考研考博-英語-南開大學(xué)濱海學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-南開大學(xué)濱海學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Investigatorsofmonkey’ssocialbehaviorhavealwaysbeenstruckbymonkey’saggressivepotentialandtheconsequentneedforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior.Studiesdirectedatdescribingaggressivebehaviorandthesituationsthatelicitit,aswellasthesocialmechanismsthatcontrolit,werethereforeamongthefirstinvestigationsofmonkey’ssocialbehavior.

Investigatorsinitiallybelievedthatmonkeyswouldcompeteforanyresourceintheenvironment:hungrymonkeyswouldfightoverfood,thirstymonkeyswouldfightoverwater,and,ingeneral,attimemorethanonemonkeyinagroupsoughtthesameincentivesimultaneously,adisputewouldresultandwouldberesolvedthroughsomeformofaggression.However,themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubtedwhenexperimentslikeSouthwick’sonthereductionofspaceorthewithholding,offoodfailedtoproducemorethantemporaryincreasesinintergroupaggression.Indeed,fooddeprivationnotonlyfailedtoincreaseaggressionbutinsomecasesactuallyresultedindecreasedfrequenciesofaggression.

Studiesofanimalsinthewildunderconditionsofextremefooddeprivationlikewiserevealedthatstarvingmonkeysdevotedalmostallavailableenergytoforaging,withlittleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction.Furthermore,accumulatingevidencefromlaterstudiesofavarietyofprimategroups,forexample,thestudyconductedbyBernstein,indicatesthatoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionistheintroductionofanintruderintoanorganizedgroup.Suchintroductionsresultinfarmoreseriousaggressionthanthatproducedinanyothertypesofexperimentscontrivedtoproducecompetition.

Thesestudiesofintruderssuggestthatadultmembersofthesamespeciesintroducedtooneanotherforthefirsttimeshowconsiderablehostilitybecause,intheabsenceofasocialorder,onemustbeestablishedtocontrolinteranimalrelationships.Whenasinglenewanimalisintroducedintoanexistingsocialorganization,thenewcomermeetsevermoreseriousaggression.Whereasinthefirstcaseaggressionestablishesasocialorder,inthesecondcaseresidentanimalsmobtheintruder,therebyinitiallyexcludingthenewanimalfromtheexistingsocialunit.Thesimultaneousintroductionofseveralanimalslessenstheeffect,ifonlybecausethegroupdividesitsattentionamongthemultipletargets.If,however,theseveralanimalsintroducedtoagroupconstitutetheirownsocialunit,eachgroupmayfighttheopposinggroupasaunit;but,again,noindividualissubjectedtomassattack,andtheverycohesionofthegroupsprecludesprolongedindividualcombat.Thesubmissionofthedefeatedgroup,ratherthanunleashinguncheckedaggressiononthepartofthevictoriousgroup,reducesboththeintensityandfrequencyoffurtherattack.Monkeygroupsthereforeseemtobeorganizedprimarilytomaintaintheirestablishedsocialorderratherthantoengageinhostilitiesperse.

1.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith________.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthepassageabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkey’sbehavior?

3.Thepassagesuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkey’ssocialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause________.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheestablishmentandpreservationofsocialorderamongagroupofmonkeysisessentialinorderto________.

問題1選項

A.advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehavior

B.comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeys

C.discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators1theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeys

D.examiningtheeffectsofcompetitiononmonkey’ssocialbehavior

問題2選項

A.Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.

B.Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-termaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreasesamongmonkeysinthewild.

C.Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.

D.Fooddeprivationdecreasestheintensitybutnotthefrequencyofaggressiveincidentsamongmonkeys.

問題3選項

A.aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeys

B.successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroup

C.mostmonkeysarepotentiallyaggressive,yettheyliveinsocialunitsthatcouldnotfunctionwithoutcontroloftheiraggressiveimpulses

D.mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthem

問題4選項

A.keepthemonkeysfromstrayingandjoiningothergroups

B.controlaggressivebehavioramonggroupmembers

C.preventthedominationofthatgroupbyanother

D.preventaggressivecompetitionforincentivesbetweenthatgroupandanother

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

【解析】第1題:【選項釋義】

Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith________.本文作者主要關(guān)注的是________。

A.advancinganewmethodologyforchangingamonkey’ssocialbehaviorA.提出了改變猴子社會行為的新方法

B.comparingthemethodsofseveralresearchstudiesonaggressionamongmonkeysB.比較幾種研究猴子攻擊性的方法

C.discussingthedevelopmentofinvestigators1theoriesaboutaggressionamongmonkeysC.討論研究人員關(guān)于猴子間攻擊性的理論的發(fā)展

D.examiningtheeffectsofcompetitiononmonkey’ssocialbehaviorD.考查競爭對猴子社會行為的影響

【答案】C

【考查點】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】文章第一段講述研究人員對猴子間的攻擊性很感興趣（struckbymonkey’saggressivepotential），并且展開調(diào)查（firstinvestigations）；第二段講述研究人員最初的觀點（Investigatorsinitiallybelieved），這個觀點在實驗中（experimentslikeSouthwick’s）受到質(zhì)疑（doubted）；第三段講述對野生動物和靈長類群體攻擊性的研究（Studies）和得到的證據(jù)（evidence）；第四段解釋研究結(jié)果（Thesestudiesofintruderssuggest）。綜上所述，本文圍繞研究猴子間攻擊性的過程為中心展開討論，因此C選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“提出了改變猴子社會行為的新方法”：文中沒有提到此新方法，屬于無中生有；

B選項“比較幾種研究猴子攻擊性的方法”：文中沒有對這些方法進(jìn)行比較，屬于無中生有；

D選項“考查競爭對猴子社會行為的影響”：競爭是文章的部分內(nèi)容，不能概括全文，屬于以偏概全。

第2題:【選項釋義】

Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthefindingsreportedinthepassageabouttheeffectsoffooddeprivationonmonkey’sbehavior?以下哪個選項最恰當(dāng)?shù)乜偨Y(jié)了文章中缺乏食物對猴子行為影響的發(fā)現(xiàn)？

A.Fooddeprivationincreasesaggressionamongmonkeysbecauseoneofthemostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggressionisthecompetitionforincentives.A.缺乏食物會增強(qiáng)猴子的攻擊性，因為激發(fā)攻擊性的最有力刺激之一是對競爭的獎勵。

B.Fooddeprivationmayincreaselong-termaggressionamongmonkeysinalaboratorysetting,butitproducesonlytemporaryincreasesamongmonkeysinthewild.B.在實驗室環(huán)境中，缺乏食物可能會增強(qiáng)猴子的長期攻擊性，但在野生環(huán)境中只會導(dǎo)致暫時的增強(qiáng)。

C.Fooddeprivationmaytemporarilyincreaseaggressionamongmonkeys,butitalsoleadstoadecreaseinconflict.C.缺乏食物可能會暫時增強(qiáng)猴子之間的攻擊性，但也會導(dǎo)致沖突的減少。

D.Fooddeprivationdecreasestheintensitybutnotthefrequencyofaggressiveincidentsamongmonkeys.D.缺乏食物降低了猴子攻擊事件的強(qiáng)度，但沒有降低頻率。

【答案】C

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞fooddeprivation定位到第二段倒數(shù)一、二句，該處講到“減少空間或不給猴子喂食（withholding），只能暫時增強(qiáng)（temporaryincreases）猴子群體內(nèi)部的攻擊性。事實上（Indeed），缺乏食物不僅沒有增強(qiáng)攻擊性（failedtoincreaseaggression），而且在某些情況下實際上導(dǎo)致了攻擊頻率的降低（decreasedfrequenciesofaggression）?！?，結(jié)合第三段第一句“對極端缺乏食物條件下的野生動物的研究同樣表明（likewiserevealed），饑餓的猴子幾乎沒有剩余的能量用于攻擊性互動（littleenergyremainingforaggressiveinteraction）?！?，可知缺乏食物可能會在短期增強(qiáng)攻擊性，但會導(dǎo)致沖突減少，因此C選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“缺乏食物會增強(qiáng)猴子的攻擊性，因為激發(fā)攻擊性的最有力刺激之一是對競爭的獎勵”：對應(yīng)第二段倒數(shù)第二句“獎勵對競爭的激勵作用開始受到懷疑（themotivatingforceofcompetitionforincentivesbegantobedoubted）”，可知這里的激勵作用受到質(zhì)疑，不是真實的，屬于反向干擾；

B選項“在實驗室環(huán)境中，缺乏食物可能會增強(qiáng)猴子的長期攻擊性，但在野生環(huán)境中只會導(dǎo)致暫時的增強(qiáng)”：缺乏食物在長期來看，會降低攻擊性，對于野生環(huán)境同樣適用，屬于反向干擾；

D選項“缺乏食物降低了猴子攻擊事件的強(qiáng)度，但沒有降低頻率”：對應(yīng)第二段最后一句“缺乏食物在某些情況下實際上導(dǎo)致了攻擊頻率的降低（decreasedfrequenciesofaggression）”，可知降低了攻擊頻率，屬于反向干擾。

第3題:【選項釋義】

Thepassagesuggeststhatinvestigatorsofmonkey’ssocialbehaviorhavebeenespeciallyinterestedinaggressivebehavioramongmonkeysbecause________.這篇文章表明，猴子社會行為的研究人員對猴子的攻擊性行為特別感興趣，因為________。

A.aggressionisthemostcommonsocialbehavioramongmonkeysA.攻擊性是猴子最常見的社會行為

B.successfulcompetitionforincentivesdeterminesthesocialorderinamonkeygroupB.為獎勵而競爭決定了猴群中的社會秩序

C.mostmonkeysarepotentiallyaggressive,yettheyliveinsocialunitsthatcouldnotfunctionwithoutcontroloftheiraggressiveimpulsesC.大多數(shù)猴子具有潛在的攻擊性，然而，它們生活在社會群體中，如果不控制它們的攻擊性沖動，社會群體就不能正常運轉(zhuǎn)

D.mostmonkeysaresocial,yettheyfrequentlyrespondtonewcomersenteringexistingsocialunitsbyattackingthemD.大多數(shù)猴子是群居的，但它們經(jīng)常對進(jìn)入已存在的社會群體的新來者進(jìn)行攻擊

【答案】C

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞interestedinaggressivebehavior定位到第一段第一句，該處講到“研究猴子社會行為的研究人員一直被猴子的潛在攻擊性（monkey’saggressivepotential）以及隨之而來的對其攻擊性行為進(jìn)行社會控制的需要（needforsocialcontroloftheiraggressivebehavior）所吸引（struck）”，可知研究人員猴子的攻擊性行為感興趣的原因是，它們具有潛在的攻擊性，并且需要控制攻擊沖動，因此C選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“攻擊性是猴子最常見的社會行為”：文中沒有提到猴子最常見的社會行為是攻擊性行為，屬于無中生有；

B選項“為獎勵而競爭決定了猴群中的社會秩序”：文中沒有提到為了得到獎勵而競爭決定了猴群中的社會秩序，屬于無中生有；

D選項“大多數(shù)猴子是群居的，但它們經(jīng)常對進(jìn)入現(xiàn)有的社會群體的新來者進(jìn)行攻擊”：對應(yīng)第三段倒數(shù)第二句“引發(fā)攻擊的最有效刺激之一（mostpotentstimuliforelicitingaggression）是將入侵者引入一個有組織的群體”以及第四段第二句“當(dāng)一只新動物進(jìn)入一個已存在的社會組織時，新來者會遇到更嚴(yán)重的攻擊（thenewcomermeetsevermoreseriousaggression）?！?，可知這是在說猴子在什么時候最具有攻擊性，而不是研究人員對猴子的攻擊性感興趣的原因，屬于偷換概念。

第4題:【選項釋義】

Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheestablishmentandpreservationofsocialorderamongagroupofmonkeysisessentialinorderto________.從文章中可以推斷出，為了________，在一群猴子中建立和維護(hù)社會秩序必不可少。

A.keepthemonkeysfromstrayingandjoiningothergroupsA.防止猴子走失并加入其他群體

B.controlaggressivebehavioramonggroupmembersB.控制群體成員的攻擊性行為

C.preventthedominationofthatgroupbyanotherC.防止一個群體被另一個群體控制

D.preventaggressivecompetitionforincentivesbetweenthatgroupandanotherD.防止不同群體之間為獎勵而激烈競爭

【答案】A

【考查點】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞socialorder定位到第四段第一句，該處講到“必須建立社會秩序以控制動物之間的關(guān)系（controlinteranimalrelationships）”，結(jié)合該段第三句“在第二種有社會制度的情況下，群體中的動物則會圍攻新來者，從而在開始便將新來者驅(qū)逐出現(xiàn)有的社會群體（initiallyexcludingthenewanimal）?！保芍⒑途S護(hù)社會秩序是為了不讓猴子加入外部族群，因此A選項正確。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“控制群體成員的攻擊性行為”：屬于無中生有；

C選項“防止一個群體被另一個群體控制”：文中沒有提到群體之間的控制，屬于無中生有；

D選項“防止不同群體之間為獎勵而激烈競爭”：文中沒有提到群體之間因為獎勵而競爭，屬于無中生有。

2.單選題

Thatyoungwomantherewas

ashopassistant;sheisnowamanagerinoursupermarket.

問題1選項

A.before

B.preliminarily

C.formally

D.formerly

【答案】D

【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析。Before“以前，過去”；preliminarily“初步地”；formally“正式地”；formerly“以前，原來”。句意：那個女人之前是店員；現(xiàn)在成了一家超市的經(jīng)理。選項D符合題意。

3.單選題

Willyouplease（）thisarticletoseeifthereisanymisprint?

問題1選項

A.lookup

B.goover

C.dwellon

D.workout

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。lookup“查閱，拜訪”；goover“復(fù)習(xí)，仔細(xì)檢查”；dwellon“詳述，細(xì)想”；workout“解決，算出，鍛煉”。根據(jù)下半句的內(nèi)容“看看是否有打印錯誤”，可知應(yīng)該是仔細(xì)檢查一下這篇文章，所以選項B符合句意。

4.單選題

Asfarastherankandpositionisconcerned,anassociateprofessoris（

）aprofessor,thoughtheyarealmostequallyknowledgeable.

問題1選項

A.rankedbelow

B.adjacentto

C.inherentto

D.subjectto

【答案】A

【解析】考察形容詞短語辨析。rankedbelow低于……，在……之下；adjacentto與……相鄰；inherentto固有的；subjectto使服從，使遭受，受制于……。句意：就職稱地位高低而言，副教授低于教授，盡管他們幾乎具備同等的學(xué)問知識。選項A符合句意。

5.單選題

（）dullhemaybe,heiscertainlyaverysuccessfultopexecutive.

問題1選項

A.Although

B.Whatever

C.As

D.However

【答案】D

【解析】考查讓步狀語的連接詞。修飾形容詞dull的詞必須為副詞，although和as是連詞，后面接句子，因此排除A和C；whatever后面接名詞，因此排除B。howeverdullhemaybe表示不管他有多遲鈍，因此D選項正確。

6.單選題

Musicistheresultofthoughtintheformofattitude.Thereisnoonewayofthinking,sincemen’svaluesareasscatteredanddissimilarasindividualmenthemselves.Ifblackmusiccanbeseenastheresultofcertainattitudes,certainspecificwaysofthinkingabouttheworld,thenmybasichypothesisaboutmusicisunderstood.Theblackman’smusicchangedasthechanged,reflectingshiftingattitudesorconsistentattitudeswithinchangingcontexts.Itiswhythemusicchangingseemsmostimportanttome.

WhenjazzfirstbegantoappearontheAmericansceneduringthetwenties,inoneformoranother,itwasintroducedinmanyinstancesbywhiteAmericans.Yetitsoriginalconceptionanditsmostvitaldevelopmentweretheresultofcertainattitudes,orexperientialideas,attributabletotheAfro-Americanculture.Jazzasplayedbywhitemusicianswasnotthesameasthatplayedbyblackmusiciansnorwasthereanyreasonforittobe.Themusicofthewhitejazzmusicianwas,atitsmostprofound,alearnedart.

Theblues,forexample,whichItaketobeanindependentblackmusic,waspracticallyignoredinpre-jazzwhiteAmericanculture.Bluesisanextremelyimportantpartofjazz.However,thewayinwhichjazzutilizestheblues“attitude”providedamusicalanalogythewhitemusiciancouldunderstand,andthushecouldarriveatastyleofjazzmusic.Thewhitemusicianunderstoodthebluesfirstasmusic,butseldomasanattitude,sincetheattitudeofthewhitemusicianwasnecessarilyquiteadifferentone.Andinmanycases,itwasnotconsistentwiththemakingofjazz.

Thus,thetrumpets(小號)ofBixBeiderbeckeandLouisArmstrongwereverydissimilar.Thewhitemiddle-classboyfromIowawasaninbornintellectualandhadanemotionallifethatwasbasedonhisconsciousorunconsciousdisapprovalofmostofthecustomofhisculture.Ontheotherhand,Armstrongwas,intermsofanemotionalmodel,anhonoredpriestofhisculture.Hewasnotrebellingagainstanythingwithhismusic.TheincredibleironyofthesituationwasthatbothstoodinsimilarplacesinthesuperstructureofAmericansociety:Beiderbecke,becauseofhisisolationanddeparturefrommassculture;andArmstrong,becauseofthesocio-historicalseparationoftheblackmanfromtherestofAmerican.

1.Whichofthefollowingbeststatestheunderlyingideaofthepassage?

2.WhatistherelationshipbetweenbluesandjazzinAmericanculture?

3.Thetoneoftheauthor’sdiscussionofthebluesis______.

4.TheauthorimpliesthatthekindsofmusicproducedbyBeiderbeckeandArmstrongdiffergreatlybecause_______.

5.InwhichofthefollowingwereBeiderbeckeandArmstrongsimilar?

問題1選項

A.Duetoenvironmentalinfluences,themusicofblackandwhiteartistsmustbeverydifferent.

B.Duetoitsresultofthought,Mackartists’musiccanbelearnedbywhitemusicians.

C.Becausejazziscreatedoninspiration,itisdifficultformusicianstocopyeachother.

D.Becausemusichassocialsignificance,itsinfluenceonblackwhiterelationsshouldnotbeunderestimated.

問題2選項

A.JazzplacesmoreemphasisonAfro-Americanculturethandoestheblues.

B.JazzchangestheattitudesofwhitemusicianstowardAfro-Americanculture.

C.Jazzisbasedonthebluesattitude,butexpressedincomprehensiblemannerstowhitemusicians.

D.Jazzmustbeunderstoodinordertobeplayed,whereasthebluesmustbelearned.

問題3選項

A.indifferent

B.appreciative

C.curious

D.uncertain

問題4選項

A.theattitudesofblacksandwhitesasreflectedintheirmusicaredifferent

B.Beiderbecke’sintellectualismheldbackhisdevelopmentasamusician

C.rebellionactedasadestructiveforceonBeiderbecke’sperformance

D.ArmstrongwaswellestablishedasaperformerbutBeiderbeckewasnot

問題5選項

A.Theattitudestheybroughttotheirmusic.

B.Theirabilitytoreflectotherculturesintheirmusic.

C.Theirseparationfrommassmusic.

D.ThepositionstheycametoholdinAmericansociety.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Theblackman’smusicchangedasthechanged,reflectingshiftingattitudesorconsistentattitudeswithinchangingcontexts.Itiswhythemusicchangingseemsmostimportanttome.（黑人音樂的改變反映了在變化的環(huán)境中態(tài)度的改變或態(tài)度的一致。這就是為什么音樂的變化對我來說是最重要的。）”，并且最后一段作者又對比了BixBeiderbecke和LouisArmstrong不同的原因主要是成長環(huán)境不同，由此可知該文章主要講的是黑人和白人藝術(shù)家的音樂由于環(huán)境的影響肯定是非常不同的，所以A選項“由于環(huán)境的影響，黑人和白人藝術(shù)家的音樂肯定是非常不同的”符合題意。B選項“由于思想的結(jié)果，Mack藝術(shù)家的音樂可以被白人音樂家學(xué)習(xí)”文章沒有提到；C選項“因為爵士樂是靈感創(chuàng)造的，所以音樂家們很難相互模仿”兩個分句之間不構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系；D選項“因為音樂有社會意義，它對黑人和白人關(guān)系的影響是不可低估的”文章沒有提及。因此A選項正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Bluesisanextremelyimportantpartofjazz.However,thewayinwhichjazzutilizestheblues‘a(chǎn)ttitude’providedamusicalanalogythewhitemusiciancouldunderstand,andthushecouldarriveatastyleofjazzmusic.”（布魯斯是爵士樂非常重要的一個部分，然而，爵士樂所運用的布魯斯“態(tài)度”是白人音樂家能理解的，這樣他才創(chuàng)造了爵士樂），所以C選項“爵士樂是基于布魯斯的態(tài)度，但以白人音樂家可以理解的方式表達(dá)”符合題意。A選項“爵士樂比布魯斯更強(qiáng)調(diào)美國黑人文化”；B選項“爵士樂改變了白人音樂家對美國黑人文化的態(tài)度”和D選項“爵士樂必須理解才能演奏，而布魯斯必須學(xué)習(xí)”文章都沒有提及。因此C選項正確。

3.作者意圖題。被問到作者意圖題時，最好回到原文查看作者在提到該事物時所使用詞的感情色彩。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段，作者提到布魯斯時的詞有：independent，extremelyimportantpartof等褒義詞，所以可知他對布魯斯持贊賞態(tài)度，所以B選項“贊賞的，欣賞的”更能體現(xiàn)作者的態(tài)度。A選項“漠不關(guān)心的”；C選項“好奇的”；D選項“不確定的，沒有信心的”均不符合題意，因此B選項正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段結(jié)尾“Thewhitemusicianunderstoodthebluesfirstasmusic,butseldomasanattitude,sincetheattitudeofthewhitemusicianwasnecessarilyquiteadifferentone.Andinmanycases,itwasnotconsistentwiththemakingofjazz.（白人音樂家將布魯斯作為音樂來理解，而很少作為一種態(tài)度來理解，因為白人的態(tài)度和黑人是不同的。在很多情況下，這與爵士樂的發(fā)展并不一致。）”，由此可知A選項“黑人和白人的態(tài)度反映在他們的音樂中是不同的”說法正確。B選項“貝德貝克的知性主義阻礙了他作為音樂家的發(fā)展”文中沒有提到；C選項“叛亂對貝德貝克的表現(xiàn)起到了破壞性的作用”是指貝德貝克和阿姆斯特朗的不同之處，不是原因；根據(jù)文章最后一段“TheincredibleironyofthesituationwasthatbothstoodinsimilarplacesinthesuperstructureofAmericansociety...（令人難以置信的諷刺之處在于他們都處在美國社會上層建筑的相似位置……）”可知他們都是公認(rèn)的表演者，因此D選項“阿姆斯特朗是公認(rèn)的表演者，但貝德貝克不是”說法錯誤。因此A選項正確。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章最后一段“TheincredibleironyofthesituationwasthatbothstoodinsimilarplacesinthesuperstructureofAmericansociety...（令人難以置信的諷刺之處在于他們都處在美國社會上層建筑的相似位置……）”由此可知他們在美國社會的地位相同，所以D選項“他們在美國社會中的地位”符合題意。A選項“他們對音樂的態(tài)度”是他們的不同點；B選項“他們在音樂中反映其他文化的能力”和C選項“他們與大眾音樂的分離”文章沒有提及。因此D選項正確。

7.單選題

Manynovelsthatattempttothemirrortheworldarereally（

）oftherealitythattheyrepresent.

問題1選項

A.reflections

B.demonstrations

C.illuminations

D.reproductions

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。reflection“反映”；demonstration“示范”；illumination“照明”；reproduction“繁殖”。句意：許多試圖向世界反映現(xiàn)實的小說，都反映了他們所代表的現(xiàn)實。選項A符合題意。

8.單選題

Parentsoftenfacedthe（）betweendoingwhattheyfeltwasgoodforthedevelopmentofthechildandwhattheycouldstandbywayofundisciplinednoiseanddestructiveness.

問題1選項

A.junction

B.paradox

C.premise

D.dilemma

【答案】D

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：父母經(jīng)常面臨這樣的

：是做自己認(rèn)為對孩子發(fā)展有利的事情還是坐視孩子毫無紀(jì)律的吵鬧和破壞。

junction接合點，會合點；paradox悖論，自相矛盾的人或事；premise前提，假設(shè)；dilemma困境，進(jìn)退兩難?？崭窈笥小癰etween...and...”，因此這里說的是父母在教育孩子時陷入進(jìn)退兩難的境況，D項dilemma符合句意。

9.單選題

1.Lovehastoppledkings,inspiredpoets,sparkedwars,soothedbeasts,andchangedthecourseofhistory.Itiscreditedforlife'sgreatestjoys,blamedforthemostcrushingsorrows.Andofcourse,it"makestheworldgoaround."

2.Allofwhichisnosurprisetobiologists.Theyknowthatloveiscentraltohumanexistence.Wearenotjustprogrammedforreproduction.Thecapacityforlovingemotionsisalsowrittenintoourbiochemistry,essentialifchildrenaretogrowandtothrive.Andlove'sabsencecanbedevastating.Thelossofaspouseoftenhastensdeathinolderpeople.

3.Lovebeganwithmotherhood.Formammalianyoungtosurvive,mothersmustinvestconsiderabletimeandenergyinthem.Ofcourse,thevaryinggrowthratesofmammalianspeciesrequiresomemotherstoinvestmoretimeandenergythanothers.Anelephantsealsucklesherpupforonlyafewweeksbeforeabandoningit;otherspecies,includingelephants,someprimates,andespeciallypeople,lavishattentionontheiryoungforyears.

4.Withthehelpofoxytocin(achemicalthatfostersthebondbetweenmothersandchildren),dotingmothersareabletocatertotheiroffspring'severywhimandwhimper.Whenfemalesofmostmammalianspeciesgivebirth,theirbodiesarefloodedwithoxytocin,knownsince1906asahormonethatstimulatesuterinecontractionsandallowthebreaststo"letdown"milk.Butoxytocinalsoactsasaneurotransmitter,orchemicalmessenger,thatcanguidebehavior.Withoutit,aewecannotrecognizeherownlamb.Avirginfemaleratgivenashotofoxytocinwillnuzzleanotherfemale'spups,crouchingoverthemprotectivelyasiftheywereherown.

5.Studiesofasmallrodentknownastheprairievole,acuddlyballoffur,whosematingbondoflifelongmonogamywouldputmosthumancouplestoshame,indicateoxytocinmayalsoplayaroleintheheadyfeelingsassociatedwithromance."Youjustcan'timaginehowmuchtimetheseanimalsspendtogether.Prairievolesalwayswanttobewithsomebody,"saysCarter.Thevoles'undyingdevotionistheworknotonlyofoxytocinbutalsoofarelatedhormone,vasopressin.Whensinglemaleandfemaleprairievolesmeet;theycommenceatwo-day-longboutofsexthatreleasesoxytocininthefemale'sbrain,bondinghertothemale,whoprefershismate'scompanyaboveallothers,guardinghisfamilyagainstintruderswithajealoushusband'szeal.

6.Likesomehumanplayboys,maleprairievolesseemtogetakickoutofcourtshipmixedwithdanger.CarterandcolleagueCourtneyDeVriesmadeyoung,unmatedvolesswimforthreeminutesbeforeallowingthemtomeetaprospectivemate.Theexerciseelevatedtheanimals'stresshormones,whicharealsoheightenedbyfear.Butwhilefemalesscurriedoffaftertheswimwithoutbondingtothemalesastheynormallywould,malevolesbondedfasterthanever.

7.Humanbeings—unlikerodents—arenotentirelyslavestotheirhormones.Butthebehaviorofvolesmayholdcluestowhymenandwomensometimesholddivergentviewsofsexandromance.Whilemanywomenprefercandlelightandsweettalk,menaremoreapttowelcomearollinthehayanytime,anywhere.Forsomemen(andsomewomen),sexisespeciallyenticingwhenforbidden.CarterandDeVriessuspectstresshormonescaninterferewithoxytocin'sactioninthebrain,keepingafemalevolefrombonding,andperhapspreventingmostwomenfromfindingdangersexuallyexciting.Vasopressin,incontrast,appearstoworkbetterinthepresenceofcertainstresshormones,possiblymakingdangeranaphrodisiacformanymales.

8.Passionateorplatonic,loveaffectsthewholebody,settingtheheartpounding,makingthestomachdoflip-flops,andofcourse,lightingthelionsonfire.Thesevisceralsensationsaretheworkofthevagusnerve,whichtracesameanderingpaththroughthebody,coordinatingtheactivitiesofinternalorgans,saystheUniversityofMaryland'sStephenPorges.Thevagusferriessignalsbetweenourinnardsandourbrains,conveyinginformationupwardaboutourinternalstateandsendingordersdownfromthebraintotheheart,thestomach,thelungs,andthesexorgans.

9.Withoutthevagus,saysPorges,lovewouldbeimpossible.Onepartofthenerveisevolutionarilyancient,controllingprimitivefunctionssuchassex,hunger,andfear.This"old"vagusrespondstooxytocinandservesasthepathwaybetweensexualorgansandthebrainforfeelingsofbotharousalandsatiationaftersex.ButPorgesarguesthatinmammals,newerbranchesofthevagusalsoconnectemotionalbraincenterswiththeheart,theface,andthevocalequipment,helpingtocoordinatefeelingswithfacialandverbalexpression.

10.Inotherwords,thepoetsandbardswerefightaboutonething.Theheartspeaksthelanguageoflove.AsEnglishpoetW.H.Audenwrote:"Whereloveisstrengthened,hoperestored,inheartsbychemicalaccord.Itmaynotliterallyskipabeatatthesightofone'sdesireorbreakwithsorrow,buttheheart'srhythmsareexquisitelytunedtolove."

1.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfrompassageaboutelephantseals?

2.Thedifferentloveritualsemployedbymenandwomencouldbeattributedtothepresenceofwhichofthefollowing?

3.WhichofthefollowingcouldbethebestanalogytothevagusnervedescribedinParagraph8?

4.Animalsequippedonlywith"old"vaguscanNOTdowhichofthefollowing?

5.Thepurposeofthelastparagraphisto（

）.

問題1選項

A.Thefemalesareirresponsiblemothers.

B.Theiryoungtakelesstimetogrowupthanyoungelephants.

C.Theyhaveashorterlifespanthanelephants.

D.Theyreproducemorerapidlythanelephant.

問題2選項

A.Oxytocin.

B.Vasopressin.

C.Interactionofoxytocinandvasepressin.

D.Stresshormones.

問題3選項

A.Ahighwaybetweentwocites.

B.Airrouteslinkingmajorcitiesaroundtheworld.

C.TheWorldWideWeb.

D.CircuitslinkingtheCPUandtheaccessoriesinthecomputer.

問題4選項

A.Feelhungry.

B.Experiencefear.

C.Feelsexualarousal.

D.Faciallyexpressemotions.

問題5選項

A.indicatethatpoetsandbardsaremostcapableofexpressinglove

B.implythatloveisexpressedthroughtheheartratherthroughthefaceorthevoice

C.givesupporttothestatementthatnewerbranchesofvagusconnecttheemotionalbraincenterstotheheart,thefaceandthevocalequipment

D.drawaconclusionbasedonthefactsinthepreviousparagraph

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)題干中的elephantseals可定位到文章第三段中，由Anelephantsealsucklesherpupforonlyafewweeksbeforeabandoningit;otherspecies,includingelephants,someprimates,andespeciallypeople,lavishattentionontheiryoungforyears.（一只海象在拋棄它的幼仔之前只給它喂奶了幾個星期；其他物種，包括大象、一些靈長類動物，特別是人類，多年來一直在關(guān)注他們的幼仔）可知B選項“海象的幼仔比小象花更少的時間長大”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。由文章第七段中的CarterandDeVriessuspectstresshormonescaninterferewithoxytocin'sactioninthebrain,keepingafemalevolefrombonding,andperhapspreventingmostwomenfromfindingdangersexuallyexciting.Vasopressin,incontrast,appearstoworkbetterinthepresenceofcertainstresshormones,possiblymakingdangeranaphrodisiacformanymales.（Carter和DeVries懷疑壓力荷爾蒙會干擾大腦中的后葉催產(chǎn)素，阻止雌性田鼠與雄性結(jié)合，可能同樣導(dǎo)致大多數(shù)女性認(rèn)為危險并不具有性吸引力。相反，后葉加壓素與壓力荷爾蒙則產(chǎn)生不同的效果，可能促使多數(shù)男性認(rèn)為危險具有性吸引力）可知壓力荷爾蒙與不同的激素結(jié)合，在男性和女性身上會產(chǎn)生不同的效果，因此選D。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。題干：以下哪項可能是第8段所述迷走神經(jīng)的最佳類比？

由文章第八段中的Thevagusferriessignalsbetweenourinnardsandourbrains,conveyinginformationupwardaboutourinternalstateandsendingordersdownfromthebraintotheheart,thestomach,thelungs,andthesexorgans.（迷走神經(jīng)在內(nèi)臟和大腦之間傳遞信號，將身體內(nèi)部狀態(tài)向上傳遞給大腦，再將大腦指令傳遞給心臟、胃、肺以及性器官）可知D選項“連接CPU和計算機(jī)附件的電路”符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實題。由文章第九段中的Onepartofthenerveisevolutionarilyancient,controllingprimitivefunctionssuchassex,hunger,andfear.（迷走神經(jīng)的一部分從人類進(jìn)化初期就出現(xiàn)，控制著性、饑餓和恐懼等原始功能）可知迷走神經(jīng)不包括面部表情，因此選D。

5.主旨大意題。由文章最后一段第一句Inotherwords（換句話說）可知本段是對上一段的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行補充說明，由第九段最后一句ButPorgesarguesthatinmammals,newerbranchesofthevagusalsoconnectemotionalbraincenterswiththeheart,theface,andthevocalequipment,helpingtocoordinatefeelingswithfacialandverbalexpression.（但Porges認(rèn)為，在哺乳動物中，迷走神經(jīng)的新分支也連接大腦情感中心與心臟、臉部、發(fā)聲器官、幫助協(xié)調(diào)感覺與面部和語言表達(dá)）可知C選項“支持一種說法，即迷走神經(jīng)的新分支將大腦情感中心與心臟、面部和發(fā)聲器官連接起來”符合題意。

10.單選題

Storesgivenpermissiontosellfireworksallyearwillneedalicensewhichlocalauthorities______willbeabletorefuseandifnecessary.

問題1選項

A.revolve

B.revolt

C.revoke

D.revive

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項revolve“使……旋轉(zhuǎn)”，B項revolt“反抗”，C項revoke“撤回”，D項revive“使復(fù)興”。根據(jù)句子意思“獲得全年銷售煙花許可的商店將需要一份許可證，如果必要，地方當(dāng)局將有權(quán)……該許可證。”可推測，空格部分表示“吊銷，撤銷”，C項最符合。句意：獲得全年銷售煙花許可的商店將需要一份許可證，如果必要，地方