北師大版英語(yǔ)八年級(jí)上冊(cè)一單元語(yǔ)法及所需掌握短語(yǔ)

北師大版英語(yǔ)八年級(jí)上冊(cè)一單元語(yǔ)法及所需掌握短語(yǔ)Unit1FREETIME現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)的用法,一般過(guò)去時(shí)，表示頻率的副詞，like+名詞/動(dòng)名詞的用法，打電話(huà)的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)，興趣愛(ài)好語(yǔ)法：一、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)主語(yǔ)+be動(dòng)詞+現(xiàn)在分詞(動(dòng)詞的ing形式)+其他現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則是:1）大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞直接在詞尾加-ing，例如：go-going,work-working,study-studying,look-looking等。2）以不發(fā)音的e字母結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，需去掉e再加-ing，例如：make-making,write-writing,skate-skating等。3）以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的動(dòng)詞，要雙寫(xiě)這一輔音字母，再加-ing。例如：run-running,swim-swimming等。及begin和star符合現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成規(guī)則的第三點(diǎn).listen/lisn/重讀在第一個(gè)音節(jié)上,不符合第三點(diǎn),所以他屬于規(guī)則變化,直接加ing就好了.至于open是雙寫(xiě)n加ing的。1.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：a.表示現(xiàn)在（指說(shuō)話(huà)人說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如：Wearewaitingforyou.我們正在等你。b.習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如：Mr.Greeniswritinganothernovel.他在寫(xiě)另一部小說(shuō)。（說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)并未在寫(xiě)，只處于寫(xiě)作的狀態(tài)。）c.表示漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例如：Theleavesareturningred.葉子在變紅。It'sgettingwarmerandwarmer.天越來(lái)越熱了。d.與always,forever等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話(huà)人的主觀色彩。例如：Youarealwayschangingyourmind.你老是改變主意。2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)的用法下列動(dòng)詞come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等表示位置移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來(lái)。例如：I'mleavingtomorrow.明天我要走了。Areyoustayingheretillnextweek?你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎？二、一般過(guò)去時(shí)1.通常表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的而現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)結(jié)束的事件、動(dòng)作或情況。Eg.Samphonedamomentago.Igotupateightthismorning.2.還可以表示剛剛發(fā)生的事情而沒(méi)說(shuō)明時(shí)間。Eg.Didthetelephonering?Wholeftthedooropen?3.也可以表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。Eg.Ismoked40cigarettesadaytillIgaveup.與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday,lastweek/Sunday/year,…ago,justnow…eg.ImetLilyyesterday.IwenttoDalianlastsummer.Iwasagoodstudent5yearsago.Hehaddinnerjustnow.一般過(guò)去時(shí)的構(gòu)成：（1）有be的句子am/is—wasare—wereeg.肯定句：Hewasacook2yearsago.Theywereatschoolyesterday.否定句：Hewasnotacook2yearsago.Theywerenotatschoolyesterday.一般疑問(wèn)句：Washeacook2yearsago?Yes,hewas./No,hewasn’t.Weretheyatschoolyesterday?Yes,theywere./No,theyweren’t.（2）行為動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去式。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的變化規(guī)則：①一般動(dòng)詞直接加-ed②以e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞直接加-d③以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的變y為i再加ed④以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫(xiě)最后這個(gè)輔音字母，再加ed不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化需參看不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞表逐一熟記。(和一般過(guò)去分詞一起記憶)?；揪涫剑涸~匯：1.alotof(lotsof)許多（可以和可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞連用，一般用于肯定句中，在否定句和疑問(wèn)句中常用many或much）Alotofstudentswentroller-skatingyesterdayafternoon.Wehadlotsofhomeworklastweek.2.gotothemovies(theater)去看電影（看戲）Areyougoingtothetheaterthisevening?今晚你去看戲嗎？Wouldyouliketogotothemovieswithus?你愿意跟我們一塊兒去看電影嗎？3.amemberof成員之一，一分子Sheisamemberofthefamily.她是家庭的成員之一。Ihearheisamemberofthefootballclub.我聽(tīng)說(shuō)他是那個(gè)足球俱樂(lè)部的會(huì)員。4.haveagoodtime過(guò)得很愉快，玩得很痛快Didyouhaveagoodtimeatthepartyyesterdayevening?昨天的晚會(huì)上你玩得痛快嗎？WehadagoodtimeatBeidaihebeachinthesummervacation.暑假里我們?cè)诒贝骱雍I過(guò)得很愉快。5.enjoyoneself過(guò)得快活，玩得痛快DidyouenjoyyourselflastSunday?上星期日你玩得痛快嗎？Allofthemenjoyedthemselvesverymuchatherbirthdayparty.在她的生日聚會(huì)上他們都玩得非常愉快。6.Whatdoyouthinkof…?你對(duì)……有何想法？你認(rèn)為……如何？Whatdoyouthinkofthebook?你認(rèn)為那本書(shū)怎么樣？Whatdoyouthinkofhim?你認(rèn)為他這個(gè)人怎么樣？Ithinkofhimasahappypersonwithlotsoffriends.我認(rèn)為他是個(gè)快樂(lè)的、有很多朋友的人。7.takeacourse(class)學(xué)一門(mén)課程HeisgoingtotakeaFrenchclass.他想修一門(mén)法語(yǔ)課。IwanttotakeacourseonthehistoryofEuropeancountries.我想要上歐洲國(guó)家史課。8.help…with幫助……（某人）做……Canyouhelpmewithmyhomework,Tom?湯姆，幫我做作業(yè)好嗎？Pleasehelpmewiththeworkinthegarden.請(qǐng)幫我修整一下花園。Shehadaservanttohelpherwiththehouseworkandcooking.她有一個(gè)仆人幫她干家務(wù)和做飯。9.getreadyfor為……做好準(zhǔn)備，準(zhǔn)備做……Haveyougotreadyforthejourney?你做好旅行準(zhǔn)備了嗎？Theygotreadyfortheattack.他們已準(zhǔn)備發(fā)起攻擊。We’dbettergetreadyforleavinghere.我們最好準(zhǔn)備離開(kāi)這里吧。Haseverythinggotreadyforthedinnerparty?宴會(huì)的一切準(zhǔn)備都就緒了嗎？10.takephotos拍照，攝影Photosareforbiddenhere.此處禁止拍照。Hetookaphotoofherbehindherback.他偷偷給她拍了一張照片。MayItakeaphotoofyoursittingroom?我可以拍一張你家客廳的照片嗎？11.goshopping去購(gòu)物Hehasgoneshopping.Shewentshoppingatasupermarket.她去超級(jí)市場(chǎng)買(mǎi)東西去了。12.onafarm在農(nóng)場(chǎng)Heworksonafarm.他在農(nóng)場(chǎng)工作。Theyworkedonathree-hundred-acrefarmwhentheywereyoung.他們年輕時(shí)曾在一個(gè)占地300英畝的農(nóng)場(chǎng)工作。13.onone’sown靠自己；獨(dú)自Canyoufinishyourhomeworkonyourown?你能自己獨(dú)立完成家庭作業(yè)嗎？Ican’tcarrythewoodenboxonmyown,it’stooheavy.我自己扛不動(dòng)這只木箱，它太重了。Hehaslivedonhisownsincelastyear.他從去年起就獨(dú)自一人生活了。14.ontime按時(shí)，準(zhǔn)時(shí)Theplanearrivedontime.飛機(jī)準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)。Beheretomorrowontime.明天準(zhǔn)時(shí)到這兒來(lái)。Heisalwaysontime,neverkeepsyouwaiting.他一向準(zhǔn)時(shí)，從來(lái)不會(huì)讓你等候。15.arriveat(in)到達(dá)Thetrainarrivedatthestationontime.火車(chē)準(zhǔn)時(shí)到站。Whenwillyouarriveattheairport?你什么時(shí)候到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)？PleasegiveusaphonecallwhenyouarriveinParis.到巴黎時(shí)請(qǐng)打電話(huà)給我們。特殊疑問(wèn)詞(7W7H)What對(duì)物品名稱(chēng)或事件進(jìn)行提問(wèn)who對(duì)人物進(jìn)行提問(wèn)where對(duì)地點(diǎn)進(jìn)行提問(wèn)which對(duì)特征進(jìn)行提問(wèn)when對(duì)時(shí)間進(jìn)行提問(wèn)whose對(duì)物品所屬進(jìn)行提問(wèn)why對(duì)原因進(jìn)行How對(duì)方式方法，身體，天氣進(jìn)行提問(wèn)howold對(duì)年齡進(jìn)行提問(wèn)howmuch對(duì)價(jià)錢(qián)或不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量進(jìn)行提問(wèn)howlong對(duì)+時(shí)間段進(jìn)行提問(wèn)howfar對(duì)距離進(jìn)行提問(wèn)howmany對(duì)數(shù)量進(jìn)行提問(wèn)后加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)howsoon對(duì)+時(shí)間段進(jìn)行提問(wèn)howoften對(duì)頻率進(jìn)行提問(wèn)對(duì)指物名詞或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提出疑問(wèn)，疑問(wèn)詞用what詢(xún)問(wèn)天氣。“How+be+theweather...？”與“What+be+theweatherlike...？”意思相同。例如：Howistheweathertoday?=What'stheweatherliketoday?今天天氣如何？1)①Thetwinsweremakingakitewhentheirmothercamein.（劃線(xiàn)提問(wèn)）___________thetwins_____whentheirmothercamein?②MrsTurneraskedhersontobuysomeeggsforsupper.（劃線(xiàn)提問(wèn)）_____________MrsTurneraskherson_____________forsupper?2)對(duì)名詞前定語(yǔ)提出疑問(wèn)，疑問(wèn)詞應(yīng)用which，而且必須和名詞連用。I'mgoingtotaketheshirtontheright.（劃線(xiàn)提問(wèn)）___________areyougoingtotake?3)對(duì)指人名詞或代詞提問(wèn)用who，作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)提問(wèn)用whom。4)4)對(duì)物主代詞和名詞所有格提問(wèn)用whose。eg.LiPing'scoat→Whosecoat,myfather→Whosefather5)對(duì)具體時(shí)間提出疑問(wèn)，如inthemorning,lastSunday等，疑問(wèn)詞用when；對(duì)具體幾點(diǎn)鐘提問(wèn)，疑問(wèn)詞應(yīng)用whattime。6)對(duì)具體地點(diǎn)提出疑問(wèn)，疑問(wèn)詞應(yīng)用where。Thepupilsarehavingapicnicatthefootofthehill.（劃線(xiàn)提問(wèn)）__________thepupilshavingapicnic?7)對(duì)表原因的從句提問(wèn)，常見(jiàn)的有because引導(dǎo)的從句，疑問(wèn)詞應(yīng)用why。XiaoChengdidn'tgotothefarmwithusbecausehewasill.（劃線(xiàn)提問(wèn)）____________XiaoChenggotothefarmwithus?8)對(duì)方式或程度等提出疑問(wèn)，用疑問(wèn)詞How。eg.Iusuallygotoschoolbybike.Howisthatmovie?Ilikeitverymuch.“How...like...？”與“What...thinkof...？”如出一轍。例如：Howdoyoulikethefilm?=Whatdoyouthinkofthefilm?你覺(jué)得這部電影怎么樣？9)對(duì)數(shù)量提出疑問(wèn)，疑問(wèn)詞為Howmany，要注意howmany必須跟名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。eg.twohundredsheep→Howmanysheep10)對(duì)價(jià)格提出疑問(wèn)，疑問(wèn)詞用Howmuch。eg.Ipaidfiftyyuanforthesweater.____________didyoupayforthesweater?詢(xún)問(wèn)價(jià)格?！癏owmuch...？”或“Howmuch...cost?”與“What'sthepriceof...？”效果一樣。例如：Howmuchisthecomputer?=Howmuchdoesthecomputercost?=What'sthepriceofthecomputer?這臺(tái)電腦的價(jià)格是多少？11)對(duì)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度提出疑問(wèn)，疑問(wèn)詞應(yīng)用Howlong。eg.I'veworkedinthatfactoryfortwoyears.（劃線(xiàn)提問(wèn)）__________________youworkedinthatfactory?重量、長(zhǎng)度、高度、寬度、深度、速度、面積等。“How+形容詞+...？”與“What'sthe+名詞+of...？”意思相同。例如：Howheavyisthatbasketofapples?=What'stheweightofthatbasketofapples?那筐蘋(píng)果有多重？注意：與what句式轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)，how后的形容詞heavy,wide,high,tall,deep,long,fast,large等，須分別轉(zhuǎn)換成對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞：weight,width,height,depth,length,speed,size等。其中Howtallareyou?與What'syourheight?12)對(duì)時(shí)間頻率，如onceayear,twiceaweek等提問(wèn)，疑問(wèn)詞用Howoften。Howoftendouvisityourgrandma?13)對(duì)具體次數(shù)，如once,twice,threetimes等提問(wèn)，疑問(wèn)詞用Howmanytimes。eg.______didhecallyouthedaybeforeyesterday?Twice.A.WhattimeB.HowmanytimesC.HowmuchD.Howlong14)對(duì)in＋一段時(shí)間提問(wèn)，疑問(wèn)詞一般用Howsoon。eg.Janeandherbrotherwillfinishtheworkintwohours.（劃線(xiàn)提問(wèn)）_______________Janeandherbrotherfinishthework?15)對(duì)距離提出疑問(wèn)，疑問(wèn)詞用Howfar。eg.It'sabouttwokilometresfromheretothecountry.（劃線(xiàn)提問(wèn)）_____________________fromheretothecountry?16)另外，對(duì)日期、星期、天氣等提出疑問(wèn)，則分別用What'sthedate?Whatdayisit?如果是過(guò)去時(shí)間，就用was代替is。What'stheweatherlike?17)對(duì)人口的提問(wèn),What'sthepopulationofGermany?德國(guó)的人口有多少？population表示“人口”是一集體名詞，havepopulationof表示“有多少人口”。例如：Ourvillagehaspopulationoftwohundredofpeople.我們村有二百人口。What'sthepopulationof...？”可與“Howlargeisthepopulationof...？”互相轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：What'sthepopulationoftheworld?=Howlargeisthepopulationoftheworld?世界人口是多少？注意：在把肯定句改成否定句或一般疑問(wèn)句的時(shí)候,要注意句中是否有already、some、something、some