorethetraditional、ie、Vslhiskindofmethodemphasizereadingwhenactivepanicipationofthereaders.First.tt11euseofVisualaspectsofreaderscan.nd.infomlationtoimprovelanguage,thetextinf.omation.SecondIy,readerscanusetheexperienceandknowledgeoflanguagetoVerif.ythatthetemporaryhypothesis.Finally,ther
eadertoreadagainaftertheassumptionsdoneconnrmorcorrected.3.3MajorMethodsof7rop—downreading3.3.1ActivatingbackgroundknowledgeBackgroundknowledgeref.erstothereadefsabouttheworldincludingknowledgeoflanguageknowledgeandnon-linguisticknowledge.BackgroundknowledgeinreadingcomprehensioninplaysaVeryimportantroleifthereisanarticleisjustthereadersarefamiliarwiththecontentsalthou曲manyofthewordsreaderscanunderstandthemeaningofthisConVerselyifthecontentofthereaderisjustsomethingcompletelyunfamiliarwordsevenifnotmanyalsohardtounderstandthemeaning.Theteachercanguidestudentstounderstandtheheadingsortothestudentraisessomequestionstoactivatestudents。backgroundknowledgeordirectlytoproVidestudentswiththerelevantbackgroundorcontacttheirstudentshavemasteredtheknowledgeitself.3.3.2BeforereadingstrategiesDifferentarticlescanusedif&rentmethodssuchasreadingreadingorjumpforreading.Theteachershouldteachstudentshowtocatchthekeywordsandsentencesseizethepu叩osesignincancethemainthemetoimproVestudentsunderstandingofthereadingspeedandtheaccuracyofunderstandingconscioustrainingthestudentstoreadthewhoIelaw.Theteachershouldteachstudentstolearntousesummarizationandthroughcontextistounderstand.ForexamplewhentheteacherspeaksSEFClAOlympicGamesclosethisclasstheteacherinthestudentcanreadbeforesomeproblemssuchaSHowoRenaretheOlympicsheld??WhatstheOlympicmottO?Whatdoseitmean?AndthenIetstudentstrytoreadthroughthemethodto6ndtheanswerandknowaboutthecontent.3.3.3CultivatingabilityTeachersshoLlldhell)snldentstoanalj,zetext.tocLllti、,ates“ldents'abililyIoimproveitsqualitystepbystep.Englishteachingshouldf.ollowtheprinciplesofintegrity,ratherthanthroughtheseparatetreatmenteachisolatedpieces.Theteachercanaskastudenttoreadfromthewhole,thenanaIyzedcarefuJly.Theteachershouldallowstudentsto丘ndeverypassage,accordingtolhepLIrposeofthearticleisdiVidedintose、,eralpurposeotherpal‘ts,andcallquickl)seizcda九icles,LllldcrsIalldthe111ainideasof.11內(nèi)蒙古師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文clues.Eachoneisdif氨:rent,socanusedif琵rentwaysaresummarized.Forexample,summarizesVerbscanclearlyshowthedeVelopmentprocessofevents,Summarizecharacterscanhighlightlhemaincharacter.Allofthese'canhelptoimprovestudents?readingskillsinpractice.3.3.4RemainactiVeclassroomatmosphereReadthecontentwiIlcombinewithlearnersinreallife.Letthestudentsinclassf.reelycanactiVeclas§roomatmosphere.Sometemporaryrandomeventscanalsohelptoregulateatmosphereinclass.Beforelearningapassage,theteachergivetherelatedquestionsfirst,thenletthestudentreplied,letstudentsopentheirbooks,studentswinsuddenlyenlighted,thewholereadingclassesw訂lbeveryactive.Forexample,ifweleamsomethingaboutholiday
aRerastoryabouttravelin∥,theteachercaaRerastoryabouttravelin∥,theteachercan.askclaSsmatesomeproblemsbef.ore,suchas”WherehaSyourvirtue?-t.?BytrainorByplane?””Howto?””Howlongwillittaketogetthere?”Theseproblemscanstimulatestudents'interest,sotheclaSsroomisactive.2.Ⅳ.MethodoIogy4.1ResearchQuestionsThepu?。铮螅澹铮妫簦瑁椋螅穑幔穑澹颍椋螅簦铮澹穑铮酰睿洹保簦铮穑洌铮鳎睢В鳎幔簦铮牛睿纾欤椋螅瑁颍澹幔洌椋睿纾簦澹幔悖瑁椋睿?,especiallytheimpactofjuniormiddleschool'sEnglishreading.IⅥanyinvestigationsonthismodelofreadingstrategyuseshowsthat,theef.fectwayoftrainingstudentsusetop-down、VaytoreadcanhelpthemunderstandthepassageswelI.Therefore,itisgreatnecessarytoidentifythecognitionandunderstandingofstudentsaboutthewholepassagecanbedeVelopedwelliftheteachersusepropertrainingwayoftop-downreading.4.2HypothesisIfIusetop.downreadingmodelstrategytoo唱anizestudentstoIeamEnglishreadinganddeveloptheirschemataunderstandingatsametimetheEnglishreadingabilityofjuniorhighschoolsstudentswillbeimproVed43SubjctsTheparticipantsinthispaperare60middleschoolstudentsofGradeEightfIromWuHaiNo.Eightmiddleschool-Theyare30studentsinClass7and30studentsinClass8.Theiraverageageisl6。IntheexploratorystudyalltheparticipantsarediVidedinto3groupsgoodordinaryorpoorleamersgrouprespectivelyaccordingtotheirperfbmancesineVerydayEnglishclassesandthescoresinthelaSttwoEnglishtests.Goodleamergroupwere20subjectswhosescoreswerehi曲erandpoorleamersgroupwerelosubjectswithpwerscores.Theother30studentswereappliedasordina巧groupfortheirscoreswereiqthemiddleofallthesubjects.4.4Instn”11entsTheinstrumentusedinthissurVeywasEngIishreadingtests.TheywilIbeusedinbeforeandaRertheexperiment.AttheendofthesemesteLthescoresofthethreegroupswillbeconductedagaintosee、Vhetherthereexistsanysignincantdif琵rencebetweenthestudents.內(nèi)蒙古9幣范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文4.5Procedures4.5.1ProcessInthispaper,thestudentsofthedifferentcIasseswhichf.romClass7andClass8hadbeentrainedbydif五erentwaysoftheEngIishreadingteaching,onef.0rregularreading,theoIheristhroughtop-downapproachtoreadinginstruction.Thereadingmate“alis”PentiumEn91.sh--Specialtrainingofnewjuniorhighschoo
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