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書(shū)山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-吉林工程職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Havingfinishedtheirmorningwork,theclerksstoodupbehindtheirdesks,(

)themselves.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.expanding

B.prolonging

C.stretching

D.extending

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)expand“擴(kuò)大,增加”;B選項(xiàng)prolong“延長(zhǎng),拉長(zhǎng)”;C選項(xiàng)stretch“伸展”;D選項(xiàng)extend“延伸”。此處表示“伸展身體”,因此選C。句意:早上的工作做完后,職員們站在桌子后面伸展身體。

2.單選題

Theship’sgeneratorbrokedown,andthepumpshadtobeoperated______insteadofmechanically.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.artificially

B.automatically

C.manually

D.synthetically

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.artificially人造地,人為地B.automatically自動(dòng)地,機(jī)械地

C.manually手動(dòng)地D.synthetically綜合地,合成地

【考查點(diǎn)】副詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)insteadof(而不是)可知,空格處和mechanically(機(jī)械地)是相對(duì)立的,所以要表示“人工的,手動(dòng)的”,C項(xiàng)符合。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】A、B、D項(xiàng)不符合句意。

【句意】這艘船的發(fā)電機(jī)壞了,水泵不得不用人工而不是機(jī)械操作。

3.單選題

Musiccomesinmanyforms;mostcountrieshaveastyleoftheirown.(1)theturnofthecenturywhenjazzwasborn,Americahadnoprominent(2)ofitsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas(3),orbywhom.Butitbegantobe(4)intheearly1900s.JazzisAmericascontributionto(5)music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic,which(6)formalEuropeantraditions,jazzisspontaneousandfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy,(7)themoods,interests,andemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920sjazz(8)likeAmerica,and(9)itdoestoday.The(10)ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic(11).AmericanNegroes,orblacks,astheyarecalledtoday,werethejazz(12).TheywerebroughttoSouthernStates(13)slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong(14).WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendandrelatives(15)aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNewOrleans,abandoftenaccompaniedthe(16).Onthewaytothecemeterythebandplayedslow,solemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion.(17)onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Deathhadremovedoneoftheir(18),butthelivingweregladtobealive.Thebandplayed(19)music,improvisingonboththeharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes(20)atthefuneral.Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformofjazz.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.By

B.At

C.In

D.On

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.music

B.song

C.melody

D.style

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.discovered

B.acted

C.invented

D.designed

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.noticed

B.found

C.listened

D.heard

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.classical

B.sacred

C.popular

D.light

問(wèn)題6選項(xiàng)

A.forms

B.follows

C.approaches

D.introduces

問(wèn)題7選項(xiàng)

A.expressing

B.explaining

C.exposing

D.illustrating

問(wèn)題8選項(xiàng)

A.appeared

B.felt

C.seemed

D.sounded

問(wèn)題9選項(xiàng)

A.as

B.so

C.either

D.neither

問(wèn)題10選項(xiàng)

A.origins

B.originals

C.discoveries

D.resources

問(wèn)題11選項(xiàng)

A.concerned

B.itself

C.available

D.oneself

問(wèn)題12選項(xiàng)

A.players

B.followers

C.fans

D.pioneers

問(wèn)題13選項(xiàng)

A.for

B.as

C.with

D.by

問(wèn)題14選項(xiàng)

A.months

B.weeks

C.hours

D.times

問(wèn)題15選項(xiàng)

A.demonstrated

B.composed

C.hosted

D.formed

問(wèn)題16選項(xiàng)

A.demonstration

B.procession

C.body

D.march

問(wèn)題17選項(xiàng)

A.Even

B.Therefore

C.Furthermore

D.But

問(wèn)題18選項(xiàng)

A.number

B.members

C.body

D.relations

問(wèn)題19選項(xiàng)

A.sad

B.solemn

C.happy

D.funeral

問(wèn)題20選項(xiàng)

A.whistled

B.sung

C.presented

D.showed

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:C

第6題:B

第7題:A

第8題:D

第9題:A

第10題:A

第11題:B

第12題:D

第13題:B

第14題:C

第15題:D

第16題:B

第17題:D

第18題:D

第19題:C

第20題:C

【解析】1.考查介詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)By“通過(guò)”;B選項(xiàng)At“在……時(shí)”;C選項(xiàng)In“在……里面”;D選項(xiàng)On“在……上面”。attheturnofthecentury表示的是“在本世紀(jì)初”這一具體時(shí)間,只有at符合。句意:在爵士樂(lè)誕生的世紀(jì)之交。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)music“音樂(lè)”;B選項(xiàng)song“歌曲”;C選項(xiàng)melody“旋律”;D選項(xiàng)style“風(fēng)格”。根據(jù)上文所說(shuō)的大多數(shù)國(guó)家都有自己的音樂(lè)風(fēng)格“style”,而美國(guó)卻沒(méi)有自己突出的,后面也應(yīng)該是風(fēng)格。句意:美國(guó)沒(méi)有自己的突出風(fēng)格。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)discovered“發(fā)現(xiàn)”;B選項(xiàng)acted“行動(dòng)”;C選項(xiàng)invented“發(fā)明”;D選項(xiàng)designed“設(shè)計(jì)”。句意:沒(méi)有人知道爵士樂(lè)是什么時(shí)候發(fā)明的,由誰(shuí)發(fā)明的。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)noticed“注意”;B選項(xiàng)found“找到”;C選項(xiàng)listened“聽(tīng)”,后面需接介詞to;D選項(xiàng)heard“聽(tīng)到”。句意:它是在20世紀(jì)初開(kāi)始被人聽(tīng)到的。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)classical“古典的”;B選項(xiàng)sacred“神圣的”;C選項(xiàng)popular“流行的”;D選項(xiàng)light“輕的”。popularmusic是指“流行音樂(lè)”,與classicalmusic“古典音樂(lè)”相對(duì),爵士樂(lè)是流行音樂(lè)的一種。句意:爵士樂(lè)是美國(guó)對(duì)流行音樂(lè)的貢獻(xiàn)。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

6.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)forms“形成”;B選項(xiàng)follows“遵循”;C選項(xiàng)approaches“接近”;D選項(xiàng)introduces“引入”。句意:與遵循正規(guī)的歐洲傳統(tǒng)的古典音樂(lè)相比。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

7.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)expressing“表達(dá)”;B選項(xiàng)explaining“解釋”;C選項(xiàng)exposing“揭露”;D選項(xiàng)illustrating“說(shuō)明”。句意:表達(dá)人們的情緒、興趣和情感。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.考查系動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)appeared“表現(xiàn)得”;B選項(xiàng)felt“感覺(jué)是”;C選項(xiàng)seemed“看起來(lái)”;D選項(xiàng)sounded“聽(tīng)起來(lái)”。句意:20世紀(jì)20年代的爵士樂(lè)聽(tīng)起來(lái)很像美國(guó)風(fēng)格。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

9.考查連詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)as“正如”;B選項(xiàng)so“所以”;C選項(xiàng)either“或者”;D選項(xiàng)neither“也不”。句意:現(xiàn)在爵士樂(lè)也是如此。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

10.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)origins“起源”;B選項(xiàng)originals“原創(chuàng)”;C選項(xiàng)discoveries“發(fā)現(xiàn)”;D選項(xiàng)resources“資源”。句意:這種音樂(lè)的起源。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

11.考查反身代詞。A選項(xiàng)concerned“關(guān)心的”;B選項(xiàng)itself“它自己”;C選項(xiàng)available“可獲得的”;D選項(xiàng)oneself“自己”。句意:這種音樂(lè)的起源和音樂(lè)本身一樣有趣。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

12.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)players“玩家”;B選項(xiàng)followers“追隨者”;C選項(xiàng)fans“粉絲”;D選項(xiàng)pioneers“先鋒”。句意:美國(guó)黑人是爵士樂(lè)的先鋒。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

13.考查介詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)for“為了”;B選項(xiàng)as“作為”;C選項(xiàng)with“和……一起”;D選項(xiàng)by“通過(guò)”。句意:他們作為奴隸被帶到南方各州。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

14.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)months“月份”;B選項(xiàng)weeks“周”;C選項(xiàng)hours“時(shí)間”;D選項(xiàng)times“次數(shù)”。句意:他們被賣給種植園主,被迫長(zhǎng)時(shí)間工作。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

15.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)demonstrated“論證”;B選項(xiàng)composed“組成”,后面接of;C選項(xiàng)hosted“主持”;D選項(xiàng)formed“形成”。句意:他的朋友和親戚會(huì)形成一個(gè)游行隊(duì)伍。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

16.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)demonstration“示范”;B選項(xiàng)procession“隊(duì)伍”;C選項(xiàng)body“身體”;D選項(xiàng)march“行進(jìn)”。句意:游行隊(duì)伍通常由樂(lè)隊(duì)伴奏。上句提到形成隊(duì)伍,本句意為這樣的隊(duì)伍經(jīng)常伴隨有一支樂(lè)隊(duì)。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

17.考查轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。A選項(xiàng)Even“甚至”;B選項(xiàng)Therefore“因此”;C選項(xiàng)Furthermore“此外”;D選項(xiàng)But“但是”。句意:但在回家的路上,氣氛變了。上句說(shuō)在去墓地的路上,樂(lè)隊(duì)演奏緩慢的、莊重的音樂(lè)以便和悲痛的場(chǎng)合相配合。而本句說(shuō)在回來(lái)的路上,情緒變化了。所以這兩句之間應(yīng)該是轉(zhuǎn)折的關(guān)系。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

18.考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)number“數(shù)字”;B選項(xiàng)members“成員”;C選項(xiàng)body“身體”;D選項(xiàng)relations“親戚”。句意:死神帶走了他們的一個(gè)親人。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

19.考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)sad“傷心的”;B選項(xiàng)solemn“莊嚴(yán)的”;C選項(xiàng)happy“開(kāi)心的”;D選項(xiàng)funeral“喪葬的”。句意:在葬禮上,樂(lè)隊(duì)演奏了歡快的音樂(lè)。跟上句中提到的slow和solemn相對(duì)應(yīng)。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

20.考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)whistled“吹口哨”;B選項(xiàng)sung“唱歌”;C選項(xiàng)presented“表演”;D選項(xiàng)showed“展示”。句意:即興演奏了葬禮上表演的和聲和旋律。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.單選題

Ifyoureinstateold-fashionedvaluesaboutmoneyandwork,youcangiveyourchildrenapreciousgift:thekeytoself-sufficiency.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.resolve

B.resort

C.redress

D.restore

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)resolve“決定;溶解;決心要做……”;B選項(xiàng)resort“求助;訴諸;采取某手段或方法(其一般需后接介詞to)”;C選項(xiàng)redress“救濟(jì);賠償;糾正”;D選項(xiàng)restore“恢復(fù);修復(fù);歸還”。句意:如果你……舊式的金錢和工作價(jià)值觀,你可以給你的孩子一份珍貴的禮物:自給自足的鑰匙。根據(jù)后面的賓語(yǔ)old-fashionedvalues“老式的價(jià)值觀”,If引導(dǎo)的虛擬句,根據(jù)后面的結(jié)果來(lái)看能夠給孩子一份珍貴的禮物,保證自給自足。由此可知,這一舊式的金錢和工作價(jià)值觀是可取的。所以需要將過(guò)時(shí)的事物重新拾起,進(jìn)行運(yùn)用。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.單選題

Asenseofsmellissomethingwearebornwith.Orisit?

Untilrecentlyscientistsbelievedthatthecommonsenseviewwaswrong:researchhadsuggestedthatwelearntodistinguishbetweenpleasantandunpleasantsmellsbyexperience.Fromearlyexperimentsthatinvolvedaskingchildrenbetweenthreeandfiveyearsoldwhattheythoughtofcertainsmells,researchersconcludedthatchildrenmustlearntheirappreciationofpleasantandunpleasantsmellsastheygetolder,ratherthanbeingbornwithit.Oneofthemostsurprisingresultsofthesetestswasthatthechildrensaidtheylikedthesmelloffaecesnearlyasoftenastheysaidtheylikedbanana.

PsychologistHilarySchmidtunderstandablyfoundthisresearchhardtoaccept.Shelookedatthewaythetestswereconducted,andappliedlessonsfromotherworkonchildpsychologytodesignherownexperiments.Shenotedthatchildrenyoungerthanfivewilloftenanswer‘Yes’toleadingquestionseveniftheanswersarecontradictory.Shethereforedecidedtosetherexperimentupasagame.SheaskedthechildreniftheywouldgiveaparticularsmellythingtoOscartheGrouch,apopulartelevisioncharacterwholivesinadustbinandlikes‘smelly’things,ortoBigBird,anothertelevisioncharacterwholikes‘nice’things.Shefoundthatthechildrendistinguishedbetweenpleasantandunpleasantsmellsinmuchthesamewayasanadult.Withthehelpofyoungerandyoungersubjects,shehopestoshedlightontheimportanceoftheinheritedcomponentofthesense.

Childrenyoungerthansevenoreightarenotoriouslybadatrecognizingwhatanobjectisfromitsshapealone.Schmidtpointstoanexperimentshehascarriedoutwithchildrenunderfivewhoweregivenalargestyrofoamballandasmall,butheavy,leadballtocompare.Aftertheyhadachancetofeelthetwo,shetooktheballsaway,andshowedthemanotherpairofStyrofoamandleadball.Whensheaskedthemwhichofthetwowouldbetheheavier,theyinvariablypointedtotheStyrofoamballjustbecauseitwasbigger.Despitetheirearlierexperience,theyhadnotgraspedtheideaofwhatanobjectismadeof—itssubstance—aswellassizeandshape.Butinotherexperimentswhensheintroducedodors,shefoundthatchildrenunderfiveunderstoodthatsmellwasanimportantcharacteristicofsubstance,andchildrencoulduseascenttorecognizesubstanceirrespectiveoftheshapeorsizeinwhichitwaspresentedtothem.

Schmidthasalsofoundthatgirlsaremoresensitivetosmellthanboys.Thesexdifferenceiswellknowninadults,butnotinchildren.Explainingthedifferenceinadultshascenteredonthesuggestionthatasgirlsgetolder,theytendtotakepartinactivitiessuchascooking,whichtrainthemtodistinguishbetweensmells.Anothersuggestionwasthatafterpuberty,femalehormonesbringaboutsomechangeintheolfactoryequipment.ButSchmidt’sobservationsthatthesexdifferenceexistsinchildrendoesnotfitinwitheitherexplanation.

31.Accordingtothetext,itiswell-knownthatoursenseofsmellis______.

32.WhichwouldHilarySchmidtmostprobablyagreeto?

33.Schmidt’sstyrofoamandleadballexperimentshowsthatyoungerchildren______.

34.Theword“subjects”(Para.3)mostprobablymeans______.

35.Fromthelastsentenceofthetext,wecaninferthatSchmidtmay______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.acquired

B.trained

C.inherent

D.tested

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thecontradictoryanswersofchildrenarehardtounderstand.

B.Childreninagamehaveaquickerresponsetopromptingquestions.

C.Youngerchildrenhaveastrongersenseofsmellthanolderones.

D.Inexperimentschildren’sanswersmaysometimesbeunreliable.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.relyonearlierexperiencesinjudginganobject

B.areinsensitivetosize,weightandshape

C.cannotrecognizethesizeofstyrofoamballs

D.canunderstandwhattheballismadeof

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.pupils

B.adults

C.children

D.researchers

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.overthrowtheexistingtheoriesconcerningthesexdifferenceinsmelling

B.supportthesecondexplanationthathormonesplayarole

C.thinkthatmaturegirlsarelesssensitivetosmellsthanchildren

D.agreethatchildren’ssensitivitytosmellisnurtured

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】31.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

31.Accordingtothetext,itiswell-knownthatoursenseofsmellis______.31.根據(jù)文章,眾所周知,我們的嗅覺(jué)是______。

A.acquiredA.后天習(xí)得的

B.trainedB.訓(xùn)練出來(lái)的

C.inherentC.與生俱來(lái)的

D.testedD.被測(cè)試的

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第二段第一句“研究表明,我們通過(guò)經(jīng)驗(yàn)(byexperience)學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分令人愉悅的和令人不快的氣味”,從中我們可知,嗅覺(jué)是后天通過(guò)經(jīng)驗(yàn)獲得的。所以,A項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提到,屬于無(wú)中生有;

C選項(xiàng)與文章相反,屬于反向干擾;

D選項(xiàng)只是實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容,屬于出處錯(cuò)位。

32.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

32.WhichwouldHilarySchmidtmostprobablyagreeto?32.希拉里?施密特最有可能同意哪一個(gè)?

A.Thecontradictoryanswersofchildrenarehardtounderstand.A.孩子們相互矛盾的回答讓人難以理解。

B.Childreninagamehaveaquickerresponsetopromptingquestions.B.游戲中的孩子對(duì)提示性問(wèn)題的反應(yīng)更快。

C.Youngerchildrenhaveastrongersenseofsmellthanolderones.C.小一點(diǎn)的孩子的嗅覺(jué)比大一點(diǎn)的孩子強(qiáng)。

D.Inexperimentschildren’sanswersmaysometimesbeunreliable.D.在實(shí)驗(yàn)中,孩子們的答案有時(shí)是不可靠的。

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第三段第三句“她指出,五歲以下的孩子通常會(huì)回答‘是’,即使答案是矛盾的”,從中可知,即便答案可能是矛盾的,孩子們?cè)诨卮饡r(shí)通常都會(huì)回答“是”,從而推斷,孩子們的答案并不是可靠的。因此,該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)定位第三段第一句“心理學(xué)家希拉里?施密特認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)研究難以接受是可以理解的(understandably)”可知,該項(xiàng)與原文相反,屬于反向干擾;

B選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提到,屬于無(wú)中生有;

C選項(xiàng)在文中并沒(méi)有進(jìn)行比較,屬于無(wú)中生有。

33.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

33.Schmidt’sstyrofoamandleadballexperimentshowsthatyoungerchildren______.33.施密特的泡沫塑料和鉛球?qū)嶒?yàn)表明,更小的孩子______。

A.relyonearlierexperiencesinjudginganobjectA.在判斷物體時(shí)依賴于早期的經(jīng)驗(yàn)

B.areinsensitivetosize,weightandshapeB.對(duì)大小、重量和形狀不敏感

C.cannotrecognizethesizeofstyrofoamballsC.無(wú)法識(shí)別聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料球的大小

D.canunderstandwhattheballismadeofD.能夠理解球是由什么制成的

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)第四段倒數(shù)第二句“盡管他們有過(guò)早期的經(jīng)驗(yàn),但他們并不了解物體是由什么物質(zhì)構(gòu)成的,也不了解物體的大小和形狀”,從中我們可知,施密特的泡沫塑料和鉛球?qū)嶒?yàn)表明,更小的孩子在判斷物體時(shí)對(duì)物體的大小、重量和形狀都不了解。因此,B項(xiàng)最符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)中的早期經(jīng)驗(yàn)并不是孩子們判斷物體的依據(jù),屬于曲解原文;

C選項(xiàng)不全面,屬于以偏概全;

D選項(xiàng)不符合原文,屬于反向干擾。

34.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

34.Theword“subjects”(Para.3)mostprobablymeans______.34.第三段的subjects一詞最有可能的意思是______。

A.pupilsA.小學(xué)生

B.adultsB.成年人

C.childrenC.孩子

D.researchersD.研究員

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】首先,根據(jù)題干定位到第三段最后一句“在越來(lái)越年輕的研究對(duì)象的幫助下,她希望闡明嗅覺(jué)的遺傳成分的重要性”,結(jié)合上一句“她發(fā)現(xiàn),孩子們能像成年人一樣區(qū)分好聞和壞聞”,從中我們可知,這項(xiàng)研究的對(duì)象是children;綜合理解,第三段的subjects指的就是孩子。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)文中沒(méi)提到,屬于無(wú)中生有;

B、D選項(xiàng)并不符合原文,屬于曲解原文。

35.【選項(xiàng)釋義】

35.Fromthelastsentenceofthetext,wecaninferthatSchmidtmay______.35.從文章的最后一句話,我們可以推斷施密特可能______。

A.overthrowtheexistingtheoriesconcerningthesexdifferenceinsmellingA.推翻了現(xiàn)有的關(guān)于性別差異的嗅覺(jué)理論

B.supportthesecondexplanationthathormonesplayaroleB.支持荷爾蒙起作用的第二種解釋

C.thinkthatmaturegirlsarelesssensitivetosmellsthanchildrenC.認(rèn)為成熟的女孩對(duì)氣味的敏感性不如兒童

D.agreethatchildren’ssensitivitytosmellisnurturedD.同意兒童嗅覺(jué)的敏感度是后天培養(yǎng)的

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】首先,定位至文章最后一句“但施密特關(guān)于兒童存在性別差異的觀察并不符合這兩種解釋”,其中的兩種解釋是指上文提到的關(guān)于性別差異對(duì)于嗅覺(jué)敏感度的影響在兒童中并不明顯的原因:一種認(rèn)為女孩參加諸如烹飪之類的活動(dòng)可以訓(xùn)練她們分辨氣味;另一種認(rèn)為女性荷爾蒙會(huì)使嗅覺(jué)器官發(fā)生一些變化。綜合理解可知,施密特對(duì)于兒童性別差異的觀察研究推翻了女孩比男孩對(duì)氣味更敏感這兩種解釋,A選項(xiàng)意思與之相近。因此,該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B、C選項(xiàng)與原文不符,屬于反向干擾;

D選項(xiàng)與該段沒(méi)有聯(lián)系,屬于出處錯(cuò)位。

6.翻譯題

中華民族歷來(lái)尊重人的尊嚴(yán)和價(jià)值。還在遙遠(yuǎn)的古代,我們的先人就已提出“民為貴”的思想,認(rèn)為“天生萬(wàn)物,唯人為貴”。一切社會(huì)的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步,都取決于人的發(fā)展和進(jìn)步,取決于人的尊嚴(yán)的維護(hù)和價(jià)值的發(fā)揮。今天中國(guó)所煥發(fā)出來(lái)的巨大活力,是中國(guó)人民擁有廣泛自由、民主的生動(dòng)寫照。

今天,中國(guó)人民堅(jiān)持走自己的路,進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)政治文化建設(shè),把祖國(guó)建設(shè)成為一個(gè)初步繁榮昌盛的社會(huì)主義國(guó)家。同時(shí),積極吸收和借鑒世界一切先進(jìn)的文明成果,這些成果對(duì)于中國(guó)的發(fā)展也起了重要的促進(jìn)作用。當(dāng)然,這種對(duì)外國(guó)文明的吸收和借鑒決不能是簡(jiǎn)單的模仿。中國(guó)既不能照抄西方資本主義國(guó)家的發(fā)展模式,也不能硬搬其他國(guó)家建設(shè)社會(huì)主義的模式,而必須走適合自己國(guó)情的發(fā)展道路。這就是建設(shè)有中國(guó)特色的社會(huì)主義的道路。中國(guó)人民將堅(jiān)定不移地沿著這條強(qiáng)國(guó)之路走下去。

【答案】TheChineseNationhasalwaysrespectedhumandignityandvalue.Evenintheancienttimes,ourancestorscameupwiththeideathat“peoplearethemostimportant.”Andtheybelievedthat“humansarethemostvaluableamongallthethingsthatHeavenfosters.”Developmentandprogressofasocietyhingeonthedevelopmentandprogressofhumans,anddependonhowwellhumandignityismaintainedandhowwellhumanvalueisrealized.TheimmensevitalitydisplayedbyChinatoday,isavividreflectionoftheextensivefreedomanddemocracyenjoyedbyChinesepeople.

Today,Chinesepeoplearestickingtotheirownroadtopursuethedevelopmentofeconomy,politicsandculture,turningourmotherlandintoasocialistcountrywithinitialprosperity.Meanwhile,wehaveearnestlyabsorbedanddrawnuponfruitsofadvancedworldcivilization,whichinturnhavegreatlypromotedthedevelopmentofChina.However,itmustbepointedoutthatsuchabsorptionandlearningprocessisbynomeansoneofsimpleimitation.ChinacannotcopythedevelopmentmodelofWesterncapitalistcountries,norcanitmechanicallyfollowothercountries’modelsofbuildingsocialism.Onthecontrary,wemustfollowadevelopmentroadthatissuitedtoournationalconditions.Thatis,theroadtobuildingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristics.TheChinesepeoplewillmoveforwardunswervinglyalongthisroad.

7.單選題

TheannualreviewofAmericancompanyboardpracticesbyKorn/Ferry,afirmofheadhunters,isausefulindicatorofthehealthofcorporategovernance.Thisyear’sreview,publishedonNovember12th,showsthattheSarbanes-Oxleyact,passedin2002totrytopreventarepeatofcorporatecollapsessuchasEnron’sandWorldCom’s,hashadanimpactontheboardroomalbeitatanaverageimplementationcostthatKorn/Ferryestimatesat$5.1mperfirm.

Twoyearsago,only41%ofAmericanfirmssaidtheyregularlyheldmeetingsofdirectorswithouttheirchiefexecutivepresent;thisyearthefigurewas93%.Butsomethingshavebeensurprisinglyunaffectedbythebacklashagainstcorporatescandals.Forexample,despiteagrowingfeelingthatformerchiefexecutivesshouldnotsitontheircompany’sboard,thepercentageofAmericanfirmswheretheydohasactuallyedgedup,from23%in2003to25%in2004.

Also,disappointinglyfewfirmshavesplitthejobsofchairmanandchideexecutive.AnothersurveyofAmericanboardspublishedthisweek,byA.T.Kearney,afirmofconsultants,foundthatin2002,14%oftheboardsofS&P500firmshadseparatedtheroles,andafurther16%saidtheyplannedtodoso.Butby2004only23%overallhadtakentheplunge.AsurveyearlierintheyearbyconsultantsatMcKinseyfoundthat70%ofAmericandirectorsandinvestorssupportedtheideaofsplittingthejobs,whichisstandardpracticeinEurope.

Anotherdisappointmentistheslowprogressinabolishing“staggered”boards—oneswhereonlyone-thirdofthedirectorsareupforre-electioneachyear,tothree-yearterms.Inventedasadefenseagainsttakeover,suchboards,accordingtoanewHarvardLawSchoolstudybyLucianBebchukandAlmaCohen,areunambiguously“associatedwithaneconomicallysignificantreductioninfirmvalue”.

Despitethis,thepercentageofS&P500firmswithstaggeredboardshasfallenonlyslightlyfrom63%in2001to60%in2003,accordingtotheInvestorResponsibilityResearchCentre.Andmanyofthosefirmsthathavebeenforcedbyshareholderstoabolishthesystemaredoingsoonlyslowly.Merck,apharmaceuticalcompanyintroubleoverthepossibleside-effectsofitsarthritisdrugVioxx,isallowingitsdirectorstoruntheirdulltermbeforeintroducingasysteminwhichtheyareallre-elected(orotherwise)annually.Othercompanies’staggeredboardsareentrenchedintheircorporatecharters,whichcannotbeamendedbyashareholders’vote.Anyonewhoexpectedthescandalsof2001tobringaboutrapidchangeinthebalanceofpowerbetweenmanagersandownerswas,atbest,naive.

1.TheSarbanes-Oxleyactismostprobablyabout().

2.Theword“backlash”(Line3,Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans().

3.Accordingtothetext,separatingtherolesbetweenchairmanandchiefexecutiveis().

4.Welearnfromthetextthata“staggered”board().

5.TowardtheboardpracticeofAmericancompanies,thewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe().

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.corporatescandal

B.corporatemanagement

C.corporatecost

D.corporategovernance

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.aviolentforce

B.astrongimpetus

C.afirmmeasure

D.astrongnegativereaction

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.acommonpracticeinAmericancompanies

B.whatmanyEuropeancompaniesdo

C.amusttokeepthehealthofacompany

D.notapopularideaamongAmericanentrepreneurs

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.isadversetotheincrementoffirmvalue

B.givesitsboardmemberstoomuchpower

C.hasbeenabolishedbymostAmericancompanies

D.canbevoteddownbyshareholders

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.biased

B.pessimistic

C.objective

D.critical

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段,獵頭公司“光輝國(guó)際”(Korn/Ferry)對(duì)美國(guó)公司董事會(huì)做法的年度評(píng)估是了解公司治理狀況的一個(gè)有用指標(biāo)。薩班斯-奧克斯利法案是為了防止出現(xiàn)像安然和世通等公司垮掉那樣的情況。由此可推斷,該法案是關(guān)于治理公司的,選項(xiàng)D正確。

2.詞語(yǔ)辨析題。根據(jù)句意:一些事情并未受到企業(yè)丑聞強(qiáng)烈負(fù)面反應(yīng)的影響?!癰acklash”指強(qiáng)烈的負(fù)面反應(yīng),選項(xiàng)D正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第三段的最后一句“70%ofAmericandirectorsandinvestorssupportedtheideaofsplittingthejobs,whichisstandardpracticeinEurope.”70%的美國(guó)董事和投資者支持分職的想法,這在歐洲是一種慣例。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句“...suchboards,...,areunambiguously“associatedwithaneconomicallysignificantreductioninfirmvalue.”這種(交錯(cuò))董事會(huì)是為了防范收購(gòu)而發(fā)明的,但它顯然“與公司價(jià)值的顯著降低有關(guān)”。由此可知,“staggered”board不利于企業(yè)價(jià)值的增長(zhǎng),選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

5.作者觀點(diǎn)題。根據(jù)原文,作者在第三、四段表達(dá)了對(duì)美國(guó)公司董事會(huì)感到失望,因?yàn)樗鼈冏兓徛?。說(shuō)明作者對(duì)美國(guó)公司的董事會(huì)是持批評(píng)的態(tài)度,選項(xiàng)D正確。

8.翻譯題

當(dāng)前我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的勢(shì)頭良好,經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)基本做到了速度、質(zhì)量和效益的平衡。但是,我們應(yīng)該淸醒地看到,世界上沒(méi)有一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展會(huì)長(zhǎng)盛不衰,會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)保持高速度,中國(guó)也不例外。改革開(kāi)放取得的成就是有目共睹的,但是,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)的變化,又出現(xiàn)了一些新的矛盾和問(wèn)題,比如,國(guó)企改革問(wèn)題、失業(yè)率高問(wèn)題、金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)問(wèn)題以及生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞問(wèn)題等。這些問(wèn)題都需要我們高度重視,盡快找到有效的解決辦法。

【答案】Oureconomyisdoingreallywell;wehavebasicallystruckabalancebetweenspeed,qualityandeconomicbenefitintermsofeconomicgrowth.Butweshouldbesoberlyawarethatthereisnocountryintheworldthatcanperpetuateaneconomicboomandhigh-speedgrowth,soChinawillnotbeanexception.TheachievementsofChina’sreformandopening-uphavebeenthereforalltosee,butastheeconomicclimatechanges,somenewcontradictionsandproblemsemergesagain,suchasthereformofthestate-ownedenterprises,highunemploymentrate,financialrisk,ecologicalandenvironmentaldamage,etc.Alloftheseproblemsrequireustopayhighattentiontoandfindeffectivesolutionsassoonaspossible.

9.單選題

Cananovelistremain______totheproblemsoftheworldinwhichhelives?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.impartial

B.indifferent

C.careless

D.detached

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)impartial“公正的,沒(méi)有偏見(jiàn)的”,B項(xiàng)indifferent“冷漠的,漠不關(guān)心的”,C項(xiàng)careless“粗心的,無(wú)憂無(wú)慮的”,D項(xiàng)detached“分離的,分開(kāi)的”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞novelist“小說(shuō)家”和theproblemsoftheworldinwhichhelives“自己所生活的世界的問(wèn)題”可知,A項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境。句意:小說(shuō)家能對(duì)他所處世界上的問(wèn)題不偏不倚嗎?因此,該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

10.單選題

Thefiremanhada____escapewhenastaircasecollapsedbeneathhisfeet.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.close

B.narrow

C.hard

D.near

【答案】B

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.close即將發(fā)生的,幾近的B.narrow很險(xiǎn)的(逃脫)

C.hard艱難的D.near靠近的

【考查點(diǎn)】形容詞辨析

【解題思路】后文提到“消防隊(duì)員腳下的樓梯倒塌”,而空格處是修飾“逃生”的形容詞,由此可知,這個(gè)消防員是死里逃生,過(guò)程很險(xiǎn),差點(diǎn)就沒(méi)有成功,B選項(xiàng)narrow“很險(xiǎn)的(逃脫)”最符合語(yǔ)義。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)close“即將發(fā)生的,幾近的”,如果填入這個(gè)詞的話,需要做表語(yǔ),并與介詞to連用,意思是消防員差一點(diǎn)就逃生了,即他沒(méi)有逃生成功;

C選項(xiàng)hard“艱難的”,沒(méi)有B選項(xiàng)符合語(yǔ)境;

D選項(xiàng)near“靠近的”,不符合語(yǔ)境。

【句意】當(dāng)消防隊(duì)員腳下的樓梯倒塌時(shí),他死里逃生。

11.單選題

FossilsofplantthathavebeenextinctforfiftymillionyearshavebeenfoundinlargedepositsofamberneartheBalticSea.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.plant

B.beenextinct

C.fiftymillionyear

D.near

【答案】A

【解析】根據(jù)題中的“havebeen”可知,plant應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù),句意:已經(jīng)滅絕了五千萬(wàn)年的化石植物在靠近波羅的海的大型湖泊沉積物中發(fā)現(xiàn)了。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

12.單選題

Thosepersonswhosereligious()heavilyreliedonrituals,suchasinfantbap-

tism,weremorelikelytosupporttheDemocrats.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.confession

B.condemnation

C.establishment

D.acknowledgement

【答案】A

【解析】名詞辨析。句意:那些宗教()極為依賴諸如嬰兒洗禮等儀式的人更可能支持民主黨。A選項(xiàng)confession懺悔,承認(rèn);B選項(xiàng)condemnation譴責(zé),定罪;C選項(xiàng)establishment建立;D選項(xiàng)acknowledgement承認(rèn),確認(rèn)。A選項(xiàng)confession符合句意。

13.案例題

ToyotaRecallsToyotaMotorhasalwaysbeenfanaticalaboutfrugality,andformanyyearsthatwasgoodforboththecompanyanditscustomers.ThisisaJapanesecarmakerthatroutinelyturneddowntheheatatitsemployeedormitoriesduringworkinghoursandlabeledphotocopymachineswiththecostpercopytodiscourageoveruse.Itsengineerscollaboratedwithsupplierstoextractcost-savingswithoutcompromisingquality.YetbythemiddleofthelastdecadeToyota'svirtuehadbecomeavice.

SosaycurrentandformerautoexecutiveswhoaretryingtograsphowToyota,withitsgold-platedreputationforengineeringexcellence,slippeduponsuchascale,with8millioncarsrecalledduetomechanicalfailureslinkedbyU.S.regulatorsto51deaths.Beforecompanyofficialsknewthatrunawayaccelerationwascausingcrashes,oneoftheseexecutivessays,asimplemanufacturingprocesswouldsometimesignitesmallfiresinacomponentasadirectresultofcomer-cutting,itwasjustoneearlysignthatthefocusoncostreductionhadgonetoofar.

Thoseproductionmishapsoccurredin2006,ayearaftercompanyPresidentKatsuakiWatanabeboastedabouthavingsqueezedmorethan$10billionfromglobaloperatingcostsintheprevioussixyears—thisdespiteanimpressiverunofprofitgrowthandglobalmaricetsharegainsinthemiddleofthelastdecade.ThenToyotapushedevenharderformorecuts.ItaskedsupplierstodesignpartsforitsCamiymidsizesedanthatwere10%cheaperand10%lighter.Thecompany'stopU.S.executive,JimPress,warnedhisbossesinJapanthatvehiclequalitywasslipping,accordingtoaslidepresentationU.S.Senateinvestigatorsunearthedintheirsudden-accelerationprobe.Buthiswarninghadnoapparenteffect.

TheredesignedCamrybroughtoutin2006hadanembarrassingflawinitsheadliner,thefabricandcompositeliningthatcoverstheinsideroofofthecar.Underpressuretocutcosts,theleadCamrysupplier,Toyota-afTiliatedToyotaBoshoku,choseacarbonfibermaterialthathadn'tbeenapprovedbyToyotaengineers,accordingtoanexecutivewhoworkedontheredesign.Theheadlinerismadebycompressinglayersofmaterialstogetherusingacertainamountofheattomoldit.Inthiscase,thecarbonfiberrequiredsomuchheatthattheheadlinerwouldcatchfire.

Toyotafixedthatproblem,butwhenaNorthAmericanpartssupplierinterestedinworkingwiththeautomakerdidateardownofa2007Camry,itsengineersweresurprisedbyhowmuchthetraditionalToyotacraftsmanshiphadbeenwatereddownbyyearsofnipsandtucks.Thepaddingintheceilingofthecar,thoughcompliantwithsafetyregulations,hadbeenthinnedouttosavemoney.Atrayforsunglassesusedaflimsiertypeofplasticthanpreviousmodels.“Itwasabare-bonescaratthatpoint,”saysoneexecutivewhodeclinedtobeidentifiedforfearofharmingbusinesstieswithToyota.

Toyotainsistsitsfocusoncosthasn'thurtconsumers.“It’snottruethatbyreducingcostyouautomaticallyreducequality,"saidJimWiseman,Toyota’svice-presidentforNorthAmericancorporatecommunications.“Everyautomakerhastostaycompetitiverelativetoprice.”

True,butprobablynotwiththeintensityToyotabroughttocost-cuttingandrapidexpansionunderthreesuccessivepresidents:HiroshiOkuda(1995-1999),FujiCho(1999-2005),andWatanabe(2005to2009).Toyotaexecutiveswillspendyearsmoppingupaftertheirmess.

Atlastcount,thecompanyfaced109classactionsand32individualcasesfiledincourtsintheU.S.andCanada.(Inawell-publicizedincidentonMar.8,theownerofa2008PriuslostcontrolofhiscaronaCaliforniainterstatehighwayandhadtoberescuedbypolice.)

WhatarethecausesforToyota’sglobalrecalls?Identifyboththedirectanddeepercauses.(8points)

Thiscaseillustratedtheproblemsofthegoalattainmentviewoforganizationaleffectiveness.Defineorganizationaleffectivenessanddiscussthelimitationsofthegoalattainmentview.(10points)

WhatdoyouthinkanorganizationcanlearnfromToyota’slessonsinachievingorganizationaleffectiveness?(8points)

【答案】ThedirectcausesaremechanicalfailureslinkedbyU.S.regulatorsto51deathsandthedeepercausesarethatToyotaMotor’sfocusoncostreductionhadgonetoofar,sothatthequalityofitsvehicleslipped.

Organizationaleffectivenessistheconceptofhoweffectiveanorganizationisinachievingtheoutcomestheorganizationintendstoproduce,andthelimitationofgoalattainmentviewisthatwesometimessetsomegoalswhicharebeyondourcurrentcapacity.

FromToyota’slessonsinachievingorganizationaleffectiveness,anorganizationcanlearnthatweshouldnotsetanygoalwhichisbeyondourcurrentcapacityorsacrificesomething,suchasthequalityofvehiclementionedinthispassage,toattainsomeunpracticalgoals,otherwise,therewillbeseriousconsequences.

14.單選題

Youwillhavetochangeyouroflifenowthatyouhavegotababy.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.mode

B.mound

C.mood

D.form

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)moden.模式,方式,風(fēng)格;B選項(xiàng)moundn.高地;土堆;土丘;C選項(xiàng)moodn.語(yǔ)氣,情緒,心境;D選項(xiàng)formn.形式,形態(tài),模式,表格。根據(jù)句意,現(xiàn)在有了孩子就應(yīng)該改變自己的生活方式。因此正確答案為A選項(xiàng)。

15.單選題

Wefinally()themusiciantoentertaininsteadoftheabsentspeaker.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.descendedupon

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