考研考博-英語-上海出版印刷高等?？茖W(xué)?？荚囇侯}三合一+答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-上海出版印刷高等?？茖W(xué)校考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.單選題

Idon’teverwanttotalkaboutbeingawomanscientistagain.Therewasatimeinmylifewhenpeopleaskedconstantlyforstoriesaboutwhatit’sliketoworkinafielddominatedbymen.IwasneververygoodattellingthosestoriesbecausetruthfullyIneverfoundtheminteresting.WhatIdofindinterestingistheoriginoftheuniverse,theshapeofspace-limeandthenatureofblackholes.At19,whenIbeganstudyingastrophysics,itdidnotbothermeintheleasttobetheonlywomanintheclassroom.ButwhileearningmyPh.D.atMITandthenasapost-doctordoingspaceresearch,theissuestartedtobotherme.Myeveryachievementjobs,researchpapers,awardswasviewedthroughthelensofgenderpolitics.Soweremyfailures.Sometimes,whenIwaspushedintoanargumentonleftbrainversusrightbrain,ornatureversusnurture,1wouldinstantlyfightfiercelyonmybehalfandallwomankind.

Thenonedayafewyearsago,outofmymouthcameasentencethatwouldeventuallybecomemyreplytoanyandallprovocations:Idon’ttalkaboutthatanymore.Ittookme10yearstogetbacktheconfidenceIhadat19andtorealizethatIdidn’twanttodealwithgenderissues.Whyshouldcuringsexismbeyetanotherterribleburdenoneveryfemalescientist?Afterall,Idon’tstudysociologyorpoliticaltheory.

TodayIresearchandteachatBarnard,awomen’scollegeinNewYorkCity.Recently,someoneaskedmehowmanyofthe45studentsinmyclasswerewomen.Youcannotimaginemysatisfactionatbeingabletoanswer45.Iknowsomeofmystudentsworryhowtheywillmanagetheirscientificresearchandadesireforchildren.AndIdon’tdismissthoseconcerns.StillIdon’ttellthem“war”stories.Instead,Ihavegiventhemthis:thevisualoftheirphysicsprofessorheavilypregnantdoingphysicsexperiments.Andinturntheyhavegivenmetheimageof45womendrivenbyaloveofscience.Andthat’sasightworthtalkingabout.

1.Whydoesn’ttheauthorwanttotalkaboutbeingawomenscientistagain?

2.FromParagraph2,wecaninferthatpeoplewouldattributetheauthor’sfailuresto（）.

3.WhatdidtheauthorconstantlyfightagainstwhiledoingherPh.D.andpost-doctoralresearch?

4.Whydoestheauthorfeelgreatsatisfactionwhentalkingaboutherclass?

5.Whatdoestheimagetheauthorpresentstoherstudentssuggest?

問題1選項

A.Shefeelsunhappyworkinginmale-dominatedfields

B.Sheisfedupwiththeissueofgenderdiscrimination.

C.Sheisnotgoodattellingstoriesofthekind.

D.Shefindsspaceresearchmoreimportant.

問題2選項

A.theveryfactthatsheisawoman

B.herinvolvementingenderpolitics

C.herover-confidenceasafemaleastrophysicist

D.theburdenshebearsinamale-dominatedsociety

問題3選項

A.Lackofconfidenceinsucceedinginspacescience

B.Unfairaccusationsfrombothinsideandoutsidehercircle

C.People’sstereotypedattitudetowardsfemalescientists

D.Widespreadmisconceptionsaboutnatureandnurture

問題4選項

A.Femalestudentsnolongerhavetobotheraboutgenderissues

B.Herstudents’performancehasbroughtbackherconfidence.

C.Herfemalestudentscandojustaswellasmalestudents

D.Morefemalesstudentsarepursuingsciencethanbefore

問題5選項

A.Womenstudentsneedn’thavetheconcernsofhergeneration.

B.Womenhavemorebarriersontheirwaytoacademicsuccess.

C.Womencanbalanceacareerinscienceandhavingafamily.

D.Womennowhavefewerproblemspursuingasciencecareer.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“ButwhileearningmyPh.D.atMITandthenasapost-doctordoingspaceresearch,theissuestartedtobotherme.Myeveryachievementjobs,researchpapers,awardswasviewedthroughthelensofgenderpolitics.”但當(dāng)我在麻省理工學(xué)院獲得博士學(xué)位，然后作為一名從事太空研究的博士后時，這個問題開始困擾我。我的每一項成就——工作、研究論文、獎項——都是通過性別政治的視角來看待的。由此可知，作者受夠了性別歧視的問題。選項B符合原文。

2.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Myeveryachievementjobs,researchpapers,awardswasviewedthroughthelensofgenderpolitics.Soweremyfailures.”我的每一項成就——工作、研究論文、獎項——都是通過性別政治的視角來看待的，包括我的失敗也是如此。也就是說，人們將作者的失敗歸咎于她是女性這一事實。選項A符合原文。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句“Sometimes,whenIwaspushedintoanargumentonleftbrainversusrightbrain,ornatureversusnurture,1wouldinstantlyfightfiercelyonmybehalfandallwomankind.”有時，當(dāng)我被迫就左腦與右腦，或先天與后天進行辯論時，我會立即為我和所有女性的利益展開激烈的斗爭。選項C符合原文。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知，作者在紐約的一所女子學(xué)員進行研究和教學(xué)。最近，有人問我班上45個學(xué)生中有多少是女生。你無法想象我回答45個時有多滿足。因為她們展現(xiàn)出45位熱愛科學(xué)的女性形象，選項D符合原文。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段倒數(shù)第三句“Ihavegiventhemthis:thevisualoftheirphysicsprofessorheavilypregnantdoingphysicsexperiments.”相反，我讓她們看到她們物理教授懷著孕還在做實驗的一幕。作者是想讓她的學(xué)生們知道：女性可以在科學(xué)事業(yè)和家庭之間取得平衡。選項C正確。

2.單選題

MurovyovkaNaturePark,aprivatenaturereserve,istheresultofthevisionanddeterminationofoneman,SergeiSmirenski.TheMoscowUniversityProfessorhasgainedthesupportofinternationalfundsaswellaslocalofficials,businessmenandCollectivefarms.

Thankstohisefforts,theagriculturalprojectisalsounderwaytocreateanexperimentalfarmtoteachlocalfarmershowtofarmwithoutthetraditionallyheavyuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizers.TwoWisconsinfarmers,DonandEllenPadley,spentlastsummerpreparinglandinTanbovkadistrict,wheretheparkislocated，andtheywillreturnthissummertoplantit.

SpecialistsfromtheUniversityofUtahalsocametostudythelocalcattleindustry,lookingtodeveloppossibilitiesforbeefexportstoJapan.

Separately,10NewJerseyschoolteacherswillspendthesummerinthedistrictrunningsummercampsforthelocalchildrenthatwillstressfieldtripsandlecturesonthenaturearoundthem.

Theseprograms,particularlytheagriculturalproject,aregettingsomesupportfromtheUnitedStates,includingfundingfromtheMacArthurFoundation,theRockefellerBrothersFund,andtheUSAgencyforInternationalDevelopment.TheTrustforMutualUnderstandingandtheWeedierFoundationarealsosupportingtheInternationalCraneFoundation'sworkincreatingthepark.

TheWorldBankisfundingasmallprojecttostudythepossibilitiesforecotourismintheAinubasinregion.DeltaDreamVacations,aDeltaAirlinessubsidiary,islookingintoflightstoKhabarovskandVladivostokforecologytours,withsomeofthemoneygoingtosupportthezapovedniks(totallywildpreservesusedonlyforscientificresearch)intheregion.

ButthismoneyhasalsogeneratedajealousattemptbythelocalwildlifeservicetoblocktheMurovyovkaproject.

Theysaid,"Giveustheirmoney,andwe'lldoitbetter,"Smirenskisays.Theywenttothelocalcourttogetacourtordertohaltthecontract.Althoughtheyweresuccessfulatthatlevel,theAtomregionalgovernment,withencouragementfromMoscow,hasalreadymovedtoreversethedecisionasillegal.

"Idon'tpayattentiontothisnegativeside."Smirenskisayscharacteristicoptimisticfashion."Idecidedweshouldcontinuetocreate."

BeyondMurovyovka,thereareevenvastergrasslandsandwetlandsintheAmurbasinthatarevitalnestingareasforrarebirdssuchastheeasternwhitestork,andthered-crowned,white-napped;andhoodedcranes.Acomplexof100,000hectares,forexample,lieslargelyunprotectedinZhuravalini[literally"aplaceforcranes"]downstreamfromMurovyovkA.Creationofanationalpark,alongfortouristuse,hasbeenproposedforthisarea.

Akeypartoftheconservationstrategyistogainthesupportofregionalgovernmentsbygettingthemtoseethatsuchinternationallybackednatureprojectscanleadtobusinessandotherties,particularlytocountrieslikeJapanandChinA.Forexample,thecranesthatnestinRussiahavebeentrackedbysatellitetowinteringgroundsinIzumi,onJapan'ssouthernKyushuIslanD.Thislinkagehasprovedusefulbringingregionalofficialsfrombothcountriestogether.

Lastsummer,100JapaneseschoolchildrenfromtheTamaregionoutsideofTokyocametoKhabarovskontheAmentoexperiencethekindofuntouchednaturethathasdisappearedfromJapan.Aspartoftheexchange,theMayorofTamadonated26secondhandfiretruckstohiscounterpart.

"AfterthisthemayorofKhabarovsksaid,NowIwilllistentoyou,aboutyourbirdsandallyourproblems.'"RecountsSmirenski.Nowtheofficialsunderstandwhatcranesmeantothem."

1.Aprobablegoaloftheagriculturalprojectisto（）.

2.Summercampsintheareawill（）.

3.Projectsconnectedwiththedevelopmentofthenatureparkare（）.

4.Thezapovedniksappear（）.

5.ThepassageimpliesthatprojectslikeMurovyovka（）.

問題1選項

A.reducepollutioninreservefarmlands

B.induceUnitedNationscooperation

C.learnhowlocalfarmsareoperated

D.importnewbreedsoffarmanimals

問題2選項

A.bedesignedforforeignvisitors

B.beeducational

C.attractscientistsandecologists

D.housefieldlaborersandtheirfamiliesNormal07.8磅02falsefalsefalseEN-USZH-CNX-NONE

問題3選項

A.selfsustaining

B.narrowinscopeandvision

C.attractingworld-wideattention

D.amassingscientificdata

問題4選項

A.eagertosupporttheNaturePark

B.opposedtooutsidefunding

C.enviousofthePark'ssuccess

D.tohavelegaljurisdictionofthearea

問題5選項

A.faceinsurmountablefinancialproblems

B.taketoomuchfromlocalresidents

C.increasetheneedforfireengines

D.canpromoteinternationalcooperation

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。通過題干關(guān)鍵詞agriculturalproject定位到原文第二段“Thankstohisefforts,theagriculturalprojectisalsounderwaytocreateanexperimentalfarmtoteachlocalfarmershowtofarmwithoutthetraditionallyheavyuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizers.”，中文翻譯：由于他的努力，農(nóng)業(yè)項目也在進行中，是為了建立一個試驗性農(nóng)場，教當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)民在不使用大量殺蟲劑和化肥這一傳統(tǒng)方法的情況下如何耕作。綜合考慮，選項A符合題意。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞summercamps定位到原文“Separately,10NewJerseyschoolteacherswillspendthesummerinthedistrictrunningsummercampsforthelocalchildrenthatwillstressfieldtripsandlecturesonthenaturearoundthem.”，中文翻譯：另外，10名新澤西學(xué)校的教師將在該地區(qū)為當(dāng)?shù)貎和e辦夏令營，這些夏令營將強調(diào)實地考察和關(guān)于周圍大自然的講座。因此最佳答案為B選項。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文“Theseprograms,particularlytheagriculturalproject,aregettingsomesupportfrom...”，中文翻譯：“這些項目，特別是農(nóng)業(yè)項目，正得到多方支持，如……”可以推斷出答案選擇C。

4.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞zapovedniks定位到原文“…withsomeofthemoneygoingtosupportthezapovedniks(totallywildpreservesusedonlyforscientificresearch)intheregion.”中文翻譯為：部分資金將用于支持該地區(qū)的zapovedniks(僅用于科學(xué)研究的野生保護區(qū))。以及文章中“ButthismoneyhasalsogeneratedajealousattemptbythelocalwildlifeservicetoblocktheMurovyovkaproject.”，中文翻譯為：這筆錢也引起了當(dāng)?shù)匾吧鷦游餀C構(gòu)的嫉妒，以阻止穆羅維約夫項目?？芍?，C項符合題目描述。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干可定位到原文“Akeypartoftheconservationstrategyistogainthesupportofregionalgovernmentsbygettingthemtoseethatsuchinternationallybackednatureprojectscanleadtobusinessandotherties,particularlytocountrieslikeJapanandChina.”，中文翻譯為：保護戰(zhàn)略的一個關(guān)鍵點是通過讓地方政府認識到這種國際支持的自然項目能夠建立商業(yè)和其他聯(lián)系，特別是與日本和中國這樣的國家建立聯(lián)系，從而獲得區(qū)域政府的支持?？芍選項正確。

3.單選題

Whilefashionisthoughtofusuallyinrelationtoclothing,itisimportanttorealizethatitcoversamuchwiderdomain.Itistobefoundinmanners,thearts,literature,andphilosophy,andmayevenreachintocertainareasofscience.Infact,itmayoperateinanyfieldofgrouplife,apartfromthetechnologicalandutilitarianareaandtheareaorthesacred.Itsoperationrequiresaclasssociety,forinitsessentialcharacteritdoesnotoccureitherinahomogeneoussocietylikeaprimitivegroup,orinacastesociety.

Fashionbehavesasamovement,andonthisbasisitisdifferentfromcustomwhichbycomparison,isstatic.Thisisduetothefactthatfashionisbasedfundamentallyondifferentiationandemulation.Inaclasssociety,theupperclassesortheso-calledsocialelitearenotabletodifferentiatethemselvesbyfixedsymbolsorbadges.Hencethemoreexternalfeaturesoftheirlifeandbehaviorarelikelytobeimitatedbyclassesimmediatelybelowthem,who,inturn,imitatedbygroupsimmediatelybelowtheminthesocialstructure.Thisprocessgivestofashionaverticaldescent.However,theeliteclassfindsthatitisnolongerdistinguishable,byreasonoftheimitationmadebyothers,andhenceisledtoadoptnewdifferentiatingcriteria,onlytodisplacetheseastheyinturnareimitated.Itisprimarilyhisfeaturethatmakesfashionintoamovementandwhichhasledonewritertoremarkthatafashion,oncelaunched,movetoitsdoom.

Asamovement,fashionshowlittleresemblancetoanyoftheothermovementswhichwehaveconsidered.Whileitoccursspontaneouslyandmovesalonginacharacteristiccycle,itinvolveslittleinthewayofcrowdbehavioranditisnotdependentuponthediscussionprocessandtheresultingpublicopinion.Itdoesnotdependuponthemechanismsofwhichwehavespoken.Theparticipantsarenotrecruitedthroughagitation.Nomoraleisbuiltupamongthem.Nordoesthefashionmovementhave,orrequireanideology.Further,sinceitdoesnothavealeadershipimpartingconsciousdirectiontothemovement,itdoesnotbuildupasetoftactics.Peopletakepartinthefashionmovementvoluntarilyandinresponsetotheinterestingandpowerfulkindofcontrolwhichfashionimposesonthem.

1.Itisknownfromthefirstparagraphthat（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

3.Accordingtotheauthor,afashionmovement

（

）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatafashionmovement（

）.

問題1選項

A.fashionoperatesineverysociety

B.fashionisfoundonlyinafewfieldsofgrouplife

C.fashionoriginatesinaclasssociety

D.peopleliketokeepupwithfashioninaprimitivesociety

問題2選項

A.Fashion,asamovement,isstatic.

B.Afashionisdestinedtodisappearonceitislaunched.

C.Afashionwillnevervanishonceitislaunched.

D.Theupperclassesplayalittleroleinfashionmovements.

問題3選項

A.willeventuallydevelopintoasocialorganization

B.haslittleincommonwithothermovements

C.hasapowerfulleadershipguidingit

D.hasasetofsymbolsandvalues

問題4選項

A.isaformofexpressivebehavior

B.contributesagreatdealtothewayofcrowdbehavior

C.canboostthemoraleofitsparticipants

D.functionsinthesamewayasspecificsocialmovements

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:A

【解析】第1題:細節(jié)事實題。由題干定位到第一段“Itsoperationrequiresaclasssociety,forinitsessentialcharacteritdoesnotoccureitherinahomogeneoussocietylikeaprimitivegroup,orinacastesociety.時尚的運作需要一個階級社會，因為就其本質(zhì)而言，它既不發(fā)生在像原始群體那樣的同質(zhì)社會，也不發(fā)生在種姓社會?！笨芍獣r尚智慧發(fā)生在階級社會。答案C

第2題:細節(jié)事實題。由第二段“Itisprimarilythisfeaturethatmakesfashionintoamovementandwhichhasledonewritertoremarkthatafashion,oncelaunched,movetoitsdoom.正是這一特點使時尚成為一種運動，并使一位作家評論說，一種時尚，一旦推出，就走向滅亡?！笨芍鸢窧

第3題:推理判斷題。由第三段“Asamovement,fashionshowlittleresemblancetoanyoftheothermovementswhichwehaveconsidered.作為一場運動，時尚與我們所考慮過的其他運動幾乎沒有相似之處?！笨芍獣r尚運動與其他運動幾乎沒有相似之處。答案B

第4題:推理判斷題。此題可用排除法由“itinvolveslittleinthewayofcrowdbehavior...”可排除B項；由“Nomoraleisbuiltupamong...”可排除C項；由“Asamovement,fashionshowlittleresemblancetoanyoftheothermovementswhichwehaveconsidered.作為一場運動，時尚與我們所考慮過的其他運動幾乎沒有相似之處?！笨膳懦鼶項。故答案A

4.翻譯題

從亞洲及太平洋沿岸國家移民來的美國人在各個領(lǐng)域為美國做出了杰出的貢獻。由于亞太裔移民的祖籍國家具有豐富多樣的傳統(tǒng),他們來到美國以后、大大促進了美國文化的發(fā)展,提髙了全美國人民的生活水平。

美國高度評價亞太裔美國人的貢獻。他們帶來的勤奮精神促進了美國的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展,他們對自由的熱愛振興了美國民主自由的理想。他們的勇敢和毅力,生動地表明了人類對政治自由的一致渴望。

【答案】AsianAmericans,whoemigratefromAsianandPacificnations,haveachievedgreatcontributiontotheU.Sinvariousfields.DuetorichvarietyoftraditionalofAsianAmericans,theyhaveplayedasignificantroleinAmericanculturaldevelopmentaswellasAmericanlivinglevelpromotionaftertheirarrivals.

TheU.S.thinkshighlyofthecontributionsofAsianAmericans,forwhoadvanceeconomicdevelopmentbytheirhardworking;forwhorevivedemocracyandfreedombytheirloveforfreedom;forwholivelyclarifytheunitedlongforpoliticalfreedombytheircourageandperseverance.

5.單選題

V.(ConstitutionalLawandAdministrativeLaw)

IwishtotakeasmysubjectJusticeScalia’s1988TaftLecture,Originalism:TheLesserEvil.Thepublishedversionofthislecturehashadanenormousinfluence.Itisamongthemostfrequentlycitedlawreviewarticlesand—togetherwithJusticeScalia’sintroductiontoAMatterofInterpretation—helpedshapethecurrentdebateoverthepropermethodofconstitutionalinterpretation.Indeed,hisTaftLecturecanbecreditedwithcontributingtooneofthemostremarkableintellectualcomebackstoriesoflegalscholarship.

Inthe1980svariousleadingfiguresinconstitutionallawtookaimatthecontentionthattheConstitutionshouldbeinterpretedaccordingtotheoriginalintentionsofitsframers.Originalism,itwaswidelythought,wasthoroughlytrouncedbythreeunanswerableobjections.First,originalismisimpracticalbecauseitisimpossibletodiscoverandaggregatethevariousintentionsheldbynumerousframers.Second,originalismisactuallycontrarytotheoriginalintentionsofthefoundinggenerationwhothemselvesrejectedrelianceonoriginalintent.Finally,originalismistoberejectedbecauseitiswrongforthelivingtobeboundbythedeadhandofthepast.

InhisTaftLecture,JusticeScaliawasperhapsthefirstdefenderoforiginalismtoshiftthetheoryfromitspreviousfocusontheintentionsoftheframersoftheConstitutiontotheoriginalpublicmeaningofthetextatthetimeofitsenactment.Thisshiftfromoriginalframersintenttooriginalpublicmeaningobviatedmuchofthepracticalobjectiontooriginalism.Thatlanguagehasanaccessiblepublicmeaningiswhatenablesinterpersonalcommunication.Ifwordsdidnothaveanobjectivemeaningbeyondthesubjectiveintentionofspeakersandwriters,wewouldneverbeabletounderstandeachother.Indeed,theobjectivetheorybywhichprivatecontractsarenormallyinterpretedassumestheavailabilityofsuchmeaning.Andtheverysameevidencethatshowsthefoundinggenerationrejectingrelianceontheintentionsoftheframersalsoshowstheirrelianceontheoriginalpublicmeaningofthetext.

Shiftingfromoriginalframersintenttooriginalpublicmeaningdidlittletoanswerthe“deadhand”objection,however.Whybeboundbythepast?Forthat,JusticeScaliaandotheroriginalistshadtodevelopatheoryofconstitutionallegitimacy.Mostoriginalistsstressedthetheoryofpopularsovereignty.TheycontendedthattheConstitutionisanauthoritativeexpressionofthewillofthePeople,whichjudgesareduty-boundtofollow.

RANDYE.BARNETT:“Scalia’sInfidelity:ACritiqueofFaint-HeartedOriginalism”

67.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacommentofJusticeScalia’s1988Lecturebytheauthor?

68.ThefollowingarecriticalcommentsofOriginalismexcept___.

69.ThecontributionofJusticeScaliatooriginalismisthathe___.

70.Fromthelastparagraph,weknowthat___.

問題1選項

A.Itisoneofthemostfrequentlycitedlawreviewarticles.

B.Itcontributedtooneofthemostremarkableintellectualreviewoflegalscholarship.

C.Ithelpedshapethecurrentdebateoverthepropermethodofconstitutionalinterpretation.

D.Ithadanenormousinfluence.

問題2選項

A.Originalism,itwaswidelythought,wasthoroughlytrouncedbyunanswerableobjections

B.itisimpossibletodiscoverandaggregatetheintentionsofsomanyframers

C.peopleinthe20thcenturyshouldnotbeboundbythedeadhandofthepast

D.thefoundersoftheUSthemselvesrejectedrelianceonoriginalintent

問題3選項

A.obviatedmuchofthepracticalobjectiontooriginalism

B.foundthatlanguagehadanaccessiblepublicmeaningwaswhatenabledinterpersonalcommunication

C.foundthatifwordsdidnothaveanobjectivemeaningbeyondthesubjectiveintentionofspeakersandwriters,wewouldneverbeabletounderstandeachother

D.shiftedthepreviousfocusontheintentionsoftheframersoftheConstitutiontotheoriginalpublicmeaningofthetextatthetimeofitsenactment

問題4選項

A.originalpublicmeaningdidanswerthe“deadhand”objection

B.judgeshavethedutytofollowthewillofthepeople

C.anewtheoryofpopularsovereigntywasdevelopedtoanswerthe“deadhand”objection

D.oneshouldnotbeboundbythepast

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

【解析】67.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“JusticeScalia”定位到原文第一段Itisamongthemostfrequentlycitedlawreviewarticlesand—togetherwithJusticeScalia’sintroductiontoAMatterofInterpretation—helpedshapethecurrentdebateoverthepropermethodofconstitutionalinterpretation.（它是最常被引用的法律評論文章之一，與斯卡利亞大法官對《解釋問題》的介紹一起，幫助塑造了目前關(guān)于正確解釋憲法方法的辯論）可知C選項“它幫助形成了目前關(guān)于正確的憲法解釋方法的辯論”和原文有出入，是斯卡利亞法官1988年演講和斯卡利亞大法官對《解釋問題》的介紹一起塑造了目前關(guān)于正確解釋憲法方法的辯論，而不僅僅是斯卡利亞法官1988年演講；以及A選項“這是最常被引用的法律評論文章之一”符合原文；第一段Indeed,hisTaftLecturecanbecreditedwithcontributingtooneofthemostremarkableintellectualcomebackstoriesoflegalscholarship.（的確，史格里亞大法官關(guān)于原意論的講座對法律學(xué)術(shù)的重新檢閱與完善做出了貢獻）可知B選項“它對法學(xué)界最引人注目的學(xué)術(shù)評論之一做出了貢獻”正確；第一段Thepublishedversionofthislecturehashadanenormousinfluence.（這次演講的出版版本產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響）可知D選項“它有巨大的影響”正確。因此C選項符合題意。

68.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“Originalism”定位到第二段最后一句Finally,originalismistoberejectedbecauseitiswrongforthelivingtobeboundbythedeadhandofthepast.（最后，原意論被抵制是因為當(dāng)代的人們不應(yīng)該被傳統(tǒng)守舊的教條所束縛住）可知C選項“20世紀(jì)的人不應(yīng)該被過去的死亡之手束縛”錯誤，無法判斷原文中“當(dāng)代的人們”是C選項中“20世紀(jì)的人”；第二段Originalism,itwaswidelythought,wasthoroughlytrouncedbythreeunanswerableobjections.（人們普遍認為，原創(chuàng)性被三個無可辯駁的反對意見徹底擊敗了）可知A選項“人們普遍認為，原創(chuàng)性被無可辯駁的反對意見徹底打敗了”符合題意；第二段First,originalismisimpracticalbecauseitisimpossibletodiscoverandaggregatethevariousintentionsheldbynumerousframers.（首先，原始論是不切實際的，因為它不可能發(fā)現(xiàn)和聚集眾多制憲者持有的各種意圖）可知B選項“這是不可能發(fā)現(xiàn)和聚集如此多的意圖的制憲者”正確；第二段Second,originalismisactuallycontrarytotheoriginalintentionsofthefoundinggenerationwhothemselvesrejectedrelianceonoriginalintent.（第二，原始主義實際上與創(chuàng)始一代的原始意圖相悖，創(chuàng)始一代本身就拒絕了對原始意圖的依賴）可知D選項“美國的締造者自己拒絕了對最初意圖的依賴”正確。因此C選項符合題意。

69.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段JusticeScaliawasperhapsthefirstdefenderoforiginalismtoshiftthetheoryfromitspreviousfocusontheintentionsoftheframersoftheConstitutiontotheoriginalpublicmeaningofthetextatthetimeofitsenactment.Thisshiftfromoriginalframersintenttooriginalpublicmeaningobviatedmuchofthepracticalobjectiontooriginalism.（斯卡利亞法官可能是第一個支持原意論的人，他將原意論從最初強調(diào)制憲人的原意轉(zhuǎn)變到關(guān)注當(dāng)時客觀背景下公眾的最初意圖上來。這種從原始立憲者意圖到原始公共意義的轉(zhuǎn)變，消除了許多對原始主義的實際反對）可知斯卡利亞法官對原始主義的貢獻在于他對原始主義的支持，消除了許多對原始主義的實際反對，選A選項“排除了許多對原始主義的實際反對”，同時可知D選項“將先前對憲法制定者意圖的關(guān)注轉(zhuǎn)移到憲法制定時文本的原始公共意義上”并不是斯卡利亞法官的主要貢獻；第三段Thatlanguagehasanaccessiblepublicmeaningiswhatenablesinterpersonalcommunication.Ifwordsdidnothaveanobjectivemeaningbeyondthesubjectiveintentionofspeakersandwriters,wewouldneverbeabletounderstandeachother.（這種語言具有可接近的公共意義，這使人與人之間的溝通成為可能。如果語言沒有超出說話者和作家主觀意圖的客觀意義，我們就永遠無法相互理解）可知B選項“發(fā)現(xiàn)語言具有可理解的公共意義是人際溝通的基礎(chǔ)”和C選項“發(fā)現(xiàn)如果詞語沒有超出說話者和作家的主觀意圖的客觀意義，我們將永遠無法相互理解”并不是斯卡利亞法官對原始主義的貢獻。因此A選項正確。

70.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文最后一段Mostoriginalistsstressedthetheoryofpopularsovereignty.TheycontendedthattheConstitutionisanauthoritativeexpressionofthewillofthePeople,whichjudgesareduty-boundtofollow.（大多數(shù)愿意論者強調(diào)人民主權(quán)的理論。他們認為，憲法是人民意愿的權(quán)威表達，法官有義務(wù)遵循）可知法律必須遵循人民的意志，選B選項“法官有義務(wù)遵循人民的意愿”；最后一段Shiftingfromoriginalframersintenttooriginalpublicmeaningdidlittletoanswerthe“deadhand”objection（從最初的制憲者意圖到最初的公共意義的轉(zhuǎn)變對回答“死手”的反對作用不大）可知A選項“原來的公眾意圖回答了‘死手’的反對”錯誤；最后一段Whybeboundbythepast?Forthat,JusticeScaliaandotheroriginalistshadtodevelopatheoryofconstitutionallegitimacy.（為什么要受過去的束縛？為此，斯卡利亞法官和其他原意論者不得不發(fā)展一種憲法合法性理論）可知C選項“一種新的人民主權(quán)理論被發(fā)展出來，以回答‘死手’的反對”錯誤，不是人民主權(quán)理論而是憲法合法性理論；結(jié)合上文提到的內(nèi)容以及最后一段大意可知D選項“一個人不應(yīng)該被過去所束縛”錯誤，斯卡利亞法官和其他原意論者認為一個人應(yīng)該被過去所束縛。因此B選項正確。

6.單選題

Theparentsfeltverydelightedwhentheirdaughterdecidedto（）themoviesanddoherlessons.

問題1選項

A.forgive

B.forbid

C.forgo

D.foresee

【答案】C

【解析】動詞辨析題。forgo指放棄。句意：當(dāng)他們的女兒決定放棄看電影而去上課時，父母感到非常高興。選項C符合句意。

7.單選題

Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.

問題1選項

A.Itconsumesalmostaquarterofthebody’stotalenergy.

B.Itcontinuestoburnupcaloriestohelpusstayinshape.

C.Itusesupmuchlessenergythanitdoesindeepthinking.

D.Itremainsinactivewithoutburningcaloriesnoticeably.

問題2選項

A.Energyusagedevotedtoactivelearningaccountsforabigpartofit.

B.Muchoftheconsumptionhasnothingtodowithconsciousactivities.

C.Asignificantamountofitisforperformingdifficultcognitivetasks.

D.Ithassomethingtodowiththedifficultyoftheactivitiesinquestion.

問題3選項

A.Itisconducivetorelievingmentalexhaustion.

B.Itisaprerequisiteforanymentalactivity.

C.Itisbelievedtoremainbasicallyconstant.

D.Itisthoughttoberelatedtofoodconsumption.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

【解析】RecordingTwo

In1994,theWorldChessChampionshipwascalledoffabruptly,duetothewitheredframeofaplayerwhoiscompetingforthetitle.Hewasn’taloneinexperiencingtheextremephysicaleffectsofthegame.Eliteplayerscanreportedlyburnuptoanabsurd6,000caloriesinoneday.Doesthatmeanthatthinkingharderisasimpleroutetolosingweight?Well,[19]whenthebodyisatrest，weknowthatthebrainusesupastartling20%to25%ofthebody’soverallenergy.Thislevelofutilizationactuallymakesthebrainthemostenergy-expensiveorganinthebody,andyetitmakesuponly2%ofthebody’sweightoverall.

Sothemoreweputthisorgantowork,themorecalorieswe’llburn?Technically,theanswerisyes,forcognitivelydifficulttasks.Whatcountsasa“difficult”mentaltaskvariesbetweenindividuals.Butgenerally,itcouldbedescribedassomethingthatthebraincannotsolveeasilyusingpreviouslylearnedroutines,ortasksthatchangetheconditionscontinuously.However,deepthinkingwillnotburnoffthecaloriesgainedfromeatingasugarysnack.Becauseinrelationtothebrain’shugeoverallenergyusage,whichisdevotedtoamultitudeoftasks,theenergyrequiredjusttothinkharderisactuallycomparativelytiny.[20]We’reunconsciousofmostofwhatusesupthebrain’senergy.Alotofthatactivityisunrelatedtoconsciousactivitieslikelearninghowtosingorplaytheguitar.Thebrainisabletoallocateblood(andthusenergy)toparticularregionsthatarebeingactiveatthatpoint.But[21]theoverallenergyavailabilityinthebrainisthoughttobeconstant.So,whiletheremightbesignificantincreasesinenergyuseatlocalizedregionsofthebrainwhenweperformdifficultcognitivetasks,whenitcomestothewholebrain’senergy