博士生考試英語

第頁博士生考試英語考博英語范文35篇

博士生入學(xué)英語考試協(xié)作部分試題說明

依據(jù)教化部頒布的《探討生英語教學(xué)大綱》（以下簡稱大綱《大綱》的要求：“非英語專業(yè)博士探討生英語入學(xué)水平原則上應(yīng)達(dá)到或高于碩士生的通過水平?！?/p>

《大綱》中對碩士生的寫作要求是“駕馭基本寫作技能（如文章結(jié)構(gòu)、段落綻開和起承轉(zhuǎn)合等），能按詳細(xì)要求，在一小時內(nèi)寫出250詞左右的短文，正確表達(dá)思想，語意連貫，無重大語言錯誤?！钡谝徊糠?/p>

寫作文的要求，評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及考試中普遍存在的問題一

考試要求

1．文章內(nèi)容切題。審題精確,不跑題。

2．表達(dá)清晰。語言簡潔、精確、說理清晰,讀者能從作文內(nèi)容清晰理解作者寫作意圖。

3．意義連貫。文字連貫、層次分明、意義表達(dá)完整。要使文章意義連貫必需具有肯定的技能，包括較強(qiáng)的語感，遣詞造句實(shí)力和文章謀篇布局的組織實(shí)力；

4．語言規(guī)范。符合英語表達(dá)的習(xí)慣、語法錯誤較少、語言基本功扎實(shí)，最終避開中式英語。

二

作文的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及樣卷介紹

14分:內(nèi)容符合要求,包括了標(biāo)題或提綱中的全部內(nèi)容;語言流暢;層次分明,句式有改變。詞匯豐富,句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞精確,文章長度符合要求。

11分：內(nèi)容符合要求，包括了標(biāo)題或提綱中的全部內(nèi)容；文字連貫，句式有肯定改變，句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞無重大錯誤，文章長度符合要求。

8分：內(nèi)容符合要求，包括了標(biāo)題或提綱中多數(shù)內(nèi)容；基本清晰表達(dá)的主題的內(nèi)涵；句子結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞有少量錯誤，個別是大錯。文章長度符合要求。

5分：內(nèi)容基本切題，基本表達(dá)了標(biāo)題或提綱中的內(nèi)容；文字連貫，語言可以理解，但有較多的結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞錯誤，且大錯較多。文章長度基本符合要求。

2分：基本切題，但語句支離破裂，只有少數(shù)句子可以理解。

0分：文不切題。只將預(yù)先背誦的某篇文章默寫下來，或語句混亂，無法理解。

附：14分樣卷

topic：withherentryintowto,chinaisbeingplungedintoaninternationalcompetitionfortalents,andinparticular,forhigher-leveltalents.tofacethisnewchallenge,chinamustdosomething,amongotherthings,toreformhergraduate(postgraduate)educationsystem.stateyouropinionaobutthisreform,andgivethesolidsupportingdetailstoyourviewpoint.withchina’sentryintowto,sheisfacingalotofchancesandchallengesinmanyaspects.asfarastalentsareconcerned,chinaisbeingplungedintoaninternationalcompetitionfortalents,especiallyforhigher-leveltalents.inordertoadaptthisnewchallenge,chinamustdosomething,amongotherthings,toreformhergraduateeducationsystem.

inmyopinion,wemustmakesomereformandadjustmentingraduateeducationsysteminmanyaspectsasfollows.firstofall,fromtheviewofthegovernment,itmustadjustitspolicyofusingtalents,especiallyhigher-leveltalents.forexample,itmayprovidemanyprivilegesforthem.

secondly,fortheviewpointoftheuniversities,theyshouldadjusttheirconstructureofcurriculum.theyshouldpaymoreattentiontothecultivationofgraduate’scapability.theyshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestodirecttheireducationalgoalfromexam-orientededucationtoeducationforall-rounddevelopment.finally,asfaraspersonnelisconcerned,astudentshouldpaymoreattentiontothelearningofallkindsofknowledgetomeettheneedsofsociety.

inaword,itishightimethatwereformedthegraduateeducationsystem.ifwedonotmakesomechangesinthegraduateeducationsystem,wemaybefailureintheinternationalcompetition.sowemustreformourgraduateeducationsystem.(2191

words)

點(diǎn)評：該文緊扣主題，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，內(nèi)容充溢，語言流暢，句式改變多樣。雖有個別小錯，但英語表達(dá)實(shí)力較強(qiáng)，長度符合要求。

萬能框架

asisimpliedinthetable(orcartoon)andwellknowntoallofus,…take…inthetable(cartoon)forexample,it’s…forthe…to…butwhen…

ontheotherhand,theredoexistsome…that…theyaremakingallpoiblemeansto…andtryingtheirbestto…comparedwithwhatthose…,it’sapitythat…andwhat’smore,withthedeepeningandfurtheringofourcountry’sopeningandreforming,more…areallowedto…withchinaenteringthewto,…arealsopermittedto…ifstillblindtothis,the…issureto…so,it’surgentandeentialfor…toanalyze…morerationallyandmacroscopically.itmustkeepinmindthat…shouldneverbeunheard.

althoughtheconditionisunsatisfactorynow,withtheawareneofthe…inthetable(orcartoon)andallthesocietyefforts,improvementandanevenbrighterfuturearenotonlypoiblebutalsoinevitable.

三

歷年考試中存在的典型問題分析1．

不會審題，偏離主題。

2．

漢語思維，逐字翻譯。常見考生用漢語構(gòu)思文章，同時將漢語句子硬譯成英語。3．

用詞搭配不當(dāng)。

4．

詞匯量小，表達(dá)困難，拼法錯誤。

5．

句法邏輯關(guān)系混亂。例如：ourenglishclaoftentoldstories.正確的應(yīng)是:storiesareoftentoldonourenglishcla.

6．不會用關(guān)聯(lián)詞轉(zhuǎn)承上下句和段落。關(guān)聯(lián)詞即過渡詞，運(yùn)用過渡詞，可使上下句子和段落合理連接，承上啟下，使表達(dá)合乎邏輯，常見過渡詞如asfaras,however,well,though,inspiteof。7．

語法錯誤。主要表現(xiàn)為：

（1）

分不清及物與不及物動詞，例如：rise，raise；hear,listen（2）

被動語態(tài)和主動語態(tài)的誤用,例如:interesting和interested（3）

詞類混淆,將動詞或形容詞誤用作名詞,將名詞或動詞誤用作形容詞,例如:benefit和beneficial;difficult和difficulty;pleasure和pleased等。（4）

混淆可數(shù)名詞和不行數(shù)名詞，例如：help，practice等。（5）

冠詞、情態(tài)動詞、介詞、代詞等方面的錯誤，例如：aenglishbook,shoulddid,mustdone等。

四．如何寫出美麗的文章

文章要內(nèi)容切題，表達(dá)清晰，意思連貫，語言比較規(guī)范。這就要求考生在寫作時，把握如下方面：1．

統(tǒng)一性（unity）

內(nèi)容切題，事實(shí)上就是要求文章統(tǒng)一性。所謂統(tǒng)一性，就是指短文必需圍圍著主題擴(kuò)展，不能多中心。統(tǒng)一性表現(xiàn)在句子、段落和篇章三個層次上。我們寫漢語文章的要求是首先不能跑題，事實(shí)上就是對統(tǒng)一性的要求。2．

連貫性(coherence)指句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間的連接要自然通暢，主要體現(xiàn)在文章的邏輯發(fā)展依次和過渡詞語的運(yùn)用上。1）

邏輯依次

根據(jù)時間先后，或空間位置的相互關(guān)系，我們可以寫出眉目清楚、符合邏輯的段落或文章。敘述文體多采納時間依次，描寫文體中空間依次更常見。高潮形成系指根據(jù)其重要性或嚴(yán)峻性支配各個發(fā)展點(diǎn)（指段落）或發(fā)展段（指文章）的依次，這種語篇發(fā)展方法在描寫、敘述、說明和爭論文中均常出現(xiàn)。英語語篇的邏輯依次支配一般是先談最次要的內(nèi)容，2

繼而談較為重要的內(nèi)容，最終再談最重要的內(nèi)容，從而形成文章高潮。2）

過渡詞語的運(yùn)用——語篇的外在連貫手段

有時，單靠邏輯上的連貫對英語語篇來說是很不夠的，因而過渡詞語的運(yùn)用必不行少。漢語的連貫屬于“意合”，英語的連貫屬“形合”，而借助過渡詞語取得語篇的連貫是形合法最突出的特點(diǎn)。所以，在英語文章內(nèi)，諸如等過渡詞語特殊多。它們的運(yùn)用挑明白句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間的關(guān)系，使文章更加顯得連貫。由于受漢語“意合”的影響，中國學(xué)生常忽視過渡詞語的運(yùn)用。所以中國學(xué)生在進(jìn)行英語寫作時必需對此給以足夠的重視。、

3．

語言規(guī)范

語言的規(guī)范涉及面廣。小至遣詞造句，大到語篇結(jié)構(gòu)，無不體現(xiàn)語言運(yùn)用的質(zhì)量。依據(jù)近年博士生入學(xué)英語考試的作文試卷統(tǒng)計(jì)，很多考生未嫻熟駕馭造句技能甚至不能保證單詞拼法正確、句子無重大語法錯誤。因此要多讀多看英語報(bào)刊和原著，從中學(xué)習(xí)語言用法，沒有細(xì)致閱讀過、理解過的東西千萬不要在作文中運(yùn)用，切忌中國式英語。、、

其次部分35篇范文

1.

televisionprogramandtheireffectonchildrentelevisionprogramsregularlyentertain,educate,effectandevenfrightenthemajorityofourchildren.mostchildrenareallowedtowatchwhateverprogramison,withlittlethoughtontheeffectthatparticularshowwillhaveonachild.mostprogramscanbeclaedasbeneficialorharmful,accordingtowhateffecttheprogrammighthaveonachild.thebeneficialtelevisionprogramsaremainlythousethateducatetheyoung.thereareoftenspecialsonanimallife.afewregularchildren’sprogramsdevelopthechild’sinterestinschool-typelearningbystreingnumbersandthealphablt,andthatencourageshimorhertobecreative.thebeneficialcommercials,suchasthoseonanti-smoking,anti-litter,andhealth,shouldbeincludedinthiscategory.ontheoppositesidearetheshows,whicharegenerallyharmfultochildren.manycommercials,especiallythosesponsoringthechildren’sprograms,aredeliberatelywrittentocreateadesireforanunnecearyproductsuchassugarcoatedcerealsandcandy.alladultprogramsthatincludeviolenceorsexscenescanatbestfillachild’smindwithconfusingormisleadingideas,andcouldpoiblyhardenthechildtoviolence.thoughtfulparentswilldefinitelynotallowtheirchildrentoviewthebadprograms.achild’sviewingtimeshouldbelimitedtowatchingeducationllybeneficalprograms.

2.howtosolvethehousingprobleminbigcities

withthedevelopmentofmodernindustryu,moreandmorepeopleareflowingintobigcities.accordingly,thehousingprobleminbigcitiesisbecomingmoreandmoreserious.

peoplehaveofferedmanysolutionstothisproblem.ithinkbuildingsatellitecitiesinthesuburbsismorepractical.thefreshairandbeautifulsecneryinthesuburbswillbeappealingtothecitycitizens,whosufferfromairpollution,noises,heovercrowdedcity.withmorepeopleleavingthecity,morespacewillbeavailableforthoseremaining.thehousinmgprobleminbigcitieswillthusbesolved.

3.―theyoungergeneratonknowsbest‖

oldpeoplearealwayssayingthattheyoungarenotwhattheywere.thesamecommentsismadefromgenerationtogenerationanditisalwaystrue.ithasneverbeentruerthantiistoday.theyoungarebettereducated.theyhavealotmoremoneytospendandenjoymorefreedom.theygrowupmorequicklyandarenotsodependentontheirparents.theythinkmoreforthemselvesanddonotblindlyaccepttheideasoftheirelders.events,whichtheoldergenerationremembersvividly,arenothingmorethanpasthistory.thisisasitshouldbe.everynewgenerationisdifferentfromtheoneprecededit.todaythedifferenceisverymarkedindeed.3

theoldalwaysaumethatytheyknowbestforthesimplereasonthattheyhavebeenaroundabitlonger.theydon’tliketofeelthattheirvaluesarebeingquestionedorthreatened.andthispreciselywhattheyoungaredoing.theyarequestioningtheaumptionsoftheireldersanddisturbingtheircomplacency.theytakeleavetodoubtthattheoldergenerationhascreatedthebestofallpoibleworlds.whattheyrejectmorethananythingisconformity.officehours,forinstance,arenothingmorethanenforcedslavery.wouldn’tpeopleworkbestiftheyweregivencompletefreedomandresponsibility?andwhataboutclothing?whosaidthatallthemenintheworldshouldweardrabgreysuitsandconvicthaircuts?ifweturnourmindstomoreseriousmatters,whosaidthathumandifferencescanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeans?whosaidthathumandifferencescanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeans?whosaidthathumandifferencescanbestbesolvedthroughconventionalpoliticsorbyviolentmeans?whyhavetheoldergenerationsooftenusedviolencetosolventheirproblems?whyaretheysounhappyandguilt-riddenintheirpersonallives,soobseedwithmeanambitionsandthedesiretoamamoreandmorematerialpoeions?cananythingberightwiththerat—race?haven’ttheoldlosttouchwithallthatisimportantinlife?therearenotquestionstheoldergenerationcanshrugofflightly.theirrecordoverthepastfortyyearsorsohasn’tbeenexactlyspotle.traditionally,theyounghaveturnedtotheireldersforguilance.today,thesituationmightreversed.theold—iftheyarepreparedtoadmitit—couldlearnathingortwofromtheirchildren.oneofthebiggestleonstheycouldlearnisthatenjoymentisnot―sinful‖.enjoymentisaprincipleonecouldapplytoallaspectsoflife.itissurelynotwrongtoenjoyyourworkandenjoyyourleisuretoshedrestrictinginhibitions.itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastorfuture.thisemphasisonthepresentisonlytobeexpreedbecausetheyounghavegrownupundertheshadowofthebomb:theconstantthreatofcompleteannihilation.thisistheirgloriousheritage.canwebesurprisedthattheyshouldsooftenquestionthesanityofthegenerationthatbequeathedit?

4.publictransportation

aspartofdomesticmodernization,publictransportationneedstobedevelopedurgentlyinchina.icanillustratesomeexamples.theredoesnotonlyexistserioustrafficjamsbutalsocrowdedbuses,undergroundandrailways.commutersfindithardtogettoworkontimeduetoovercrowdedbusesortubes.travelerscouldhardlygetonbusesinbigcitiesduringweedendsowingtofewerbusesandmorepeople.whenspringfestivalisdrawingnear,thereismuchgreater–reureonpublictransportationsinceithastodealwithalargenumberoftravelersrushinghome.andtravelersneedspecialarrangementstogohome.inaword,publictransportationhasbecomebottlenecktotheadvancofchineseeconomy.tosolvetheabove-mentionedproblems,thedepartmentsconcernedshouldcarryoutthefollowingsteps:tobuildmoreroads,highwaysorrailwaysandtoaddbusesortrainstotheoriginallines.buttherfundshavetoberaisedbothfromthegovernmentandthepublic.therearethreesourcesforfundraising.oneistoraisethefaresforallkindsofalltransportationvehicles.anotheristoincreasethepricesforvariousvehiclesonsale.thethirdistoraisethepricesofpetrolanddieseloilinaddtiontothegovernmentalfunds.ifallthismoneytoraisethepricesofpetrolanddieseloiilinaddtiontothegovernmentalfunds.ifallthismoneycollectedisusedtoimprovetransportationservices,thesituationwillbebetteredandfavorable.

thethirdsteptotakeistointroducenewtechnologyinordertoraisetheefficiencyofvehicles.forinstance,thespeedoftrainscanbeincreasedasmuchastwotimessothattwotimesasmanypeoplecanbeheld.inthisway,thepreureonpublictransportationcanbedramaticallyalleviated.soinaword,weneedtointroducenewtechnologytoraisethespeedofvehicleswhilehavingbuiltevenwiderroadsandaddedmoreefficienttrainsandhuses.

5.humaneducation

theotherday,aprofeorfrompekinguniversitygavealecture―chineseintellectualsandwrittenculturaltext‖.inhislecture,heheldthatchineseintellectualshavelostthewrittenculturaltextsincethemay4thmovement.hisopinionsetus4

thinkingthatthelooftraditionalhumaneeducationresultedinacrisisofculturaleducation.

withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomy,thelivingstandardofthechinesepeoplehasimprovedalotintermsofmaterialwealth.inaperiodwheneconomicstakepriority,peoplepaymoreanedmoreattentiontoprofit.atpresent,moneymakingandpleasureseekingarebecomingapopularfashion.ontheotherhand,thereappearsabarrenfieldofspiritintoday’ssociety.ithasbecomeunexpectedlyhardtorebuildtheparadiseoftraditionalculture.ideologicalconfusion,moraldeclineandachaoticculturalmarket,allthisshowsthatitisthehightimetohavesomethingdoneinordertotackletheproblemofculturalorientation.ourtimescallforanidealhumaneeducation.itisunwisetodiscardtraditionalchinesecultureasawhole.someoftheelementsofthisculturecanbemadeuseofinthereconstructionofourspiritualcivilizaitondirectlyorwit5hsomeadaptation.ourattitudetowardstraditionshouldbe―discardingthedroandselectingtheeence‖.thehumaneeducationofthepastcanserveasasupplementtoourmarxisteducation.itshouldstartfromprimaryschool.inthisway,ourchildrenwillgeteducatedsoastobepoeedofaperfectpersonality.thenationalmoralewillbedeeplyrootedinpeople’smind,andwillhelppushforwardthegrowthofeconomy.

tosumup,wecanfinditbadlynecearytobuildupanidealhumaneeducation.weshouldfindanefficientwaytodevelopourhumaneeducationanddigout5moreresourcesformtraditionalchineseculture.

6.criticismontelevisionalotofpeoplebelievethattelevisionhasaharmfuleffectonchldren.afewyearsago,thesamecriticismsweremadeofthecinema.butalthoughchildpsychoilogistshavespentagreatdealoftimestudyinghisproblem,thereisnotmuchevidencethattelevisionbringsaboutteenager’scrimes.

forpeopleinthemodernworldssharetheviewsofparentsahundredyearsago.inthosedays,writersforchildrencarefullyavoidedanyreferencetosexintheirbooks,buthadnotinhibitionsaboutincludingscenesofviolence.theevidencecollectedsuggests,however,thatneitherthesubject,northeactioninitselffrightenschildren.thecontextinwhichcruelyorviolenceoccursismuchmoreimportant.agoodguidetowhatispsychologicallyhealthyforasmallchildisthereforeprovidedbyatelevisionseriesinwhichaboyandagirlaresupposedtobeexploringdistantplanetswiththeirparents.ineachstory,theyencounterstrangemonstersandfindthemselvesindangeroussituationsbuttheparentsarereauringandsensible,asachild’spaprentsshouldbeinreallife.thereisanadultcharacterwhoisacowardandliar,butboththechildrenarebraveand,ofcourse,everystoryendshappily.inmyview,childrenshouldbeexposedtotheproblemsofreallifeassoonaspoible,buttheycannonthelpseeingthesethroughnewsprograms.whentheyarebeingentertained,thehealthiestatmosphereisonewhichtheheroandheroinearechildrenlikethemselveswhobehavenaturallyandconfidentlyinanysituation.

7.theonythingpeopleareinteresedintodayisearingmoremoney

onceuponatimetherelivedabeautifulyoungwomanandahandsomeyoungman.theywereverypoor,butastheyweredeeplyinlove,theywantedtogetmarried.theyoungpeople’sparentsshooktheirheads.―youcan’tgetmarriedyet.‖theysaid.waittillyougetagoodjobwithgoodprospects.sotheyoungpeoplewaiteduntiltheyfoundgoodjobswithgoodprospectsandtheywereabletogetmarried.theywerestillpoor,ofcourse,theydidn’thaveahousetoliveinoranyfurniture,butthatdid’tmatter.theyyoungmanhadagoodjobwithgoodprospects,solargeorganizationslenthimthemoneyheneededtobuyahouse,somefurniture,allthelatestelectricalappliancesandacar.thecouplelivedhappilyeverafterpayingoffdebtsfortherestoftheirlves.andsoendsanothermodernromanticfable.weliveinamaterialisticsocietyandaretrainedfromourearlistyearstobeacquistive.ourpoeions,yoursandmineareclearlylabeledfromearlychildhood.whenwegrowoldenoughtoearnaliving,itdoesnotsurpiseustodiscoverthatsucceismeasuredintermsofthemoneyyouearn.wespendthewholeofourliveskeepingupwithourneighbors,thejoneses.ifwebuyanewtelevisionset,jonesisboundtobuyabiggerandbetterone.ifwebuyanewcar,wecanbesurethatjoneswillgoone5

betterandgettwonewcars:oneforhiswifeandoneforhimself.themostamusingthingaboutthisgameisthatjonesesandalltheneighborswhoarestrugglingfranticallytokeepupwiththemarespendingborrowedmoneykindlyprovided,atasuitablerateofinterest,ofcourse,byfriendlybanks,insurancecompanies,etc.itisnotonlyaffluentsocietiesthatpeopleareobseedwiththeideaofmakingmoremoney.consumergoodsaredesirableeverywhereandmodernindustrydeliberatelysetsouttocreatenewmarkets.gonearethedayswhenindustrialgoodsweremadetolastforever.thewheelsofindustrymustbekeptturning.built-inobsolescenceprovidesthemeans;goodsaremadetobediscarded.carsgettinnierandtinnier.younosooneracquirethisyear’smodelthanyouarethinkingaboutitsreplacement.

thismaterialisticoutlookhasseriouslyinfluencededucation.fewerandfeweryoungpeoplethesedaysacquireknowledgeonlyforitsownsake.everycourseofstudiesmustleadsomewhere.i.e.toabiggerwagepacket.thedemandforskilledpersonnelforexceedsthesupplyandbigcompaniescompetewitheachothertorecruitstudentsbeforetheyhavecompletedtheirstudies.temptingsalariesand―fringebenefits‖areofferedtothem.recruitingtacticsofthiskindhaveledtothebraindrain,theprocebywhichhighlyskilledpeopleoffertheirservicestothehighestbidder.thewealthiernationsdeprivetheirpoorerneighborsoftheirmostablecitizens.whilemammonisworshippedasneverbefore,therichgetrichersandthepoor,poorer.

8.communicationandlanguage

oneofthefirstthingswethinkaboutwhenwehearthewordcommunicationlanguage.therearethousandsoflanguagesspokenaroundtheworldtoday.infact,linguistissaythattheremaybeasmanyas10000.

speakingwithothersisanimportantmeansofcommunication,butwecanalsocommunicatewithoutusingwords,thatisbynonverbalcommunication.nonverbalcommunicationincludesvoicequality,eyesmovement,facialexpreionandbodymovementssuchasgesturesandchangeinbodyposition.butmanypeopledonotrealizethateveryoneusesnonverbalcommunication.sometimes,we―say‖morewithourfaceandgesturesthatwedowithourvoices.

books,magazines,newspapers,radio,television,areothermeansofcommunication.todaywecanalsocommunicateoverlongdistancewiththehelpofcommunicationssatellites.somescientistssaythatsoonmachineswillbedevelopedforsendingmeagethroughtheearth.thetechnologynecearytobuildthesemachinesisverycomplex.butthelanguagewespeakeverydayismuchmorecomplexthanthemostmoderncommunicationtechnology.

9.cooperationgoeswithcompetition

inourtimes,cooperationandcompetitionspreadovertheworld.bothofthemspeedupthewheelofeconomyandenrichtheintelligenceofmankind.itispoibletoaccomplishacomplicatedprogrambyonlyonepersonnow.asweknow,themorecooperationacompanydependson,themoreefficientitwillbecomeinbusine.furthermore,wecan’tavoidcompetitioninourexchanges.fromtimetotime,wecompareourselveswithothers,expectingtocatchupwithothers.thisisthespiritofcompetition,bywhichwepursuethehighestgoal.itisonlybycompetitioninthemarketthatacompanycanraiseitsreputation.wereitnotforcompetition,say,allofuswouldnotenjoywhatwehaveachieved.

10.theriseofintellectualpropertyprotection

intellecturalpropertyscarcelyexistedinthevocabulariesofacademicresearchersandadministratorseven15yearsago.nowitisanever-presentpartofdiscuionsonresearchpoliciesanddirections.thisnewimportanceofintellectualpropertyinacademiareflectsachangingviewontherrelationshipsofresearchatuniversitiestothesurroundingsociety.untilrecently,researchatuniversitieshasbeenrelativelyisolatedfromdemandsofeconomicutility,andeducationofgraduatestudentshasemphasizedacareerinacademicresearchasthefinalgoal.nowalmostallresearchuniversitiesintheunitedstateshavetechnologylicensingoperations.thenumberofu.s.patentsgrantedtoamericanuniversitiesinayearrosefromabout300in1980toalmost2000in1995.thedirecteconomicimpactof6

technologylicensingontheuniversitiesthemselveshasbeenrelativelysmall.incontrast,theimpactofuniversitytechnologytransferonthelocalandnationaleconomieshasbeensubstantial,andleadstotheconcusionthatthelicensingact()isoneofthemostsuccefulpiecesofeconomicdevelopmentinrecenthistory.ithasbeenestimatedthatmorethan200000jobshavebeencreatedintheunitedstatesinproductdevelopmentandmanufacturingofproductsfromuniversitylicenses,withthenumberincreasingfairlyrapidlyasthelicensesmature.

intellectualpropertytermshavebecomevitallyimportant.thecompanywantstobeauredthatitcanusetheresultsoftheresearch-andthattheseresultswillnotbeavailabletotheircompetitors.butmostuniversitiesinsistthattransferofresearchresultsiskeytotheiridentityandmiionandwillnotagreetokeeptheprojectresultssecret.thekeytoresolvingthisdilemmanistograntpatents:theuniversitywillpublishtheresults,butwillfirstagreetofilepatentsthatwillprotectthecompany’sprivilegeinthecommercialmarketplace.11.generationgap

despitevariousimprovementsinallaspectsofsociallife,thegenerationgapbetweenthegrown-upandtheyoungremainsunbridged.instead,itgrowswiderapart.nowadays,theyouthsdonotblindlyfollowwhattheireldersay.owingtowidespreadedcuation,theinfluenceofwesterncivilization,tocertainextent,givesthemanewcodeofphilosophy,whichiscompletelydifferentfromthatoftheirelders.aninvisiblecoldwallthusappearsbetweenthetwogenerations.modernyouthsaretryingtobemorerevolutionary.theyhavetheirowninterpretationfrodifferentmatters;theyalsohavetheirownideals.theirreluctancetolearnoldteachingandsayingsbecomestheconstantfrictionbetweenthetwogenerations.theyalwaysintroducenewchanges.however,theoldpeople,weddedtoeverythingofthepast,arehostiletochangesandthegenerationgapbecomeswiderandwider.

afterall,theyounggeneration,liketheoldone,ismadeoffleshandblood.theyoungalsoneedrespectandtheyalsohaveskillsandgoodideas.inordertonarrowthegap,bothgroupsshouldtrytounderstandeachother.mostprobably,thesesuggestionsmayhelptosolvetheproblem.

12.shouldmenandwomenbeequal?

shouldmenandwomenbeequal?thisisaquestionmuchtalkedaboutbymanypeople.someholdtheopinionthatmenaresuperirotowomeninmanyways.foronething,manyajobmendocanhardlybedonebywomen,whoarephysicallynotstrongenough;andforanother,mostoftheword-famousscientistsorstatemenarefoundtobemales.moreover,thewholehumansocietyseemstohaveallalongbeendominatedbymenonly.isn’titevidentenoughtoshowthatmenarealotstrongerthanwomen?hence,theformershouldenjoymorerightsthanthelatter.

otherpeople,however,thinkquitedifferentlyonthisquestion.theyfirmlybelievethatmenandwomenarebornequal.andwomenarecertainlyastalentedasmeniftheyaregivenequalopportunitiesofeducation.isn’titafactknowntousallthatwomenhavebeenworkingsidebysidewithmeninchinaandelsewhereinthewordl?liketheirmenfolks,theyhavebeendistinguishingthemselvesnotonlyinresearchinstitutions,butingovernmentbodiesandotherorganizationsaswell.personally,iamfirmlystandingonthesideofthosewomen’srightsdefenders.sincemenandwomenareplayinganequallyimportantroleinallhumanactivities,whyshouldnottheybeonanequalfooting?furthermore,fromtimeimmemorial,therehavebeentwosexgroups,namely,menandwomen.ourhumansocietycoulddefinitelynothaveexistedoradvancedwithouteitherofthem.isitwonderthatmenandwomenoughttobeequalandenjoyequalrightsaccordingly?

13.computerandman

itisbelievedthatthecomputercandoalmosteverything.atthetimethecomputerwasinvented,scientists,carriedawaybyitscalculatingspeed,feltthattheyhadcreatedamiracle.it7

wasgraduallyusednotnolyinmathematics,physics,chemisryandastronomy,butinplaceslikethelibrary,hospitalandmilitaryarmytoreplacetheworkofman.fortheworkofman.forthisreason,thecomputerwasentiled―electronicbrain‖intermsofappreciation.

canmanbecontrolledbycomputers?theanswerisnegative.althoughacomputerworksmuchfasterandaccuratelythanman,afactisundeniable;itisdesigned,manufacturedandprogrammedbyman,andthereforebyhumanbeings.ofcourse,sciencefictionshavemadeupmanyfascinatingstoriesaboutacomputer,orratherrobot,whoconquersmanandtheearth,eventhewholeuniverse;however,theyareonlyunrealisticimaginatio.ahorsehelpsmanalotrunsmuchfasterthanwe,butitisonlyaslave.

thefutureforthecomputerisverypromising.withthehelpofit,wecandothingsthatcouldnotbedonebefore.conqueringtheuniverse,discoveringnewthings,explainingmysteruiysphenomenapuzzlingusatpresentareallmadepoiblebycomputer.

14.whatkindoflifetolive-realisticorromantic?

therehasalwaysbeenanargumentbetweentheyoungandtheoldaboutwhatkindoflifetolive-realisticorromantic.youngpeopletendtothinkrealthinkthatreallofeisasdramaticandfascimatingasitisinthenovelsandmovieswhilemoreexperienedadultsthinkthisna?vedaydreamiscertaintobebrokenbylaterexperiencesandeveryoneshouldlearntogetusedtothedull