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高中高考英語語法總總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)介詞精選及連詞精選.高中高考英語語法總總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)介詞精選及連詞精選.高中高考英語語法總總結(jié)復(fù)習(xí)介詞精選及連詞精選.2011年高考英語語法復(fù)習(xí)專題:介詞和連詞一、考點(diǎn)聚焦1、介詞的分類與語法功能1)介詞是虛詞,不能夠單獨(dú)作句子成分,必定與名詞、代詞(或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句等)組成介詞短語,在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。介詞分為:簡(jiǎn)單介詞,如at、in、for等;合成介詞,如within、inside、onto、througout等;短語介詞,如accordingto、outof、becauseof、bymeansof、inspiteof、insteadof等。雙重介詞,如frombehind/above/under、untilafter等。分詞介詞,如considering、including、judging(from/by)等。常有的介詞賓語:名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、從句、不定式等。如:Itisgoingtorainthisafternoonaccordingtotheweatherforecast.Hequarrelledwithheryesterday.Hesucceededinpassingthefinalexam.④I’mstillthinkingofhowIcanfulfilthetaskaheadoftime.⑤TheprofessorwillgiveusatalkonhowtostudyEnglishwell.(2)介詞短語在句中可作表語、定語、狀語和賓補(bǔ)等。如:①Thismachineisingoodcondition.(表語)②Whereisthekeytomybike?(定語)③Nothingintheworldcouldlivewithoutairorwater.(狀語)④Shealwaysthinksherselfaboveothers.(賓補(bǔ))2、介詞搭配1)“動(dòng)詞+介詞”搭配:注意特定搭配與同一介詞與多個(gè)動(dòng)詞搭配意義不相同的情況。①robsb.ofsth./cleartheroadofsnow(“奪去、除去”意義的動(dòng)詞與of連用)②supplyuswithfood/filltheglasswithwine(“供給”意義的動(dòng)詞與with連用)③makeadeskofwood/makebreadfromflour/makethematerialintoacoat(“制作、制造”意義與of、from、into連用)④介詞+the+部位與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系(=動(dòng)詞+sb.’s+部位,可換用)strikehimonthehead(catchhimbythearm(hittheboyintheface
“,拍,碰,摸”意與on用)“抓,拉,拿,扯”意與by用)(“肚,胸,眼,”等人體前部與
in用)⑤prevent(stop,keep)sb.fromdoingsth.(
“阻攔,禁止”意與from用)⑥persuade(advise,warn)odoingsth.(“服,建”意與into用)buysb.forsth.(leave、get、win、gain、lose等“得失”意for用)⑧tellsth.tosb.(show、teach、sing、write、read等“見告”意與to用)givesth.tosb.(give、allow、promise、pass、hand等“授予”意與to用)注意:⑦⑧⑨可成buysb.sth.雙構(gòu)。⑩saytosb.(suggest、explain、apologize、murmur、whisper與“象”用必用to)不能suggestsb.sth.。同一與不相同介搭配意不相同。for(找)tosth.of(聽)on(拜)lookto(眺望)agreewithsb.hearcallfor(需要)at(看)onsth.from(收到信)in( )同一介與不相同搭配,意各異。replytotheletter回信,sing(dance)tothemusic和??唱(跳),amountto達(dá)到,加起來有??,devoteto把??獻(xiàn),drinkto??干杯,objectto反,lookforwardto期望,cometo醒,belongto屬于,searchfor搜??,ask?for?找,use?for用作,leavefor前往,take?for以,callof倡,waitfor等待,carefor喜,makeupfor彌失,turnto求助(救)于,helponeselfto隨意,agreeto贊成,compare?to把??比作,sendfor派人去(拿)??,sailfor向,航向,setoutfor身去,goinfor好??。(2)?!靶稳?介”搭配。of擔(dān)憂??about/atsth.afraid
angryfor
替??而擔(dān)憂forsth.期望??
withsb.differentfrom
與??不相同amxiousaboutsth./sb擔(dān)憂??differentto?不關(guān)心??ofwithsb.tiredstrictfrom/with因??疲倦insth.要求格at擅withsb.受??迎goodfor??有益popularinsomeplace流行在??ofsb.todoso友好for?因??而流行with+名或what從句pleased
helpfulto
??有幫助knownsorryfor
at+抽象名(聽tosb.人所知for因??而出名as作??出名?替??后悔
/看到??而高)befamiliarwith熟悉befamiliarto??熟知(悉)disappointedatsth.無望from
缺席richin富饒??
absentin走開此地去了??worthyof得的,gladaboutsth.forsb.某人某事高,farfrom離??,gratefulforsth.tosb.某事感謝某人,freefrom沒有??(免除??),proudof(takepridein)驕傲,satisfiedwith(by)意,sureof/about確信,fondof喜,fitfor適合,busywithsth.(indoingsth.)忙著干某事,fullof充,readyfor準(zhǔn),similarto相似,wrongwith不;有弊端??(3)“名+介”要注意搭配和意區(qū)分。theabsenceofwater缺水thehopeofsuccess成功的希望haveachanceof(for)enteringcollege上大學(xué)的機(jī)遇takeprideinthem他感覺傲thekeytothequestion的答案amedicineforcough治咳嗽的theticketfortomorrow明天的票inBeijing去了北京hisabesencefromBeijing不在北京tostudy學(xué)方法thewayofstudyingmaths學(xué)授課的方法3、核心介用法與辨析(1)表示的介in的用法以下。表示在某一內(nèi),如世、年、月、季、周等一般用介in,如:inthe1990s,intheyear,inJanuary,in(the)winter/summer/fall/spring,inthefirstweekofMay。能夠用段名成固定短或。如:inawhile,innotime,inthedaytime,inashortwhile,intime,inthemorning(afternoon,evening)。但要注意:①atnight/atnoon,intheday(在白天),inthenight(大夜)。②infivedays(weeks,months,years)中in意思是“在??以后”。③in和during表一段內(nèi)兩可互用。如:inthenight,duringthenight,inthewar,duringthewar。但略有區(qū):當(dāng)接表示“活”的抽象名多用during,接“活”的名及短用in。如:duringthediscussionindiscussingtheproblemduringherstayinHubeiinplayingbasketballduringthecourseofindiggingthetunnel(2)在詳盡的某一天或某天上午、夜晚、前夕,常用on。onSunday(s).onTuesdaymorningonChristmasDay(但atChrismas),onChristmasEve,onChildren’sDayearlyonthemorningofOct.1(區(qū):inthelate/earlyofOct.1)
morningonarainynight,onwarmwinterdays表示某一刻或某一點(diǎn)用at,如小、分等。atbreakfast(supper,lunch),atsixatnoon(sunrise,sunset,midday,night,midnight,dawn)attheageof15,atthetimeofwar,但intimeofdanger/trouble。注意:有些名前不接介。如:nextday、lastSundayone、each、any、every
、thatmorning、theseyears、some、all修,一般不用介
,如
somedayoneday、yesterday/afternoon,thenightbefore4)till、until、to的用法。①till(until)與持用一般用于必然句中,與短用一般用在否定句中。如:Hewaitedformetilltwelveo
’clock.Hedidn’tgetuptill(until)10a.m.(但注意:在句首出或句型中一般不用
不能用to).till而用
until
。如:Notuntil9a.m.didMr.Smithcomebacktoschool.②to表“”常用和from用,但要注意不與from用的意。如:fromJulytoSeptember,fromsixto(till)eight(從??到??止),但frommorningtillnight(從早到晚),不能夠用to。from?to常組成搭配,不能用其他介。(A)表長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)、、移的含。fromtimetotime(不,有),fromdaytoday(每天),fromhandtohand(不斷下去),fromplacetoplace(,到),fromsidetoside(左右),fromdoortodoor(家家),fromhousetohouse(挨家挨),fromshoptoshop(一個(gè)商店接一個(gè)商店)。(B)表初步止的全程或程度加深、狀化。frombeginningtoend(從到尾,自始至)(fromthebeginningtotheendof?);fromhandtomouth(能生活),frombadtoworse(越來越糟),fromheadtofoot(從到腳),fromtoptobottom(整個(gè)地,底地),fromtoptotoe(全身),fromstarttofinish(自始至,從到尾)。(C)fromone+名+toanother表示“依次”。如fromonecartoanother(著依次地)。(D)名+by+同一數(shù)名,表示“一個(gè)一個(gè)地”,要與from?to短區(qū)開:onebyone一個(gè)一個(gè)地;littlebylittle(bit)一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地;stepbystep一步一步地,逐地(但byandby不久今后);sentencebysentence逐句地;daybyday一天一天地;sidebyside(with?)(和??)并肩,一起;shouldertoshoulder肩并肩地,心力;handinhand手拉手,地;facetoface面面。(5)in、after、laterin+一段:表示起點(diǎn)一段此后,與一般將來用;但表示“在??之內(nèi)”,用于各種。②一段+later(later是副):表示某一詳盡或某一方面詳盡算起的一段后。③after+一段表示:“在??此后”,用于一般去;但點(diǎn),只能用after,即after+點(diǎn),用于各種。Thedoctorwillbewithusinsixminutes.Shegraduatedin1981,andeightyearslatershebecamethemanagerofthefactory.Hereceivedherletterafterfourweeks.別的,in+一段+’s+time與within+一段的用法以下:inaweek’stime=inaweekTheywillarriveinthreedays’time.(與將來用)Mybrother’sbirthdayisintwoweeks’time.(作表)I’llfinishthebookwithintwoweeks.(within=inless
than?用于各種,不超出,在??之內(nèi))6)地址介at、on、in、to、across、through、over、under、below。①at在小的所,in在大的所,on在??的平面上。如atthedoor、attheairport、atthestation、at55ParkStreet、inChina、inthenorth、inAsia、onthedesk、onthewall等。②on、at、in能夠表示兩地相地址。若A地屬于B地,用in;A地位于B地的外面且有接用on;無的接有to。如:JapanliestotheeastofChina.(范之外)TaiwanliesinthesoutheastofChina.(范之外)HunanprovinceliesonthewestofHubeiprovince.(毗)TheislandliesoffthecoastofChina.(相隔必然距離)③地址介的引申、比意:inthesun在陽光下,inthedark(ness)在黑暗中,inthedark不知道,infreezingweather在冷天氣中,inthemud在泥中,intheearth在地下,inthedesert在沙漠中,inaheavyrain在大雨中,inthesnow/wind在雪/中,inpublic當(dāng)眾,introuble在困境中,getintotrouble墜入困境,outoftrouble脫困,beyondhope望。across在物體表面“穿”;through表示在三空內(nèi)部“穿”。如:Theywalkedacrosstheplayground.Iwalkedthroughtheforest.⑤over/under/above/below。over、above作“在??之上”;under、below作“在??的下面”,其區(qū)在于over、under表示一種直接的、垂直的上下關(guān)系;而above、below表示一般的“高于”或“低于”,不用然是垂直“在上”或“在下”。如:Alittleboatisnowunderthebridge.Thereisabridgeovertheriver.Thesunsinksbelowthehorizon(地平)Thewindowiswellabovethetree.⑥表示地址介的靜性和性Hewalkedtothestation(靜,表示方向和目的地)Hewalkedtowardsthestation.(,只表示方向)Heiskindto(towards)us.(兩者通用)acrossthefields跨野外??,overthedesert超越沙漠a(chǎn)crosstheriver橫跨條河??,overthehill翻座山beinthehouse(靜,在里??)stayoutofthecar(靜,在??外
)gointothehouse(,入)flyoutofthecountry(,走開)(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介bytheyear/hour/day按年/小/天。如Herentahousebytheyear(day,hour).(按by+the+位名稱)但tothe
pound按磅算,totheton按噸。②表泛指的方式、手段bypost/mail寄,bytelephone(radio),但onthephone/ontheradio/onTV(器材),byelectricity用,bymachinery用器,byhardwork,learnheart,throughthesatellite,throughpractice,throughhisownefforts,throughexperience,throughthetelescop③交通工具bybus/train/car/taxi(road)bybike/bicycle,onhorseback/onfootbyplane/jet/spaceship,byairbyship/boat/lifeboat,bysea/bywater別的:bymeansof用??方法,bywayof方法,withthehelp(permission)ofsb./withsb.sion)。④表方式、手段的其他用法
由,取道于,用??’shelp(permis
-Hebeatthedogwithawhip.(with+Onesmellswithhisnose.(with+
工具機(jī)器人體器官,但
)
byhand
“手工,用手”)Hestoodupwithpride.(with+情、感情、度的名)注意:使用言、資料、文字等用in。如inEnglish(ink,pencil)。別的如:inhigh(good,low)spirits,inanger,injoy,incomfort,insorrow,insafety,indanger,inneed,indebt,inlove,infun,inpain,intears,insurprise,ingood(poor)health,ingoodorder,inflower,inaway,inalowvoice,insilence,in(with)satisfaction,inahurry,in(with)words,live/feedonfood,kneelonone’sknee,take(catch)sb.bysurprise(出乎意外)(8)表示“除??之外”的幾常用介比。①besides除??之外,(有)。作副意思是“而且,更何況”。WellallwenttothecinemabesidesShaw.除了肖外,我都去了影院。Itwastoolatetoseeafilm,andbesides,Iwastired.②except除去,除??之外(不再有)。WeallwentexceptJohn.我都去了,翰沒有。在否定句中,兩能夠用,如:Hehasnootherhatsexcept/besidesthisone.③exceptfor除了??(句子主行校正或附加明)后接名、代或what從句,此與exceptthat+句子意思相同。Hewasverycleverexceptforcarelessness.exceptthat?除了??一點(diǎn)之外。Hehasnotchangedexceptthatheiswearingdarkglasses.but與exceptbut和except在表示“除了??之外”能夠通用,但注意以下三點(diǎn):①前面有不定人、疑代在乎上稱,多用but。Allbutonearehere.NobodybutIlikesmakingmodelships.②后接不定式短消除象,多用but。Hehasnothingtodobutwait.(前有do,后省to)③but與一些固定構(gòu)用。havenochoicebuttodosth.只得做某事,cannotbutdosth.不得不,cannothelpbutdosth.不得不??,butfor?如不是??(9)between與among.between平時(shí)指兩者之。也能夠用于三者以上的兩者之。如:AnnisbetweenTomandBill.SwitzerlandliesbetweenFrance,Germany,AustraliaandItaly.Theysoonfinishedtheworkbetweenthemselves.(共同,合作)Shewasbusybetweencooking,washing,sewingandlookingafterthebaby.(表示接不斷地,一個(gè)接一個(gè)地忙忙那)Ahorsecanbeseenbetweentreesnow.among表示三者以上之。如:Thestoryissaidtohavehappenedinavillageamongthehills.Hewashappytobeamongfriendsagain.Wemustagreeamongourselves.(一起,共同)我必達(dá)成共。Londonisamongthelargestcities.(=oneof與最高用)(10)表原因的介for、becauseof、dueto。Hedidn’tcometothemeetingbecauseofhisillness.Thereasonforhiscominglateisthathewasill.Hewaspraisedforhisbraveryandcourage.Theaccidentisduetoyourcarelessdriving.(11)不定式復(fù)合構(gòu)中的for、of。里所的不定式復(fù)合構(gòu)形式指的是for或of加上人或事,作不定式主的構(gòu)。Itiscleverofyoutoansweritlikethat.Itisquitehardformetoexplainwhy.注意:兩句中的of和for的使用,表形容能明不定式主的性、特色與容顏用of,若是明不定式行自己的性、狀等用for。(12)兼作和副的介。after、since、till/still、before些既是介,又是。in、on、along、down、up、after、before、along、beyond等介可兼作副。Herandownthehill.(介)Canyouliftthatboxdownfromtheshelfforme?(
副)③有的介能夠兼作和副。Allthestudentsgottoschoolbeforeme.(before介)Wedowanttobuysomethingnowbeforepricesgoup.( )Haven’tIseenyoubefore?(before副)(13)介的省略。①表示的介on、at、in的省略。在next、last、yesterday、tomorrow、each、one、any、every、all等從前,能夠省略,也能夠不省略。如(at)lastweekend、(on)thatday等。②介for表示的省略要求。(A)以all開的名短,for要省略。如:Istayedwithherallhemorning.(B)表示一段的短從前,for能夠省略,也能夠不省略。如:IhavebeenwaitinghereI(for)morethanthreehours.(C)否定句中,表示的短前的for不能夠省略。如:Ihaven’tseenyouforthirtyyears.(D)狀在主句從前,for不能夠省略。如:Forthewholemorning,theoldmankeptreading.③某些短此后的介能夠省略。Nothingcanpreventme(from)doingthejob.Shespentnearlytwohours(in)translatingit.(14)某些名與介組成的固定搭配。①要求接to的名有:key、answer、visit、entrance、apology、introduction、road等。②要求接in的名有:interest、satisfaction、expert等。Heisexpertinteachingsmallchildren.(15)幾個(gè)常用的并列。①both?and,either?or,neither?norboth?and“雙方都”,接句子的兩個(gè)主,此后平時(shí)用使用復(fù)數(shù)形式。either?or與neither?nor注意采用“就近原”。②notonly?butalso,aswellas注意:兩者象不相同,notonly?butalso的是butalso此后部分,而aswellas其前面的部分。notonly?butalso采用“就近原”,而aswellas可是一個(gè)插入,采用“就原”。如:Mr.Smith,
aswellashiswifeandchildren,
hascometo
Nanjingforavisit.notonly
?
butalso
構(gòu)中的notonly
可用于句首,接兩個(gè)分句,第一個(gè)從句主要倒裝。Notonlyisheclever,butalsoheishardworking.(16)幾個(gè)常用的隸屬。when、while、as都表示“當(dāng)??候”,when引的從句的作與主句的可同生,也可先后生;as、while引的從句主句和從句的作同生。如:WhenIgotothestation,thetrainhadalreadyleft.Hesangmerrilyashewasworking.②till、until均表示“到??候止”,必然句中的必是延性作。如:Iworkedtilllateatnight.若主句是止性,主句要用否定形式,意作“到??才??”開始生。如:Shedidn’tgetupuntilhermothercamein.till
注意:till和until更常用。
平時(shí)情況下能夠互,可是在句首u(yù)ntil比though、although均引步狀從句,意“然??”,although正式,though最常用。如:Thouth(Although)hewastired,hekeptonworking.注意:though、although引的從句不能夠與but、however用,但能夠與yet、still用。though能夠與的合使用,如eventhough、asthough,而although不能夠搭配。nosooner?than、hardly?when、assoonas三者都表示“一??就”,“??就”的意思。(A)assoonas置于主句前后都能夠,而且有各種。如:AssoonasshegetshereI’lltellheraboutit.Maryleftassoonasthefinishedthework.(B)hardly?when、nosooner?than不能夠表示將來的事,其主句的一般用去完成,從句用去。若將hardly或nosooner放在句首,句子要倒裝。如:Nosoonerhadhearrivedthanhewentawayagain.⑤某些表示的名()也可用作隸屬。它是:themoment,theminute,theinstant,theday,thetime,thefirst(second,third?)time,thespring(summer,autumn,winter),every(each,next,any)time(day),bythetime,都可引狀從句。如:Hismotherdiedthespringhereturned.Callmeuptheminutehearrives.二、精典名解填空1.Thehomeimprovementshave
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