科技英語綜合教程練習答案

科技英語綜合教程練習答案科技英語綜合教程練習答案科技英語綜合教程練習答案科技英語綜合教程練習答案編制僅供參考審核批準生效日期地址：電話：傳真:郵編:Keys:第一章科技英語閱讀第一節(jié)科技英語主要特點ThefirstthreesentencesinPassageOneareallconstructedwithpassivevoicewhilethefirstthreesentencesinPassageTwoareconstructedwithactivevoice.Therefore,thelanguageinPassageOnesoundsmoreformalandobjectivethanthatofPassageTwo.ThewordsspokenbySheilainPassageTwoareinformal.Examples:"There'sRaviatthehomeofthatAmericandoctor."(Contractedform);"Awonderfulguy."(Incompletesentence);"Ravilookssweet,doesn'the"

(Questiontag).

InthesecondparagraphofPassageOne,"it"refersto"touseinsecticideregularly,onaverylargescale."InthesecondparagraphofPassageTwo,"through"means"finish"or"complete."PassageOneiswrittenforacademicpurposeandPassageTwomainlyforentertainment.II.PassageOneAblastofhotairissentintothebottomofthefurnacetomakethecokeburnfiercely.Itisblownintothefurnacethroughpipes.Thesepipesareinstalledaroundthecircumferenceoftheblastfurnaceeightfeetabovethebottom.Whilethecokeisburningandironismelting,gasisformedatthetopofthechamber.Thisisledofffromthetopofthefurnacetobeused.Itcontainscarbonmonoxide,whichiscombustible.Partofthisgasisusedformakingtheairblasthot.Itisledoffintostoves.PassageTwoAllelementsarecomposedofdiscreteunitscalledatoms,whicharethesmallestparticlesthatexhibitthecharacteristicsoftheelement.Atomsaretinyunitsofmattercomposedofpositivelychargedprotons,negativelychargedelectrons,andelectricallyneutralneutrons.Protonsandneutrons,whichhaveapproximatelythesamemass,areclusteredinthenucleusinthecenteroftheatom.Electrons,whicharetinyincomparisontotheotherunits,orbitthenucleusathighspeed.Atomsthathaveanequalnumberofelectronsandprotonsareelectricallyneutral.Thosethathavegainedorlostelectrons,andthereforearepositivelyornegativelycharged,arecalledions.第二節(jié)科技、半科技英語專業(yè)術語I.1.D(自動駕駛儀) 2.F(生物鐘) 3.I(熱核的) 4.G(地熱的)5.B(微波) 6.J(放射療法) 7.E(光周期) 8.A(超導體)9.H(遠距離操縱器) 10.C(超顯微/濾過性病毒)II.1.一位從事航空醫(yī)學研究的醫(yī)生 2.防止計算機犯罪的措施3.一種新型除霜器 4.一個用光電池驅動的玩具5.一輛裝有自動報警器的汽車 6.隔音材料7.一種廣泛使用的殺蟲劑（農藥） 8.用放射性碳做的試驗9.電信業(yè)的發(fā)展 10.一臺通用機床III.1.in-(Inorganic) 2.radio-(radioactive)3.hydro-(Hydrotherapy) 4.-free(caffeine-free)5.infra-(infrared)/ultra-(ultrared) 6.mono-(monorail)7.aero-(Aerodynamics) 8.-fold(33-fold)9.geo-(geocentric) 10.-proof(weatherproof)11.bio-(biotechnology) 12.anti-(antibiotic)IV.發(fā)電站 2.礦物燃料 3.太陽黑子 4.航天探測器 5.滾珠軸承6.渦輪 7.航天飛機 8.樹木的年輪 9.離心調速器 10.心肌功能V.1.flow 2.laws 3.law 4.conserved5.transferred 6.transformed 7.bond 8.thermodynamics9.work 10.law 11.degraded 12.work13.law 14.state 15.disorder 16.energy17.law 18.biological 19.metabolically 20.cellVI.很明顯，許多家用電器的加熱和照明作用都依靠電阻。氣體如果不封閉在剛性的容器內就會膨脹，受熱的氣球便可說明這一現(xiàn)象。在化學變化中，粒子結構發(fā)生變化，生成新的物質。19世紀，電力設備以及由此興起的工業(yè)得到迅速發(fā)展，而當時人們對電的性質還不完全了解。應注意保證脈沖信號本身不出現(xiàn)不規(guī)則現(xiàn)象和中斷現(xiàn)象?？梢杂邪盐盏卣f，除了琥珀之外，許多其他物質通過摩擦也能帶電。第三節(jié)科技英語中的復合詞與專有名詞1.H(耐熱的，抗熱的，不傳熱的) 2.E(帶寬)3.J(流線型的) 4.B(基巖)5.G(耗電量大的) 6.A(太空行走)7.I(用水制冷的) 8.D(液態(tài)的)9.F(用防火材料保護的，阻燃的) 10.C(網絡)II.1.stressshock,stress-relateddiseases2.solid-statesemiconductordevices3.energy-efficientappliances4.topsoil5.steamengine6.soilorganisms7.windbornedust8.thechainreaction9.Fuelwoodshortages10.heat-andscratch-resistantsurfacesIII.1.nylon 2.volt 3.pasteurization 4.Morsecode 5.Bunsenburner 6.mackintosh 7.Dopplereffect 8.Xerox9.newton 10.ampere第四節(jié)科技英語中的復數形式與縮略語I.1.bacteria 2.spectra/spectrums 3.radius 4.Fungi 5.nucleus6.formula 7.phenomenon 8.Algae/Algas 9.larvae/larvas 10.stratumII.1.F(computerdiscread-onlymemory)2.J(ear,nose,andthroat)3.A(ribonucleicacid)4.H(unidentifiedflyingobject)5.C(microwavelandingsystem)6.B(video-displayterminal)7.I(personalcomputer)8.E(ultraviolet)9.G(computer-aidedmanufacturing)10.D(artificialintelligence)III.上述定理和定律不但對直流電路而言是正確的，對交流電路而言也同樣是正確的。美國通常的家用電壓是110-220伏，因為人們發(fā)現(xiàn)更高的電壓會造成致命的事故。4500型平版印刷機（人們給該機器取的名字）能過生產1英寸厚的18英寸彩色液晶顯示屏。該發(fā)生器每小時產生蒸汽20萬磅。電離層的結構是變化的，這就意味著，高頻無線電通信的頻率極限也是變化的。第五節(jié)科技英語的主要句型I.1.Thefirstprogramwouldrequireaminimumof108weeks,whilethesecond72weeks.2.Heatedto100°C,waterwillstartboiling.3.Thenutrientsolutionwillsupportgrowthevenifhighlydilute.4.Twoorthreehundredofthesewires,eachabout0.19inchesindiameter,areclampedtogethertoformasinglestrand.5.ThethreegroupsoftranquilizersaremarketedintheUnitedStates,butnotcommonlyusedinBritain.II.1.Commonsaltissolubleinwater.2.Benzenehasaboilingpointof80.4°Cundernormalpressure.3.Thisplasticsmaterialhasgreaterrigidity.4.ThebeamhasanI-shapedcross-section.5.Thisspecimenhasalengthof3-26cm.6.Thestoragevesselhasacapacityof10,000liters.7.Abriefdescriptionisgivenoftheuseanddevelopmenttrendsoftelecommunication.8.Somescientistshavesuggestedanimmediatebanontheuseoffluorocarbons.III.1.Inplanningaroad,extensivepreliminarysurveysmustbecarriedouttodeterminethepreciselineoftheroad.2.Insuchcases,precautionshavetobetakentoavoiddamagetothemechanism.3.First,thetentsmustbespacedat25-footintervalstopreventflamespread.4.Thesolutionisweakenedbytheadditionofmorewater.5.Electricitycanbetransmittedbymeansofwires.6.Themicroscopeenablessmallobjectstobeobserved.7.Thesemethodsofjoiningmetalarenormallyadoptedforstrongpermanentjoints.8.Theexistenceofthebiologicalclockwasfirstrecognizedintheearly18thcentury.9.Thewaythisdangerhasbeenassessedandtheactiontakenreflectsagrowingawarenessoftheproblem.10.Afterthesoilhasbeenexcavatedtotheappropriatedepthandfilled,itiscompactedbyarolleruntilitisfirm.第六節(jié)科技英語篇章閱讀方法Subject:篇章閱讀答案Keys：IIIpartI:DavidGumpandGaryHudson;anentrepreneurwithfreshideaspartIII:innovativetechnologypartIV:1-5CBADC6-10CDCAA第二章科技英語翻譯I 詞的翻譯1 根據詞的搭配選擇詞義Solid：h),b),g),d),i),f),j),a),c),k),m),l),e)根據專業(yè)確定詞義System：(1) humanocularsystem視覺系統(tǒng)(醫(yī)學) (2) rocketsystem多級火箭（航天）(3) pillingsystem打樁工程(土木工程) (4) wiringsystem電路圖(電路)(5) transmissionsystem發(fā)送站(無線電) (6) trunksystem長途電話網(郵電)(7) stresssystem應力狀態(tài)(力學) (8) phone-visionsystem電視電話(通訊)(9) systemofgovernment政體(政治) (10) stripsystem帶伐作業(yè)(林業(yè))(11) opticalsystem光具組(光學) (12) parallelsystem平行式布置(設計)3 根據詞類或語境確定詞義(1) round錠子同時繞兩個垂直的軸旋轉。粒子每運轉一周都從振蕩電場獲取新的能量。(2) condition數學操作或邏輯操作必須符合某種條件。交互編程環(huán)境現(xiàn)在能用于一些商用編程語言。(3) find人們發(fā)現(xiàn)鉆孔速度與工具所受的凈壓力成正比?？茖W家們總是力求找到快速而簡便的方法獲得定量數據。(4) work推拉物體不見得就會做功。這些手表的零件都是國內制造的，性能良好。II 句子的翻譯假說是科學家從觀察中得出的一種特定的論斷。大部分錢是靠出售他培育出的一種馬鈴薯新品種的秘訣而掙得的。如果開關接通，電流就流過線路。由于分子運動而引起的力能使分子分離。很顯然，數控是指機床采用數字來操縱。電流的變化與電動勢成正比，與電阻成反比。無線電波與光波相似，只不過無線電波的波長要長一些。 自動化機器雖然有很多優(yōu)點，但他們只能做人們吩咐它們要做的事情。 這些新技術的采用為我們提供了可靠性高、性能良好、成本低廉、耗電量小等優(yōu)點。 即便在同一施工場地，由于地基的性質有很大差異，土地的承載力也不相同。不是每次碰撞都能發(fā)生化學反應，因為許多分子不具有反應所需要的能量。絕緣體接上電源后，電不會像通過導體那樣通過絕緣體。III 長句的翻譯1 正是由于集成電路的研制成功，才有可能把電子器件做得越來越小。2 在發(fā)達國家的工廠和車間里，用機器人來充當助手越來越普及，它是經設計并制造出來的機器手，可以獨立從事各種工業(yè)活動。3 試圖利用計算機來復制人腦活動方式的數學家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，即使運用最先進的電子設備，他們也要建造一臺重1萬公斤的計算機才行。4 結果表明，在相當長的時間內，全球平均氣溫都是相當穩(wěn)定的，可極小的溫度變化卻意味著環(huán)境的巨大改變。但是，最近發(fā)表在科學雜志的一對研究報告并沒有驗證生物燃料的這種作用。并且，事實上，相對于要被取而代之的化石燃料來說，生物燃料對氣候產生的危害是有過之而無不及。6 盡管備受關注的是研發(fā)金屬，陶瓷，聚合物與復合材料材質的改善，但有能力生產，制造可以滿足特定需求的材料現(xiàn)在也在漸漸變成現(xiàn)實。7 信息高速公路是一種電子通訊網絡，這一網絡把所有的人互相聯(lián)系起來，并可提供任意一種人們想得到的電子通訊方式。8 如果把管子裝成這個樣子，使最熱的水上升，而最冷的水流下來后返回鍋爐里去，那么，鍋爐中的熱水系統(tǒng)不用水泵就能循環(huán)，道理就在于此。9 多種因素促使人們更加關注(垃圾的處理)/這種興趣的產生有很多因素，包括對垃圾越來越多，垃圾填埋場地越來越少，焚燒垃圾造成的空氣污染越來越嚴重的擔心；及對環(huán)境保護的必要性已形成的共識等。10 無論是用作轎車和公汽的能源，還是發(fā)電作其他的什么用途，燃料電池都是無需燃燒就可將氫轉化成電能。11. 每個化學元素在周期表中都有一定的原子數和位置，可以據此來推測其特性：如何同別的元素相互作用，能形成什么樣的化合物，以及它的物理屬性。12. 固體加熱到足夠溫度時，它所含的電子就會有一部分離開固體表面而飛到周圍的空間中去；這種現(xiàn)象稱為熱電子放射；通常，電子管就利用這種現(xiàn)象產生自由電子。第三章科技英語寫作第一節(jié)Ourlatestattemptatmoldingperformanceprotectorshasledtosomepositiveresults.WespentseveralhoursinDept.15tryingdifferentmachinesettingsandtechniques.Severalgoodpartsweremoldedusingtwodifferentsheetthicknesses.Hereisasummaryofthefindings.First,wetriedthethicksheetmaterial.At240°F,Next,wetriedthethinnersheetmaterial.Thethinnermaterialislessforgiving,butafterafewadjustmentsweweremakinggoodparts.Still,thethinmaterialcausedthemosthandlingproblems.第二節(jié)1．引言部分1.ActionsofAntibiotics,（不夠具體）PerformancesofModeratorsinReactors，（不夠具體）AComprehensiveSurveyontheEtiologicalFactorsofStomachCancerinChina，（刪除acomprehensivesurvey）StudiesontheFluctuationofNoiseandRegressionAnalysis（刪除studiesonthe）AComparisonofRadioWaveswithWaterWaves，（不夠具體）2.ApplicationofStatisticalMethodstoDiagnoseCausesofPoorAir-QualityModelPerformance(統(tǒng)計方法在診斷空氣質量模型性質差的原因方面的應用)InvestigationonHeat-ElectricityCogenerationwithNuclearHeatingReactors(核供熱反應堆熱電聯(lián)產實驗研究)LightRadiationfromPulsedDischargesinWater(水中高壓脈沖發(fā)電的光輻射研究)2．摘要部分一、1．Thecurrentcalibrationmethodsoftheprojectile-velocitymeasurementsystemareintroduced,andtheproblemandtheunreasonablenessofthesemethodsareanalyzed.Basedontheprincipleofthemathematicalstatistics,thecalibrationmethodisinvestigatedthatmeasurestheprojectile-velocityatthesametimebythemulti-groupzone-blockdeviceisunbiased,uniformandefficientandusestheaverageofthemeasuredvalueasthetruevalueoftheprojectile-velocityatthepoint.Themethodadvantagesareanalyzedtoo.Thecalibrationsystemoftheprojectile-velocitymeasurementsystembasedonthelaserscreentargetsisestablished.Theexperimentandthedataprocessprovethatthemethodisnotonlyfeasible,butalsoprovidesaneffectivecalibrationmethodforquantificationallygivingtheuncertaintyofmeasuringtheprojectile-velocityquantitatively.2. Anovelwatersolublefluorescentmonomer,4-(N’-methyl-1-piperazinyl)–N-methyl-1,8-naphthalimideallylchloridequaternaryammoniumsalt(FM)issynthesizedfrom4-bromo-1,8-naphthalicanhydrideandmethylamine.ItsstructureischaracterizedbyIR,HNMRandMS.Theacrylicacid/hydroxypropylacryatecopolymercontainingfluorescentgroup(FM-AA-HPA)ispreparedbycopolymerizationofFM,acrylicacid(AA)andhydroxypropylacryate(HPA).TheeffectsofFM-AA-HPAonfluorescenceandscaleinhibitionareresearched.TheresultsshowthatthewavelengthoftheexcitedandtheemittedspectrumofFM-AA-HPAare399nmand531nmrespectively,andtheshapesaresymmetricasmirrorimages.TherelationshipoffluorescentintensityandconcentrationofFM-AA-HPAislinear.Thecorrelationcoefficient(R)is0.9978andthelimitofdetectionis0.95mg.L-1.Bythestaticmethod,thescaleinhibitionratioofCa3(PO4)2is85.4%whenthecopolymerconcentrationis20mg.L-1;thescaleinhibitionratioofCaCO3is70.9%whenthecopolymerconcentrationis15mg.L-1;thescaleinhibitionratioofCaSO4is86.5%whenthecopolymerconcentrationis15mg.L-1;theabilityofstabingZn2+ionisgood.TheresultsfromSEMshowthatthecopolymerhashighperformanceofscaleinhibitiononlatticedistortionofCaCO3.[2010,34(1):151-156] 3.Accordingtotheelectromagneticpropagationruleandthecalculationmethodsofequivalentsurfaceimpedance,anewmicrowaveabsorberbasedonresonanthigh-impedancesurfaceisproposedanddesigned.Thetheoreticanalysisinthefrequencyrangeof2.95to4.15GHz.Butinthisfrequencyrange,itisaperfectabsorberwhiletheresonantsurfaceisloadedwithanultra-thinelectricloss-sheetwithimpedancematchingtothefreespace.Thebandwidthwiththereflectioncoefficientof-10dBorlessisabout700MHz,andthemaximumabsorptionpeakisat3.55GHz.Thesimulatedresultsagreewellwiththeanalysisresults.Thedesignoftheabsorberisnotonlysimpleinstructure,butalsohascharacteristicsofultra-thin(1.5mmthickness),ultra-lightandwiderbandwidth.4.SinceWienerproposedtheCyvernetics,feedbackhasalwaysbeenthemostfundamentalconceptandmethodologyforcontroltheoryandengineering.Thispapersummarizesthedevelopmentoftheexistingfeedbackcontrolandtheemergencyinterconnectionscontrol.Itispointedthatthemechanismoftheclosed-loopfeedbackcanberegardedtobeadesigntorealizethedesiredperformancebychangingtheinterconnectionsofthesystemsviafeedbackgains.However,inmanypracticalsystems,especially,inlarge-scalesystems,someoftheinterconnectionsmayberegulateddirectly.Usually,theinterconnectionscanbedividedintotwoparts:fixedpartandregulatablepart.Theregualtablepartcanbeassigneddirectlyinanopen-loopwaywhiletheclosed-loopfeedbackcontrolisimplementedinacoordinateway.Anovelcontrolwayisthusproposed:itisconsistsofanopen-loopinterconnectionsassigningandaclassicalclosed-loopfeedbackcontrol.Theanalysisshowsthatthistechniquenotonlydescribesalargeclassofemergencycontrolstrategybutalsoextendsthelimitationoffeedbackcontrol.Withthisstrategy,almostallexistingclosed-loopfeedbackcontroltheoriesandtheircorrespondingmethodologycanbeextendedtoanewsphere.5.InordertoimproveGPSsignal’sacquisition,trackingperformanceinhighdynamicenvironment.Throughthesequentiallogic,loopparameters,andhighdynamicchangesundertheDopplerfrequencyshiftanalysis,usingwidebandwidthandhigh-ordertrackingloop,alooptocarrieracquisition,trackingisdesignedbasedonDSP+FPGA.Bysignal’sFouriertransform,FPGAisusedtocompletefastcarrierfirstcaptureandsecondpreciseacquisition,whileDSPisusedtorealizeanautomaticadjustedsecond-orderFLL-assistedthird-orderCostas-PLLwhichmakestheloophavetheanti-highdynamicperformanceandstillhaveahightrackingaccuracy.Simulationresultsshowthat:thedesigncanachieveGPScarrier’sfastacquisitionandaccuratetrackinginhighdynamicenvironment.[2010,34(1):75-79]6.Bythemeasuresofthetheoryofcomplexfunctions,thedynamicpropagationproblemsconcerningmodeIIIasymmetricalinterfacecrackundertheactionofmovingvariableloadsarestudied.Theuniversalexpressionsofanalyticalsolutionsarereadilyattainedbythetechniqueofself-similarfunctionsandcorrespondingdifferentialandintegraloperation.TheproblemdiscussedherecanbeeasilytranslatedintoRiemann-Hibertproblembythisapproach,andtheanalyticalsolutionsofthestress,displacementanddynamicstressintensityfactorunderthecracksurfacessubjectedtomovingvariableloadsarerespectivelyattained.TheirclosedsolutionsareobtainedbymeansofMuskhelishvili’smethod.Thesolutionsofthediscretionallycomplexproblemscanbegainedbythosesolutionsandsuperpositiontheorem.7.Inordertostudythedistributionoftheelectrondensitiesinthelaser-induced-plasma(LIP),theimage-processingmethodsareutilizedtopre-processtheinterferencefringesoflaser-induced-plasma.TheinterogramsoftheLIPisobtainedbyMach-Zehnderinterferometerinexperiment.TheinterferencefringesoftheLIPispretreatedbyfilteringandsharpening.Inordertogetthethinning-imageoftheinterferencefringesoftheLIP,binaryandthinningareusedtotreatthedenoisedinterferogramsoftheLIP.TheinverseAbeltransformisoperatedontheshiftofthethinnedinterferencefringes,andtheradialdistributionofelectrondensityoftheLIPisobtained.二、 1.a.Aimedatthesystemconsistingofsquareplansifterandflexiblesuspenderattachedtosquareplansifter，therigid-flexiblecouplingdynamicmodelingandthefiniteelementsimulationareemployedtostudyit.ThenonlineardynamicequationofsquareplansifterisestablishedbasedontheLagrangeequation,andthekinematiccirclelawisderivedfromstabilizationcondition.ByusingMSC.Patran/Nastran,thefiniteelementmodelofsquareplansifteriscreatedandthetransientresponseanalysisisapplied.Thetheoreticmodelandtheresultsoffiniteelementsimulationareverifiedbyexperimentaldate.Thedynamicmodelandfiniteelementsimulationmethodpresentedinthispaperpossessanimportantreferencevalueandguidancetointensitycheckoutandstructureoptimizationofsquareplansifter.b.Inordertoobtaintheaccurateandefficientsimulationalgorithmfordescribingtherotationofthefuzeballrotor,twokindsofthefuzeballrotorarenumericallysimulatedwiththemathematicalmodelofquaternionasexamples.Runge-KuttamethodandGearmethodareadopted.TheresultsshowthatcomparingwiththenonlinearmathematicalmodelofEulerangles,themodelofquaternionoffuzeballrotorisabletoavoidthesingularitywhenthenutationangleapproaches0°or180°.ThearithmeticalsolutioncanbeobtainedbyRunge-KuttamethodinsteadofusingtheGearmethodwhichiscomplicatedandmoretime-consumedforcalculation. 2. a.4-Bromo-1,8-Naphthalicanhydrideandmethylamine.ItsstructurewascharacterizedbyIR,1HNMRandMS.Theacrylicacid/hydroxypropylacryatecopolymercontainingfluorescentgroup(FM-AA-HPA)waspreparedbycopolymerizationofFM,acrylicacid(AA)andhydroxypropylacryate(HPA).TheeffectsofFM-AA-HPAonfluorescenceandscaleinhibitionwereresearched.TheresultsshowedthatthewavelengthoftheexcitedandtheemittedspectrumofFM-AA-HPAwere399nmand531nm,respectively,andtheshapesweresymmetricasmirrorimages.TherelationshipoffluorescentintensityandconcentrationofFM-AA-HPAwaslinear,andthecorrelationcoefficient(R)was0.9978，thelimitofdetectionwas0.95mg?L-1.Bystaticmethod,thescaleinhibitionratioofCa3(PO4)2was85.4%whenthecopolymerconcentrationwas20mg?L-1;scaleinhibitionratioofCaCO3was70.9%whenthecopolymerconcentrationwas15mg?L-1;scaleinhibitionratioofCaSO4was86.5%whenthecopolymerconcentrationwas15mg?L-1;theabilityofstabingZn2+ionwasgood.TheresultsbySEMshowedthatthecopolymerhadhighperformanceofscaleinhibitiononlatticedistortionofCaCO3. b.Inordertoobtainthethermodynamicdataofthesynthesisofethylcarbonate(EMC)fromdimethylcarbonate(DMC)anddiethylcarbonate(DEC),thestandardmolarenthalpiesofformation,GibbsfreeenergyandmolarheartcapacityunderconstantpressurearecalculatedbythemethodofBensongroupcontributions.Theenthalpychange,freeenergychange,equilibriumconstantandequilibriumconversionrateofthereactionarecalculatedanddiscussedaccordingtotheprinciplesofchemicalthermodynamicsunder300-1000K.TheresultsshowthatthefreeenergychangeinthesynthesisofEMCbytransesterificationofDMCwithDECisnegativeandthereactionisthermodynamicallyfeasible.Thefreeenergychangedecreaseswiththeincreasewiththeincreaseinthetemperature,andhighertemperatureisinfavorofthereaction.Theequilibriumconstantofthereactionisonly33.20evenat1000Kandthespontaneousdegreeofthereactionislow. 3. a.Inthispaper,theaccumulativeerroranalysisoftheincrementallocalizationapproach(ILA)isconductedbyMonteCarlosimulationandtheeffectsoftheerrorsonlocalizationaccuracyarerevealed.ThenanimprovedILAisproposedtoreducetheaccumulativeerrors.Thebasicideabehindtheproposedalgorithmistoreducetheerrorpropagationbyusingtheconstraintsonthedistancesbetweentheunknownnodesandthebestaccuratenodesinpreviousknownnodes.ThesimulationresultsshowthattheimprovedILAcansignificantlyreducetheaccumulativeerrorsoftheILA,andthusenhancethelocalizationaccuracy. b.Inthemeasurementoftheperiodoftorsionpendulumusingthephotoelectricitytimingmethod,itisdemonstratedthatonlythefirstsamplingintervalisthemostsimilartotherealperiodoftorsionpendulumwhethercaughtinrisingedgesorinfallingedgesofamplitude,aslongaspositionerrorexists.However,measurementerrorcan’tbereducedthroughmulti-average.Amethodofreal-timecomputingdampingratiousingtheratioofadjacentareaofperiodispresented,andthefeasibilityofthismethodisdemonstratedbytheoreticalanalysis.Theexperimentalresultsshowthatthestandarddeviationofmomentofinertiawiththemethodintroducedinthispaperdecreasesanorderofmagnitudethanthatwithphotoelectricitytimingmethod.4．a.Therearemanydiscrete-timeproblemsinengineeringcommunity,buttheexistingtheoryonlygiveusthemethodincontinuous-timesystems.Consideringtheone-unitdiscretetimerepairablesystems,thispaperproposesastatetransitionmodelbasedonfailurerateandrepairrate.Thenthereliabilityperformancessuchasreliability,availabilityofthesystemandthemeanfailuretimesareobtained.Atextbookexampleisgiventoillustratetheproposedmodel.b.Therearemanydiscrete-timeproblemsinEngineeringcommunity,buttheexistingtheoryonlygiveusthemethodincontinuous-timesystems.Consideringtheone-unitdiscretetimerepairablesystems,thispaperproposesastatetransitionmodelbasedonfailurerateandrepairrate.Thenthereliabilityperformancessuchasreliability,availabilityofthesystemandthemeanfailuretimesareobtained.Severaltextbookexamplesaregiventoillustratetheproposedmodel.5.a．Toconsidertheeffectoftheearthonthecalculationofultrarangetrajectorymoreaccurately,anellipticearthtrajectorymodeladoptingaccuratenormalgravityisestablished.Thecalculationmethodfortherocketimpactpointandflightheightisdiscussed.Anaccuratenormalgravitycalculationmethodisdeductedandanellipticearthtrajectorymodelisobtained.Theerrorofrangecalculationbyadoptingaplainearthmodeliscalculatedandanalyzed.Theresultshowsthat,intermsofthelongrangetrajectory,therangecalculationerrorbytheellipsoidearthsurfacetrajectorymodelissmallerthanthatbytheplainearthsurfacetrajectorymodel.b.Inordertobreakthroughtherestrictionoftunnellengthontheapplicationoftailracetunnelventilationtechnologyandextendthetechnologyapplicationscope,aseriesair-handlingsystemofsprayingthetailracetunnelventilationwithlow-temperaturewaterispresented.Themathematicalmodelsofthecounterandconcurrentflowspraysystemsareestablishedandtheanalyticalsolutionsarederived.Theinfluencesofventilationrate,spraycoefficient,waterjetpressureandthelocationofspraydeviceontheoperationperformancesoftheseriesair-handlingsystemareanalyzed.Theresultsindicatethatitisusefultoimprovetheheatandmoisturetreatmentoftheseriesair-handlingsystembyusingthepriorityair-handlingmodeoftailracetunnelventilationandincreasingthespraycoefficient,andtheventilationrateandwaterhetpressurehavethelessinfluenceontheoperatingperformanceoftheseriesair-handlingsystem.6.a.Thetransientreceived-forceresponseandthepenetrationdepthoftheKevlarcompositesimpregnatedwithshearthickeningfluid(STF)arestudiedbyaself-madedrop-hammertester.Theenergy-absorbingmechanismoftheSTF-Kevlarcompositesduringpenetrationisanalyzed.TheexperimentalresultsshowthatthepeakvalueofthestabresistanceandpenetrationforceoftheimpregnatedKevlarfabricsrisestoabout400Nandthefirstlevelstressresponsetimedecreasesto3.5mswhilethepenetrationdepthreducesless.Thecompositesimpregnatedwithmiddleconcentrationdispersionpreparedwith120nmSiO2nanoparticlesshowthegoodstabresistanceincreasesto2.7timesofpureKevlarfabrics,andtheirpenetrationdepthreducesbytenpercent.b.Thepolyacrylonitrile(PAN)-basedfibersarecarbonizedattemperatureof600-900℃.Chemicalcompositionandmicrostructureofthefibersarecharacterizedusingelementalanalyzer,wide-angleX-raydiffractometerandlaserRamanspectrometer.Mechanicalandelectricalpropertiesofthefibersareexamined.Theresultsindicatethatwiththeincreaseofthecarbonizationtemperature,themassfractionofcarbonincreases;nitrogen,hydrogenandoxygenarepartiallyremovedfromthefibers;lineardensityandelongationatbreakofthefibersdecrease,volumedensityandtensilestrengthofthefibersincrease;electricalresistivityofthefibersdecreasesdrasticallyduetotheincreasingvolumefractionofturbostraticgraphitestructureformedincarbonizationprocess;low-temperature7.a.InordertoprovetheexistenceofweaksolutionforthecomplexMonge-Ampèreequationinthepseudoconvexdomain,thesub-solutionisconstructedbythepropertiesofthedomain.Accordingtothetheoremthatthesub-solutioncanimplythesolution,theexistenceofweaksolutioninsomespecialpseudoconvexdomainisobtained.Theresultsshowthatthesub-solutionisbasedonthepropertiesofthedomain.b.Thetemperaturefieldsandthermalstressfieldsoftheintegratecircuitboardswithsingleshipandmultipleshipsaresimulatedusingformulaforthermicinsulantsandcompositematerialsby3DFEM(finiteelementmethod).Thenumericalresultsindicatethattherearegreattangentialthermalstressesbetweenshipsandintegrationcircuitboards,whichmaydopeeleddamagetotheboards.Differentlayoutsofchipsonboardarealsoinvestigated,whichmakesanimpactontemperaturefieldsandthermalstressfields.Bothmaximumvaluesoftemperatureandstressescanbedecreasedeffectivelywhenthechipsaredistributedreasonably.3．正文部分1.上面兩例討論的主題都是疾病對人的壽命的影響。在第一例中可以清楚地看出所討論的內容只不過是對主題句的重復，而且在主題句中對主要部分也就是主題部分應該有個限制。從第二句到段落結束給人的感覺是幾乎每個句子都可以拉出來單獨作為一段文字的主題句，所以說第一例內容缺乏一致性，而且文字中間沒有任何聯(lián)系，也缺乏連貫性。在第二例中，作者在主題句中就明確地限定了該段文字擴展的方向，然后在擴展句中對為什么人的壽命得以延長進行了詳盡的論述，所擴展的范圍包括飲水、牛奶、食品、工程技術、公共衛(wèi)生，等等。在段落的最后一句實際是對全文一個概括性總結，整個段落所描述的內容完整地解答了主題句中提出的擴展內容要求。第四章機械類英語閱讀文選Text1I.1-7:FTFTTFFII.Thatbranchofscientificanalysiswhichdealswithmotions,timeandforcesiscalledmechanics.Staticsdealswiththeanalysisofstationarysystems,i.e.,thoseinwhichtimeisnotafactor.Dynamicsdealswithsystemswhichchangewithtime.Geometryandmechanics.BytheseparationofGeometryfromMechanics,thedeterminationofthemotionfromdynamicalprincipleswillbemademucheasierthanifthetwopartswereundertakenconjointly.ThesetwoaspectsofdynamicswerelaterrecognizedasKinematicsandkinetics,anddealwithmotionandtheforcesproducingit,respecti