考研考博-英語-上海杉達(dá)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-上海杉達(dá)學(xué)院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共120題)1.單選題

Forgoodorill,globalizationhasbecometheeconomicbuzz-wordofthe1990s.Nationaleconomiesareundoubtedlybecomingsteadilymoreintegratedascross-borderflowsoftrade,investmentandfinancialcapitalincrease.Consumersarebuyingmoreforeigngoods,agrowingnumberoffirmsnowoperateacrossnationalborders,andsaversareinvestingmorethaneverbeforeinfar-flungplaces.

Whetherallofthisisforgoodorillisatopicofheateddebate.Onepositiveviewisthatglobalizationisanunmixedblessing,withthepotentialtoboostproductivityandlivingstandardseverywhere.Thisisbecauseagloballyintegratedeconomycanleadtoabetterdivisionoflaborbetweencountries,allowinglow-wagecountriestospecializeinlabor-intensivetaskswhilehigh-wagecountriesuseworkersinmoreproductiveways.Itwillallowfirmstoexploitbiggereconomiesofscale.Andwithglobalization,capitalcanbeshiftedtowhatevercountryoffersthemostproductiveinvestmentopportunities,nottrappedathomefinancingprojectswithpoorreturns.

Criticsofglobalizationtakeagloomierview.Theypredictthatincreasedcompetitionfromlow-wagedevelopingcountrieswilldestroyjobsandpushdownwagesintoday’sricheconomies.Therewillbearacetothebottomascountriesreducewages,taxes,welfarebenefitsandenvironmentalcontrolstomakethemselvesmorecompetitive.Pressuretocompetewillerodetheabilityofgovernmentstosettheirowneconomicpolicies.Thecriticsalsoworryabouttheincreasedpoweroffinancialmarketstocauseeconomichavoc,asintheEuropeancurrencycrisesof1992and1993,Mexicoin1994-1995andSouth-EastAsiain1997.

1.Nationaleconomiesarebecomingmoreintegratedasaresultof________.

2.Globalizationhasthepotentialtoboostproductivityandlivingstandardseverywherebecause________.

3.Accordingtothepositiveview,globalizationcan________.

4.Asaresultofglobalization,allofthefollowingmighthappenEXCEPT________.

5.Theauthorofthepassageholdsa/an________attitudetowardglobalization.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.moreandmoreconsumersgoingabroadtobuygoods

B.increasingflowsofcross-boardertrade,investmentandfinancialcapital

C.manycompaniesestablishingnewbusinesses

D.saversinvestingmoreindevelopedareasthanindevelopingcountries

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.itallowsfirmstoestablishmorebranchesinlow-wagecountries

B.itencouragesrichcountriestoprovidemoreeconomicsupporttopoorcountries

C.itenableslow-wagecountriestohavemorecross-bordertradeandinvestment

D.itmakeslaborsworkincountrieswheretheyaremostneededandbestused

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.allowlow-wagecountriestouseworkersinmoreproductiveways

B.helplow-wagecountriesgetridoflabor-intensiveeconomy

C.causecapitaltoshifttocountrieswherethereisgreatestfundshortage

D.enablefirmstoexploitbiggereconomiesofscale

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.unemploymentrateinricheconomiesmightincrease

B.environmentalproblemsinsomecountriesmightworsen

C.competitivenessoflow-wagecountriesmightweaken

D.economichavocmightoccurinsomepartsoftheworld

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.objective

B.pessimistic

C.optimistic

D.worried

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】1.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段第二句Nationaleconomiesareundoubtedlybecomingsteadilymoreintegratedascross-borderflowsoftrade,investmentandfinancialcapitalincrease.（隨著貿(mào)易、投資和金融資本的跨境流動增加，各國經(jīng)濟(jì)無疑正逐漸變得更加一體化。），可知各國經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的原因是B選項(xiàng)“跨境貿(mào)易、投資和金融資本流動增加”，A選項(xiàng)“越來越多的消費(fèi)者到國外購買商品”，C選項(xiàng)“許多公司正在建立新的業(yè)務(wù)”和D選項(xiàng)“發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的儲蓄者比發(fā)展中國家的儲蓄者投資更多”不符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第三句Thisisbecauseagloballyintegratedeconomycanleadtoabetterdivisionoflaborbetweencountries,allowinglow-wagecountriestospecializeinlabor-intensivetaskswhilehigh-wagecountriesuseworkersinmoreproductiveways.（這是因?yàn)槿蛞惑w化的經(jīng)濟(jì)可以導(dǎo)致國家之間更好地分工，使低工資國家能夠?qū)ｉT從事勞動密集型工作，而高工資國家以更富有成效的方式使用工人。），可知這是因?yàn)槿蛞惑w化讓分工更明確，從而使效率更高，D選項(xiàng)“它使勞動力在最需要和最有效利用的國家工作”正確。A選項(xiàng)“它允許公司在低工資國家建立更多的分支機(jī)構(gòu)”，B選項(xiàng)“它鼓勵富裕國家向貧窮國家提供更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)支持”和C選項(xiàng)“它使低工資國家有更多的跨境貿(mào)易和投資”不符合題意。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

3.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句Itwillallowfirmstoexploitbiggereconomiesofscale.（它將允許企業(yè)利用更大的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。），可知在積極派看來，D選項(xiàng)“使公司能夠開發(fā)更大的規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“允許低工資國家以更有效的方式使用工人”，B選項(xiàng)“幫助低工資國家擺脫勞動密集型經(jīng)濟(jì)”和C選項(xiàng)“導(dǎo)致資本轉(zhuǎn)移到資金短缺最嚴(yán)重的國家”文章沒有提到，故錯誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段第二句Theypredictthatincreasedcompetitionfromlow-wagedevelopingcountrieswilldestroyjobsandpushdownwagesintoday’sricheconomies.（他們預(yù)測，低工資的發(fā)展中國家競爭加劇，將破壞就業(yè)機(jī)會，壓低今天富裕經(jīng)濟(jì)體的工資水平。），可知全球化可能導(dǎo)致低工資國家的競爭力加強(qiáng)，富裕經(jīng)濟(jì)體的失業(yè)率上升，A選項(xiàng)“富裕經(jīng)濟(jì)體的失業(yè)率可能會上升”符合文章內(nèi)容，C選項(xiàng)“低工資國家的競爭力可能會減弱”錯誤。B選項(xiàng)“一些國家的環(huán)境問題可能會惡化”：根據(jù)第三段第三句countriesreducewages,taxes,welfarebenefitsandenvironmentalcontrolstomakethemselvesmorecompetitive（各國為了提高競爭力而削減工資、稅收、福利和環(huán)境控制），可知全球化可能加劇環(huán)境問題，符合文章內(nèi)容。D選項(xiàng)“有的地方可能會出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)混亂方”：根據(jù)文章最后一句Thecriticsalsoworryabouttheincreasedpoweroffinancialmarketstocauseeconomichavoc（批評者還擔(dān)心金融市場力量的增強(qiáng)會造成經(jīng)濟(jì)混亂），可知全球化可能造成經(jīng)濟(jì)混亂，符合文章內(nèi)容。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。作者講了樂觀者和悲觀者對全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的觀點(diǎn)，并沒有表達(dá)自己對此的看法，A選項(xiàng)“客觀的”正確。B選項(xiàng)“悲觀的”，C選項(xiàng)“樂觀的”和D選項(xiàng)“擔(dān)心的”不符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Reportersandphotographersaliketookgreat（

）attherudewaytheactorbehavedduringtheinterview.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.annoyance

B.offence

C.resentment

D.irritation

【答案】B

【解析】句意:記者和攝像師們都因?yàn)檫@個演員在采訪中的無禮行為而感到被冒犯。

名詞辨析。惱怒,生氣;offence冒犯;常用于短語takeoffenceatsth.表示“因?yàn)槟呈露械奖粋Α⒈幻胺浮?；resentment怨恨;irritation憤怒。因此根據(jù)句意及搭配推斷B項(xiàng)正確。

3.翻譯題

Incontrasttothescienceofclassicalantiquity,modernscienceisbasicallyunfinishedwhereasancientsciencehadtheappearanceofsomethingcompletedtowhichthenotionofprogresswasnotessential.Modernscienceprogressesintotheinfinite.Modernsciencehasrealizedthatafinishedandtotalworld-viewisscientificallyimpossible.Onlywhenscientificcriticismiscrippledbymakingparticularsabsolutecanaclosedviewoftheworldpretendtoscientificvalidity—andthenitisafalsevalidity.Thosegreatnewunifiedsystemsofknowledge—suchasmodernphysics—havegrownupinthescientifictimesonlywithsingleaspectsofreality.Andreality,asawhole,hasbeenfragmentedasneverbefore;whencetheopennessofthemodernworldiscontrasttotheclosedGreekcosmos.

【答案】和古典時代的科學(xué)相比，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)基本上是未完成狀態(tài)，然而古老科學(xué)有完成某樣?xùn)|西的表象，而且進(jìn)步的概念對此非常重要?，F(xiàn)代科學(xué)進(jìn)入無限境地?，F(xiàn)代科學(xué)已經(jīng)知道，完美無缺的世界觀在科學(xué)上是不可能的。只有當(dāng)科學(xué)批評因?yàn)榧?xì)節(jié)變成絕對而被削弱的時候，僵化自守的世界觀才會妄稱科學(xué)有效性一一然后，這個有效性也是虛假的。那些科學(xué)時代中偉大且新統(tǒng)一的知識體系一一比如現(xiàn)代物理——只在現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的某方面已經(jīng)逐漸發(fā)展。整體來看，現(xiàn)實(shí)已經(jīng)前所未有的支離破碎。于此，現(xiàn)代世界的開放性與封閉自守的希臘世界形成鮮明對比。

4.單選題

Inquiries（）theconditionofpatientsmaybemadepersonallyorbytelephone.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.regarding

B.considering

C.following

D.relating

【答案】A

【解析】考查介詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)regarding“關(guān)于，至于”，B選項(xiàng)considering“考慮到，就...而言”，C選項(xiàng)following“意為下述，由于”，D選項(xiàng)relating“關(guān)聯(lián)，聯(lián)系”，句意：有關(guān)病人情況的詢問可親自或電話詢問。因此，A選項(xiàng)符合句意。

5.單選題

Eversincethepresident’ssexualscandalwasmadepublic,therehasbeena（

）fallinhispopularity.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.domestic

B.imaginary

C.drastic

D.numerous

【答案】C

【解析】句意:自從總統(tǒng)的性丑聞公開以來，他的聲譽(yù)持續(xù)急劇下降。

形容詞辨析。domestic國內(nèi)的,家庭的;imaginary想象中的，幻想的;drastic急劇的，嚴(yán)厲的;numerous眾多的，許多的。故C符合句意。

6.單選題

ForyearsscholarshavecontrastedslaveryintheUnitedStatesandinBrazil,stimulatedbythefactthatracialpatternsassumedsuchdifferentaspectsinthetwocountriesafteremancipation.BrazilneverdevelopedasystemofrigidsegregationofthesortthatreplacedslaveryintheUnitedStates,anditsracialsystemwasfluid(asituationthatisfluidislikelytochange)becauseitsdefinitionofracewasbasedasmuchoncharacteristicssuchaseconomicstatusasonskincolor.Untilrecently,themostpersuasiveexplanationforthesedifferenceswasthatPortugueseinstitutionsespeciallytheRomanCatholicchurchandRomancivillaw,promotedrecognitionoftheslave’shumanity.TheEnglishcolonists,ontheotherhand,constructedtheirsystemofslaveryoutofwholecloth(wholecloth:purefabricationusuallyusedinthephraseoutofwholecloth).ThereweresimplynoprecedentsinEnglishcommonlaw,andseparationofchurchandstatebarredProtestantclergyfromtherolethatpriestsassumedinBrazil.

Buttheassumptionthatinstitutionsalonecouldsopowerfullyaffectthehistoryoftworawandmalleablefrontier(anewfieldforexploitativeordevelopmentalactivity)countriesseems,onreexamination,untenable.Recentstudiesfocusinsteadonaparticularsetofcontrastingeconomiccircumstancesanddemographicprofilesatsignificantperiodsinthehistoriesofthetwocountries.Personsofmixedracequicklyappearedinbothcountries.IntheUnitedStatestheywereconsideredtobeBlack,asocialdefinitionthatwasfeasiblebecausetheywereintheminority.InBrazil,itwasnotfeasible.Thoughintermarriagewasillegalinbothcountries,thelawswereunenforceableinBrazilsinceWhitesformedasmallminorityinanoverwhelminglyBlackpopulation.ManumissionforpersonsofmixedracewasalsoeasierinBrazil,particularlyinthenineteenthcenturywhenintheUnitedStatesitwashedgedaboutwithdifficulties.Furthermore,ashortageofskilledworkersinBrazilprovidedpersonsofmixedracewiththeopportunitytolearncraftsandtrades,evenbeforegeneralemancipation,whereasintheUnitedStatesentryintotheseoccupationswasblockedbyWhitessufficientlynumeroustofilltheposts.TheconsequencewasthedevelopmentinBrazilofalargeclassofpersonsofmixedrace,proficientinskilledtradesandcrafts,whostoodwaitingasacommunityforfreedslavestojoin.

ThereshouldbenoillusionthatBraziliansocietyafteremancipationwascolor-blind.Rather,thelargepopulationofpersonsofmixedraceproducedaracialsystemthatincludedathirdstatus,abridgebetweentheBlackcasteandtheWhite,whichcouldbetraversedbymeansofeconomicorintellectualachievement,marriage,orracialheritage.ThestrictandsharplinebetweentheracessocharacteristicoftheUnitedStatesintheyearsimmediatelyafteremancipationwassimplyabsent.WiththepossibleexceptionofNewOrleans,nospecial“place”developedintheUnitedStatesforpersonsofmixedrace.

Sadtosay,everypressureofsocietyworkedtopreventtheirattaininganythingapproximatingtheeconomicandsocialpositionavailabletotheircounterpartsinBrazil.

21.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

22.Accordingtothepassage,earlyscholarsexplainedthedifferencesbetweentheracialsystemsthatdevelopedintheUnitedStatesandinBrazilastheresultofwhichofthefollowingfactors?

23.Inthecontextinwhichitisfound,thephrase“constructedtheirsystemofslaveryoutofwholecloth”(Paragraph1,Line8)impliesthatthesystemofslaveryestablishedbytheEnglishsettlerswas（）.

24.TheauthorimpliesthattheexplanationproposedbyearlyscholarsforthedifferencesbetweenthesystemsofslaveryintheUnitedStatesandinBrazils（）.

25.Theauthormentionsintermarriage,manumission,andtheshortageofskilledworkersinBrazilprimarilyinordertoestablishwhichofthefollowing?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.contrastingthesystemsofslaverythatwereestablishedinBrazilandintheUnitedStates

B.criticizingtheargumentsofthosescholarswhoconsideredreligionandlawtobethedeterminantsofthesystemsofslaveryinBrazilandintheUnitedStates

C.describingthefactorscurrentlythoughttoberesponsibleforthedifferencesintheracialpatternsthatevolvedinBrazilandintheUnitedStates

D.advocatingfurtherstudyofthedifferencesbetweentheracialsystemsthatdevelopedinBrazilandintheUnitedStates

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Institutional.

B.Demographic.

C.Economic.

D.Geographical.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.basedonfabricationsandlies

B.tailoredtothesettlers’particularcircumstances

C.intendedtoservetheneedsofafrontiereconomy

D.developedwithoutdirectinfluencefromthesettlers,religionorlegalsystem

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.stimulatingtohistoriansandlegalscholars

B.morepowerfulthanmorerecentexplanations

C.persuasiveinspiteofminordeficiencies

D.questionableinlightofcurrentscholarlywork

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.TheenvironmentinwhichBrazil’sracialsystemdeveloped.

B.TheinfluenceofdifferentlegalandeconomicconditionsinBrazilandtheUnitedStatesonthelife-styleofpersonsofmixedrace.

C.TheoriginsofBrazil’slargeclassoffreeskilledpersonsofmixedrace.

D.ThedifferencesbetweentreatmentofslavesinBrazilandintheUnitedStates.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】21.主旨?xì)w納題。文章開篇提出“ForyearsscholarshavecontrastedslaveryintheUnitedStatesandinBrazil,stimulatedbythefactthatracialpatternsassumedsuchdifferentaspectsinthetwocountriesafteremancipation.（奴隸解放后，巴西沒有什么歧視，而美國卻有嚴(yán)重的歧視）”這一現(xiàn)象，接著在機(jī)制、經(jīng)濟(jì)和人群等方面圍繞該問題進(jìn)行詳細(xì)論述。即可得出本題答案。

22.

細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞可定位到原文第一段第三句?！癠ntilrecently,themostpersuasiveexplanationforthesedifferenceswasthatPortugueseinstitutionsespeciallytheRomanCatholicchurchandRomancivillaw,promotedrecognitionoftheslave’shumanity.（直到最近，對這些差異最有說服力的解釋是，葡萄牙的制度，尤其是羅馬天主教會和羅馬民法，促進(jìn)了對奴隸人性的承認(rèn)。）”即可得出本題答案。

23.語義題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞可定位到原文第一段第四句?！癟heEnglishcolonists,ontheotherhand,constructedtheirsystemofslaveryoutofwholecloth(wholecloth:purefabricationusuallyusedinthephraseoutofwholecloth).”即可得出本題答案。

24.

細(xì)節(jié)推理題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞theexplanationproposedbyearlyscholars可定位到原文第二段第一句?！癇uttheassumptionthatinstitutionsalonecouldsopowerfullyaffectthehistoryoftworawandmalleablefrontier(anewfieldforexploitativeordevelopmentalactivity)countriesseems,onreexamination,untenable.（但是，單憑制度就能如此有力地影響兩個原始的、可塑的前沿國家（剝削或發(fā)展活動的新領(lǐng)域）的歷史，這一假設(shè)，在重新審視之后，似乎是站不住腳的。）”即可得出本題答案。

25.

細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞intermarriage,manumission,theshortageofskilledworkers等可定位到原文中的第二段第5-7句?！癐nBrazil,itwasnotfeasible.Thoughintermarriagewasillegalinbothcountries,thelawswereunenforceableinBrazilsinceWhitesformedasmallminorityinanoverwhelminglyBlackpopulation.ManumissionforpersonsofmixedracewasalsoeasierinBrazil,particularlyinthenineteenthcenturywhenintheUnitedStatesitwashedgedaboutwithdifficulties.（在巴西，這是不可行的。盡管異族通婚在這兩個國家都是非法的，但由于白人在絕大多數(shù)黑人人口中只占少數(shù)，這些法律在巴西無法實(shí)施。在巴西，為混血兒提供服務(wù)也比較容易，特別是在19世紀(jì)，當(dāng)時在美國，這種服務(wù)受到種種困難的限制。）”即可得出本題答案。

7.單選題

Sheresortedto（

）whenshehadnomoneytobuyfoodsforherchildren.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.havestolen

B.steal

C.stole

D.stealing

【答案】D

【解析】句意:當(dāng)她沒錢為孩子買吃的東西吋，她就開始偷。

固定搭配。resortto依靠，求助于。其中to是介詞，后接動詞時需用-ing形式。

8.單選題

Heaskedmetolendhimsomemoney,whichIagreedtodo,______thathepaidmebacktofollowingweek.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.oncondition

B.onpurpose

C.onoccasion

D.onlyif

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。oncondition“只要，以……為條件”；onpurpose“有目的的”；onoccasion“有時，偶爾”；onlyif“只要……就”。句意：他問我借些錢，我同意借給他，前提是他（必須）下周還我。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

9.單選題

Aconcert（

）willbeheldnextweek

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inwhichMozart'sworksaretobeperformed

B.whichperformsMozart'sworks

C.performsMozart'sworks

D.thatMozart'sworkswillbeperformed

【答案】A

【解析】句意:下周將舉行一場演奏莫扎特作品的音樂會。

語法題。考查定語從句。分析題干跟選項(xiàng)可知,Aconcert為句子主語,willbeheld為謂語動詞。所以空格處是一個限制性定語從句。排除C項(xiàng)。先行詞為concert,所以空格處應(yīng)該包含介詞in.故選A。

10.單選題

TheannualreviewofAmericancompanyboardpracticesbyKornFerry,afirmofheadhunters,isausefulindicatorofthehealthofcorporategovernance.Thisyear’sreview,publishedonNovember12th,showsthattheSarbanes-Oxleyact,passedin2002totrytopreventarepeatofcorporatecollapsessuchasEnron’sandWorldCom,hashadanimpactontheboardroom—albeitatanaverageimplementationcostthatKornFerryestimatesat$5.lmperfirm.

Twoyearsago,only41%ofAmericanfirmssaidtheyregularlyheldmeetingsofdirectorswithouttheirchiefexecutivepresent’thisyearthefigurewas93%.Butsomethingshavebeensurprisinglyunaffectedbythebacklashagainstcorporatescandals.Forexample,despiteagrowingfeelingthatformerchiefexecutivesshouldnotsitontheircompany’sboard,thepercentageofAmericanfirmswheretheydohasactuallyedgedup,from23%in2003to25%in2004.

Also,disappointinglyfewfirmshavesplitthejobsofchairmanandchiefexecutive.AnothersurveyofAmericanboardspublishedthisweek,byA.T.Kearney,afirmofconsultants,foundthatin200214%oftheboardsofS&P500firmshadseparatedtheroles,andafurther16%saidtheyplannedtodoso.Butby2004only23%overallhadtakentheplunge.AsurveyearlierintheyearbyconsultantsatMcKinseyfoundthat70%ofAmericandirectorsandinvestorssupportedtheideaofsplittingthejobs,whichisstandardpracticeinEurope.

Anotherdisappointmentistheslowprogressinabolishing‘‘staggered’’boards—oneswhereonlyone-thirdofthedirectorsareupforreelectioneachyear,tothree-yearterms.Inventedasadefenseagainsttakeover,suchboards,accordingtoanewHarvardLawSchoolstudybyLucianBebchukandAlmaCohen,areunambiguously“associatedwithaneconomicallysignificantreductioninfirmvalue”.

Despitethis,thepercentageofS&P500firmswithstaggeredboardshasfallenonlyslightly—from63%in2001to60%in2003,accordingtotheInvestorResponsibilityResearchCentre.Andmanyofthosefirmsthathavebeenforcedbyshareholderstoabolishthesystemaredoingsoonlyslowly.Merck,apharmaceuticalcompanyintroubleoverthepossibleside-effectsofitsarthritisdrugVioxx,isallowingitsdirectorstoruntheirfulltermbeforeintroducingasysteminwhichtheyareallreelected(orotherwise)annually.Othercompanies’staggeredboardsareentrenchedintheircorporatecharters,whichcannotbeamendedbyashareholders’vote.Anyonewhoexpectedthescandalsof2001tobringaboutrapidchangeinthebalanceofpowerbetweenmanagersandownerswas,atbest,naive.

56.TheSarbanes-Oxleyactismostprobablyabout____.

57.Theword“backlash”mostprobablymeans____.

58.Accordingtothetext,separatingtherolesbetweenchairmanandchiefexecutiveis____.

59.Welearnfromthetextthata“staggered”board____.

60.TowardtheboardpracticeofAmericancompanies,thewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe____.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.corporatecost

B.corporatescandal

C.corporategovernance

D.corporatemanagement

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.aviolentforce

B.astrongimpetus

C.afirmmeasure

D.astrongnegativereaction

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.whatmanyEuropeancompaniesdo

B.notapopularideaamongAmericanentrepreneurs

C.acommonpracticeinAmericancompanies

D.amusttokeepthehealthofacompany

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.canbevotedownbyshareholders

B.givesitsboardmemberstoomuchpower

C.hasbeenabolishedbymostAmericancompanies

D.isadversetotheincrementoffirmvalue

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.objective

B.pessimistic

C.biased

D.critical

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】56.判斷推理題。題干“Sarbanes-Oxley法案最有可能是關(guān)于____的”，可定位到第1段第2句Thisyear’sreview,publishedonNovember12th,showsthattheSarbanes-Oxleyact,passedin2002totrytopreventarepeatofcorporatecollapsessuchasEnron’sandWorldCom,hashadanimpactontheboardroom…（今年11月12日公布的審查結(jié)果顯示，Sarbanes-Oxley法案對董事會產(chǎn)生了影響。Sarbanes-Oxley法案于2002年通過，旨在防止像Enron和WorldCom這樣的公司倒閉事件重演。）由此可知，審查發(fā)現(xiàn)，該法案防止公司倒閉的措施對董事會產(chǎn)生了影響。根據(jù)此句前一句TheannualreviewofAmericancompanyboardpracticesbyKornFerry,afirmofheadhunters,isausefulindicatorofthehealthofcorporategovernance.（獵頭公司KornFerry對美國公司董事會做法的年度評估，是衡量公司治理健康與否的有用指標(biāo)。）由此可知，該審查是衡量corporategovernance（企業(yè)管治）的，由此推斷，該法案是關(guān)于corporategovernance（企業(yè)管治）的，C選項(xiàng)“corporategovernance（企業(yè)管治）”與原文表述一致。干擾選項(xiàng)D“corporatemanagement（企業(yè)管理經(jīng)營）”，與原文表述有出入，由于原文使用的是corporategovernance，所以，C選項(xiàng)比D選項(xiàng)更合適；A選項(xiàng)“企業(yè)成本”、B選項(xiàng)“企業(yè)丑聞”不符合語境，排除。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為C。

57.詞義推測題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第2段第2句Butsomethingshavebeensurprisinglyunaffectedbythebacklashagainstcorporatescandals.（但令人驚訝的是，一些事情沒有受到對企業(yè)丑聞的____的影響。）后文有針對該觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行舉例。Forexample,despiteagrowingfeelingthatformerchiefexecutivesshouldnotsitontheircompany’sboard,thepercentageofAmericanfirmswheretheydohasactuallyedgedup,from23%in2003to25%in2004.（例如，盡管越來越多的人認(rèn)為前首席執(zhí)行官不應(yīng)該進(jìn)入他們公司的董事會，但他們進(jìn)入董事會的美國公司的比例實(shí)際上已經(jīng)從2003年的23%上升到2004年的25%。）由案例可知，前首席執(zhí)行官進(jìn)入董事會的比例并沒有受到越來越多人反對的影響。由此推斷“越來越多人持反對觀點(diǎn)”是一種backlash，所以backlash的意思應(yīng)該是負(fù)面的。另外，根據(jù)單詞backlash中的back推斷，該詞的詞義是“反—，往回—”，綜合而言，D選項(xiàng)“一種強(qiáng)烈的負(fù)面反應(yīng)”更符合語境。A選項(xiàng)“一種強(qiáng)烈的力量”、B選項(xiàng)“一個強(qiáng)大的動力”的情感基調(diào)不對，排除；C選項(xiàng)“一個強(qiáng)力的措施”，沒有依據(jù)說明是“措施”，排除。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為D。

58.判斷推理題。題干“根據(jù)文章，拆分董事長和首席執(zhí)行官的職位____”，可定位到第3段。A、B選項(xiàng)，可定位到第3段最后一句AsurveyearlierintheyearbyconsultantsatMcKinseyfoundthat70%ofAmericandirectorsandinvestorssupportedtheideaofsplittingthejobs,whichisstandardpracticeinEurope.（今年早些時候，麥肯錫咨詢公司（McKinsey）的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，70%的美國董事和投資者支持拆分職位的想法，這在歐洲是一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)做法。）由此可知，拆分董事長和首席執(zhí)行官的做法在歐洲是一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)做法，所以A選項(xiàng)“許多歐洲公司這樣做”表述符合原文。另外，70%的美國董事和投資者支持拆分職位的想法，說明這個觀點(diǎn)還是比較受美國董事和投資者歡迎的，B選項(xiàng)“在美國企業(yè)家中并不受歡迎”表述不符合原文，排除；C選項(xiàng)“是美國公司的慣例”，可定位到第3段第1句Also,disappointinglyfewfirmshavesplitthejobsofchairmanandchiefexecutive.（同樣令人失望的是，很少有公司將董事長和首席執(zhí)行官的職位分開。）由此可知，雖然不少美國的董事和投資者支持拆分職位，但是很少有公司真正這么做，選項(xiàng)表述與原文不符，排除；D選項(xiàng)“公司的健康發(fā)展是必不可少的”，原文并未提及，排除；因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為A。

59.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干“我們從課文中得知，一個‘交錯’董事會____”，可定位到第4、5段。A選項(xiàng)“可以被股東投票否決”，可定位到第5段倒數(shù)第2句Othercompanies’staggeredboardsareentrenchedintheircorporatecharters,whichcannotbeamendedbyashareholders’vote.（其他公司的分級董事會制度在公司章程中根深蒂固，股東投票無法修改公司章程。）由此可知，“交錯”董事會無法被股東投票否決，選項(xiàng)表述與原文不符，排除；B選項(xiàng)“給予董事會成員過多的權(quán)力”，可定位到第4段第1句…‘staggered’’boards—oneswhereonlyone-thirdofthedirectorsareupforreelectioneachyear,tothree-yearterms.（……“交錯”董事會——每年只有三分之一的董事改選，任期為三年。）由此可知，按照“交錯”董事會的規(guī)定，每年三分之一的董事需要改選，其實(shí)是限制了董事會成員的權(quán)力的，選項(xiàng)表述不符合原文，排除；C選項(xiàng)“已經(jīng)被大多數(shù)美國公司廢除了”，可定位到第5段第1句Despitethis,thepercentageofS&P500firmswithstaggeredboardshasfallenonlyslightly—from63%in2001to60%in2003（盡管如此，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾500指數(shù)的公司實(shí)行分級董事會的比例僅略有下降——從2001年的63%下降到2003年的60%）由此可知，到2003年還有60%（大多數(shù)）的公司實(shí)行“交錯”董事會，選項(xiàng)表述與原文不符，排除；D選項(xiàng)“不利于企業(yè)價值的增長”，可定位到第4段最后一句…suchboards…areunambiguously“associatedwithaneconomicallysignificantreductioninfirmvalue”.（這樣的董事會無疑“與公司價值在經(jīng)濟(jì)上的顯著下降有關(guān)”。）由此可知，“交錯”董事會使公司經(jīng)濟(jì)價值下降，選項(xiàng)表述符合原文。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為D。

60.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。題干“對于美國公司的董事會實(shí)踐，作者的態(tài)度可以說是____?！北绢}詢問的是作者對于美國公司董事會實(shí)踐的態(tài)度，可以從文中表達(dá)情感的詞推斷，第3段Also,disappointinglyfewfirmshavesplitthejobsofchairmanandchiefexecutive.（同樣令人失望的是，很少有公司將董事長和首席執(zhí)行官的職位分開。）由此定位到前一段，找到前一個令人失望的點(diǎn)，Butsomethingshavebeensurprisinglyunaffectedbythebacklashagainstcorporatescandals.（但令人驚訝的是，一些事情沒有受到對企業(yè)丑聞的強(qiáng)烈反對的影響。）第4段Anotherdisappointmentistheslowprogressinabolishing‘‘staggered’’boards…（另一個令人失望的是，在廢除“交錯”董事會方面進(jìn)展緩慢……）由此可知，作者對美國公司董事會的實(shí)踐非常失望；最后一段最后一句Anyonewhoexpectedthescandalsof2001tobringaboutrapidchangeinthebalanceofpowerbetweenmanagersandownerswas,atbest,naive.（如果有人認(rèn)為2001年的丑聞會迅速改變經(jīng)理和老板之間的權(quán)力平衡，往好了說，那也只是一種天真的想法。）由此可知，作者認(rèn)為美國董事會改革比較難，綜合而言，B選項(xiàng)“悲觀的”最符合作者的觀點(diǎn)。A選項(xiàng)“客觀的”（一般要從正反兩方闡述觀點(diǎn)）、C選項(xiàng)“帶有偏見的”沒有依據(jù)，排除；干擾選項(xiàng)，D選項(xiàng)“批判的,不贊成的”，作者并沒有不贊成美國董事會的改革實(shí)踐，只是覺得它進(jìn)行比較難，比較慢；另外critical也可指有判斷力的，公正的，充分考慮優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，而文章中只是表達(dá)作者的失望，從這一層意思來看，D選項(xiàng)也不合適。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為B。

11.單選題

Duringtheirfirstteachertrainingyear,thestudentsoftenvisitedlocalschoolsforthe___oflessons.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.observation

B.investigation

C.inspection

D.examination

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.observation觀察；監(jiān)視B.investigation調(diào)查；調(diào)查研究

C.inspection視察；檢查D.examination考試；檢查

【考查點(diǎn)】名詞辨析。

【解題思路】根據(jù)句意，教師實(shí)習(xí)的學(xué)生經(jīng)常去學(xué)校參加培訓(xùn)，培訓(xùn)的內(nèi)容是forthe____oflessons，由此可以推斷出進(jìn)行教師實(shí)習(xí)的學(xué)生是去本地的學(xué)校觀察上課。observation指一段時間內(nèi)仔細(xì)觀察某人/某事物的行為，尤指為了學(xué)習(xí)某事物。因此A.observation“觀察”符合題意。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

B選項(xiàng)investigation指對某一情況、犯罪等事實(shí)的官方審查，或者是對某一主題或問題的事實(shí)進(jìn)行的科學(xué)或?qū)W術(shù)檢查，而本句重點(diǎn)在于去觀察當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)校的課程，不屬于犯罪等事實(shí)，也不屬于科學(xué)或?qū)W術(shù)檢查；

C選項(xiàng)inspection指對學(xué)校、工廠等的正式訪問，以檢查規(guī)章是否被遵守，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否可接受，教師實(shí)習(xí)的學(xué)生并不是正式訪問，排除；

D選項(xiàng)examination指仔細(xì)檢查（某事物/某人），尤指檢查是否有問題或找出問題的原因，不符合句子語境。

【句意】在他們的第一個教師培訓(xùn)年，學(xué)生們經(jīng)常去當(dāng)?shù)貙W(xué)校觀察課程。

12.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Mostofushaveseenadogstaringat,sometimessnarlingat,andapproachingareflectionofitself.Formostanimals,seeingtheirownimageinamirroractsasasocialstimulus.Butdoesthedogrecognizeitself,ordoesthereflectionsimplysignalapotentialcompanionorthreat?Thisquestionisofinterestforanumberofreasons.Apartfromcuriosityaboutthelevelofanimals’understanding,researchonself-recognitioninanimalhasseveralbenefits.Itprovidessomeinsightintotheevolutionarysignificanceofthisskillofself-recognitionandintothelevelandkindsofcognitivecompetencethattheskillrequires.Suchresearchalsoindicatesthekindsoflearningexperiencesthatdeterminethedevelopmentofself-recognition.Inaddition,workwithanimalsfosterstheuseoftechniquesthatarenotdependentonverbalresponsesandthatmaythereforebesuitableforusewithpreverbalchildren.

Theevidenceindicatesthatdogsandalmostallothernonhumansdonotrecognizethemselves.Inaseriesofcleverexperiments,however,Galluphasshownthatthechimpanzeedoeshavethiscapacity.Gallupexposedchimpanzeesinasmallcagetoafull-lengthmirrorfortenconsecutivedays.Itwasobservedthatoverthisperiodoftimethenumberofself-directedresponsesincreased.Thesebehaviorsincludedgroomingpartsofthebodywhilewatchingtheresults,guidingfingersinthemirror,andpickingatteethwiththeaidofthemirror.Describingonechimp,Gallupsaid,“Margeusedthemirrortoplaywithandinspectthebottomofherfeet;shealsolookedatherselfupsidedowninthemirrorwhilesuspendedbyherfeetfromthetopofthecage;shewasalsoobservedtostuffceleryleavesuphernoseusingthemirrorforpurposesofvisuallyguidingthestemsintoeachnostril.”

Thentheresearchersdevisedafurthertestofself-recognition.Thechimpswereanesthetizedandmarkswereplacedovertheireyebrowsandbehindtheirears,areasthechimpscouldnotdirectlyobserve.Themirrorwastemporarilyremovedfromthecage,andbaselinedataregardingtheirattemptstotouchtheseareaswererecorded.Thedataclearlysuggestthatchimpsdorecognizethemselves,orareself-aware,fortheirattemptstotouchthemarksincreasedwhentheyviewedthemselves.Citingfurtherevidenceforthisargument,Gallupnotedthatchimpanzeeswithnopriormirrorexperiencedidnotdirectbehaviortothemarkswhentheywerefirstexposedtothemirror;thatis,theotherchimpanzeesappearedtohaverememberedwhattheylookedlikeandtohaverespondedtothemarksbecausetheynoticedchangesintheirappearance.

1.Theideathispassagediscussesiswhether（）.

2.ThefirstsentenceofParagraph2(“Theevidenceindicates...”)maybeinterpretedtomeanthatnearlyallanimalshave（）.

3.Theword“prior”(inlastparagraph)canbestbereplacedby（）.

4.Thewritersofthispassageprobably（）.

5.Theauthor’spurposeinthispassageisto（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.dogsrecognizethemselvesinminors

B.thegroomingpracticesofchimpscanbealtered

C.nonhumanshaveaself-concept

D.chimpschangetheirbehaviorwhenamirrorispresent

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.someself-concept

B.noself-concept

C.anawarenessoftheusesofmirrors