考研考博-英語-上海科技大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-上?？萍即髮W(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Lightingcanbeusednotonlytocreateanatmosphere,butalsoto（

）featuresofthehouse,suchasornamentsorpictures.

問題1選項

A.highlight

B.underline

C.activate

D.upgrade

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。highlight“突出，強調(diào)”；underline“強調(diào)，在…下面劃線”；activate“刺激，使活動”；upgrade“使升級，提升”。句意：燈光的使用不僅能營造一種氛圍，還能突顯出房屋的風(fēng)格，如裝飾或圖畫。A項符合句意，答案A

2.單選題

Allthedatasentbackfromthesatellitessuggestedthatanasteroidofaboutthesizeofanauditorium（）onitswaytoourplanet.

問題1選項

A.is

B.was

C.were

D.be

【答案】B

【解析】考查謂語動詞使用的一致性。that接在動詞后面充當(dāng)句中的賓語從句。主句使用的是一般過去式，賓語從句中的謂語動詞，應(yīng)與主句的時態(tài)保持一致。因此空格處應(yīng)使用be動詞的過去式was/were。從句中的主語是anasteroid“一顆小行星”為單數(shù)，所以應(yīng)使用was。句意：從衛(wèi)星發(fā)來的所有數(shù)據(jù)表明一顆像禮堂一樣大小的行星正在向我們的星球靠近。因此B選項符合題意。

3.單選題

Scientificevidencefromdifferent（）demonstratesthatinmosthumansthelefthemisphereofthebraincontrolslanguages.

問題1選項

A.principles

B.grounds

C.disciplines

D.rules

【答案】C

【解析】principles原則；grounds根據(jù),理由；disciplines紀律,學(xué)科；rules規(guī)則,條例。句意：來自不同學(xué)科領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)證據(jù)表明,大多數(shù)人的左腦控制著語言。選項C符合語境。

4.單選題

V.CivilandCommercialLaw

Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.InreachingthisconclusiontheCourtexaminedthespecifickindsofdutieswhichthelawhadimposedinavarietyofsituationsandderivedtherefromageneralprincipleforthelawofnegligence.

InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.Inthiswayrulesoflawarisewhichlimittherangeofcomplainantsandtheextentoftheirremedy.Therulethatyouaretoloveyourneighborbecomesinlaw,youmustnotinjureyourneighbor;andthelawyer’squestion,whoismyneighbor?receivesarestrictedreply.Youmusttakereasonablecaretoavoidactsoromissionswhichyoucanreasonablyforeseewouldbelikelytoinjureyourneighbor.Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.

1.Accordingtothefirstsentence,apersoninjuredmaynotbeabletorecoveragainstanegligentactorwhocausedtheharmbecause___.

2.LordAtkinthinksthat___.

3.Inthesenseoftortlaw,aneighborisonewho___.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTareasoningforthelawofnegligence___.

問題1選項

A.therelacksarelationofcontractbetweenthetwo

B.theydonotknoweachother

C.theactorisnegligent

D.manufacturersdonotoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumer

問題2選項

A.Englishlawdoesnothaveageneralconceptionofdutyofcare

B.theliabilityfornegligenceshouldbestyledasaspeciesof“culpa”

C.theliabilityfornegligenceisbaseduponapublicunderstandingthatoffendersmustpayfortheirwrongdoing

D.everypersoninjuredshouldbegivenarighttodemandrelief

問題3選項

A.livesnextdoortoyou

B.youoweadutyofcare

C.shouldbetakengoodcareof

D.hasfriendlyrelationshipwithyou

問題4選項

A.Thereisadutytotakecareimposedbylaw

B.Thedoerfailedtotakecare

C.Thefailurecauseddamagesorinjurytoothers

D.Thedoerhasforeseentheresult

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段第一句Theabsenceofprivityofcontractprecludedapersonfromrecoveringagainstanegligentactorwhocausedthatpersonharm,whereverthenegligentactconstitutedabreachofcontractwithsomeoneelse.（合同相對性的缺失使一個人無法對給自己造成傷害的過失行為人獲得賠償，無論該過失行為是否構(gòu)成了對他人的違約）可知選A選項“兩者之間缺乏契約關(guān)系”；B選項“他們彼此不認識”，C選項“行為人疏忽”第一段未提及；根據(jù)第一段第二句TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英國上議院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商確實對最終消費者負有注意義務(wù)，不應(yīng)在制造過程中造成傷害風(fēng)險）可知D選項“制造商對最終消費者不負有注意義務(wù)”和原文相悖。因此A選項正確。

2.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段Theliabilityfornegligence,whetheryoustyleitsuchortreatitasinothersystemsasaspeciesof“culpa”,isnodoubtbaseduponageneralpublicsentimentofmoralwrongdoingforwhichtheoffendermustpay.（過失責(zé)任，無論你將其視為“罪犯”的一種，或?qū)⑵湟暈槠渌贫戎械囊环N，無疑是基于公眾普遍的道德錯誤情緒，而犯罪者必須為此付出代價）可知C選項“過失責(zé)任的基礎(chǔ)是公眾認識到違法者必須為他們的過錯付出代價”正確；根據(jù)第二段開頭InthewordsofLordAtkin:AtpresentIcontentmyselfwithpointingoutthatinEnglishlawtheremustbe,andis,somegeneralconceptionofrelationsgivingrisetoadutyofcare,ofwhichtheparticularcasesfoundinthebooksarebutinstances.（用阿特金勛爵的話說：目前我滿足于指出，在英國法律中，必須而且是一些關(guān)系的一般概念，產(chǎn)生了一種謹慎的義務(wù)，書中所發(fā)現(xiàn)的特殊情況只是實例）可知A選項“英國法沒有注意義務(wù)的一般概念”和原文相悖；B選項“過失責(zé)任應(yīng)該被定義為一種‘過失’”原文沒有直接說明；第二段Butactsoromissionswhichanymoralcodewouldcensurecannotinapracticalworldbetreatedsoastogivearighttoeverypersoninjuredbythemtodemandrelief.（但是，在現(xiàn)實世界中，任何道德準則都不會責(zé)難的作為或不作為都不能被視為給予每一個受其傷害的人要求救濟的權(quán)利）可知D選項“每個受傷的人都應(yīng)該被賦予要求救濟的權(quán)利”不符合原文。因此C選項正確。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第二段Who,then,inlawismyneighbor?TheanswerseemstobepersonswhoaresocloselyanddirectlyaffectedbymyactthatIoughtreasonablytohavethemincontemplationasbeingsoaffectedwhenIamdirectingmymindtotheactsoromissionswhicharecalledinquestion.（這樣，誰是我的鄰舍呢？答案似乎是——那些受到我的行為密切而直接影響的人，當(dāng)我將我的思想導(dǎo)向被質(zhì)疑的作為或不作為時，我應(yīng)該合理地考慮他們是如何受到影響的）可知在侵權(quán)法的意義上，鄰居是會受到“我”行為密切影響的人，“我”需要考慮他們是如何受到影響，選B選項“你應(yīng)負注意義務(wù)”；A選項“住在你隔壁”，D選項“與你有友好的關(guān)系”原文未提及；原文只是說“我”的行為會密切和直接影響鄰居，沒有要求必須好好照顧?quán)従樱珻選項“應(yīng)該被好好照顧”錯誤。因此B選項正確。

4.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段末TheunderlyingstructureofthereasoningofLordAtkin’sjudgmentmaybestatedasfollows:(1)Thereareasetofcaseswherecourtshavefoundliabilityforfailingtotakecare.(2)Inthesecasesthecourtsestablishedastandardofcare.(3)Inthesesituationswecaninferfromthefactthatthelawimposesaduty(standardofcare)totakecare.Thelawofnegligenceextendstothiskindofactivity.（阿特金勛爵的判決推理的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以說如下：（1）在一系列案件中，法院發(fā)現(xiàn)了因疏忽而應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任。（2）在這些案件中，法院確立了謹慎的標準。（3）在這些情況下，我們可以從法律規(guī)定的注意義務(wù)（注意標準）中推斷出來。過失法也適用于這種行為）可知A選項“法律規(guī)定有謹慎的義務(wù)”，B選項“行事者沒有注意”符合原文，同時可知D選項“行為者已經(jīng)預(yù)見了結(jié)果”和原文相悖，原文明確提出在一系列案件中，法院發(fā)現(xiàn)了因疏忽而應(yīng)承擔(dān)的責(zé)任；根據(jù)第一段TheHouseofLordsinDonoghuev.Stevensonruledthatmanufacturersdidoweadutyofcaretotheultimateconsumernottocreaterisksofharmthroughthemanufacturingprocess.（英國上議院在Donoghuev.Stevenson案中裁定，制造商確實對最終消費者負有注意義務(wù)，不應(yīng)在制造過程中造成傷害風(fēng)險）可知造成傷害風(fēng)險的話是需要承擔(dān)義務(wù)，則為C選項“該故障對他人造成損害或傷害”也屬于過失法的理由。因此D選項符合題意。

5.單選題

Concernwithmoney,andthenmoremoney,inordertobuytheconveniencesandluxuriesofmodemlife,hasbroughtgreatchangestothelivesofmostFrenchmen.MorepeopleareworkingthaneverbeforeinFrance.Inthecitiesthetraditionalleisurelymiddaymealisdisappointing.Offices,shops,andfactoriesarediscoveringthegreatefficiencyofashortlunchhourincompanylunchrooms.Inalmostalllinesofworkemphasisnowfallsonever-increasingoutput.Thusthe“typical”Frenchmanproducesmore,earnsmore,andbuysmoreconsumergoodsthanhiscounterpartofthelastgeneration.Hegainsincreatingcomfortsandeaseoflife.Whathelosestosomeextentishissenseofpersonaluniqueness,orindividuality.

SomesaythatFrancehasbeenAmericanized.ThisisbecausetheU.S.isaworldsymbolofthetechnologicalsocietyanditsconsumerproducts.Theso-calledAmericanizationofFrancehasitscritics.Theyfearthat“assembly-linelife”willleadtothedisappearanceofthepleasuresofthemoregracefulandleisurely(butlessproductive)oldFrenchstyle.Whatwillhappen,theyask,totaste,elegance,andthecultivationofthegoodthingsinlife—joyinthesmellofafreshlypickedapple,astrollbytheriver,orjusthappyhoursofconversationinalocalcafe?

Sincethelate1950slifeinFrancehasindeedtakenonqualitiesofrush,tension,andthepursuitofmaterialgain.Someofthestrongestcriticsofthenewwayoflifearetheyoung,especiallyuniversitystudents.Theyareconcernedwiththefuture,andtheyrearthatFranceisthreatedbytriumphofthiscompetitive,goods-orientedculture.Occasionally,theyhavereactedagainstthetrendwithconsiderableviolence.

Inspiteofthecritics,however,countlessFrenchmenarecommittedtokeepingFranceintheforefrontofthemodemeconomicworld.Theyfindthatthepresentlifebringsmorerewards,convenience,andpleasuresthanthatofthepast.Theybelievethatamodem,industrialFranceispreferabletotheold.

1.TheoldFrenchwayoflifeischaracterizedby（）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,allthefollowingarethedescriptionoftoday’sFrenchmenEXCEPTthat（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthecritics?

4.Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe（）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat（）.

問題1選項

A.leisure,eleganceandefficiency

B.elegance,efficiencyandtaste

C.leisure,eleganceandtaste

D.leisure,efficiencyandtaste

問題2選項

A.manyofthempreferthemodemlifestyle

B.theactuallyenjoyworkingattheassemblyline

C.theyaremoreconcernedwithmoneythanbefore

D.theyaremorecompetitivethantheoldgeneration

問題3選項

A.Criticsaregreaterinnumberthanpeopleenjoyingthenewwayoflife.

B.Studentcriticsaregreaterinnumberthancriticsinotherfield.

C.Studentcriticshave,onoccasion,resortedtoviolentmeansagainstthetrend.

D.Criticsareconcernedsolelywiththepresentratherthanthefuture.

問題4選項

A.ChangesintheFrenchWayofLife

B.CriticismoftheNewLifestyle

C.TheAmericanizationofFrance

D.FeaturesoftheNewWayofLife

問題5選項

A.inpursuingmaterialgainstheFrencharesufferinglosseselsewhere

B.theFrenchenjoyshortlunchhours

C.theFrencharefedupwiththesmelloffreshlypickedapples

D.greatchangeshaveoccurredinthelifestyleofallFrenchmen

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】1.根據(jù)第二段第四、五句話“Theyfearthat...themoregracefulandleisurely(butlessproductive)oldFrenchstyle.Whatwillhappen,theyask,totaste,elegance,andthecultivationofthegoodthingsinlife...”由此可見,古老法國式生活的特點是安逸、高雅以及品味。選項C正確。

2.根據(jù)第二段的第三句“Theyfearthat“assembly-linelife”willleadtothedisappearanceofthepleasuresofthemoregracefulandleisurely(butlessproductive)oldFrenchstyle.”他們害怕“流水線式的生活”會引起古老法國式生活的高雅和安逸所帶來的愉悅感消失，所以他們不會享受流水線式的生活。選項B符合要求。

3.根據(jù)第三段的最后一句話,“Occasionally,theyhavereactedagainstthetrendwithconsiderableviolence.”偶爾，他們對這一趨勢的反應(yīng)是相當(dāng)暴力的。選項C符合原文。

4.文章主要講的是法國生活方式的變遷以及大家對此的態(tài)度。因此,選項A正確，其他選項只是部分內(nèi)容。

5.根據(jù)第一段的最后兩句“Hegainsincreatingcomfortsandeaseoflife.Whathelosestosomeextentishissenseofpersonaluniqueness,orindividuality.”選項A法國人在追求物質(zhì)利益的過程中,可能會在別處失去一些東西，符合原文。

6.翻譯題

我認為沒有人不喜歡到處去看看：多看看他人，多閱他鄉(xiāng)，不但可以認識世界，亦可認識自己。有人旅行時乘豪華游輪，謝靈運再世大概也會如此。有人背負行囊，翻山越嶺；有人騎自行車環(huán)游天下。這些都令人羨慕。我所傾向的，卻是駕車長征，去看天涯海角。我的太太比我更愛旅行，所以夫妻兩人正好互做旅伴，這一點只怕徐霞客也要羨慕。不過徐霞客是大旅行家、大探險家，我們，只是淺游而已。

【答案】Inmymind,everybodylovestolookaround,meetingmorepeopleandvisitingmoreplaces.Theycannotonlyunderstandtheworld,butalsorecognizethemselves.Someofthemtraveledbyacruise,andXieLingyunmaybeoneofthemifhewouldreincarnate.Somepickedupthetravelingbagacrossthemountains.Sometraveledaroundtheworldbybike.Alloftheseareenviable.Ijustprefertodrivealongjourneyandseetheendsoftheearth.MywifeisfondoftravelingthanI,andthereforewetwoaretravelingcompanion,whichmaybeenviedbyXuXiake.ButXuisagreattravelerandexplorer.Weonlysuperficiallytravel.

7.填空題

Johnhasagreatvoice,butwiththatcoldhewon't（

）verygoodifhetriestosing.

【答案】

sound

【解析】語法分析。考查系動詞。hewon’tverygood是個主系表結(jié)構(gòu)，空白處應(yīng)填入一個系動詞,此處填sound合適。

8.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingintoChinese.

Winnershavedifferentpotentials.Achievementisnotthemostimportantthing.Authenticityis.Theauthenticpersonexperiencestherealityofhimselfbyknowinghimself,beinghimself,andbecomingacredible,responsiveperson.Heactualizeshisownunprecedenteduniqueness,andappreciatestheuniquenessofothers.

Globalvaluechains,orGVCs,arenotanewphenomenon,buttheyhaveexpandedanddeepenedsignificantlyinrecentyears,offeringgreateropportunitiesfordevelopingcountriestointegrateintotheglobaleconomyatlowercosts.Improvementsincommunicationtechnologyanddecliningtransportationcostsworldwidehavemadeiteasierto“unbundle”tasksinternationally.

【答案】勝利者具備不同的潛力，成就不是最重要的方面，而是真誠。真誠的人了解自我，保持自我，從而體驗到真實的自我，成為一個可信、感性的人。他實現(xiàn)了自己前所未有的特性，并贊賞他人的獨特之處。

全球價值鏈，簡稱GVC，并不是一種新現(xiàn)象，但是，近年來，它們已大大擴大和深化，為發(fā)展中國家以更低的成本融入全球經(jīng)濟提供了更多的機會。全球通信技術(shù)的進步和運輸成本的下降使國際上更容易“分解”各項任務(wù)。

9.單選題

SwimmersfromtheUniversityofMichigandethronedOhioStateinthenationalcollegiateswimmingchampionships,breakingOhio’sstreakofthreeconsecutivevictories.

問題1選項

A.immense

B.superb

C.marginal

D.continuous

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.immense極大的，巨大的B.superb極佳的，卓越的

C.marginal小的，微不足道的D.continuous不斷的，持續(xù)的，連續(xù)的

【答案】D

【考查點】形容詞辨析。

【解題思路】consecutive的意思為“連續(xù)不斷的”，修飾victories，指的是俄亥俄州立大學(xué)連續(xù)三次都勝利，continuous與之詞義相近，因此D選項正確。

【干擾項排除】A、B、C選項詞義與之不符。

【句意】密歇根大學(xué)的游泳選手們在全國大學(xué)生游泳錦標賽中擊敗了俄亥俄州立大學(xué)，打破了俄亥俄州立大學(xué)三連勝的紀錄。

10.寫作題

MeaningandCharacteristicsoftheItalianRenaissanceThewordRenaissancemeans"rebirth."AnumberofpeoplewholivedinItalybetween1350and1550believedthattheyhadwitnessedarebirthofantiquityorGreco-Romancivilization,markinganewage.Tothem,thethousandorsoyearsbetweentheendoftheRomanEmpireandtheirownerawasamiddleperiod(hencethe"MiddleAges"),characterizedbydarknessbecauseofitslackofclassicalculture.HistoriansofthenineteenthcenturylaterusedsimilarterminologytodescribethisperiodinItaly.TheSwisshistorianandartcriticJacobBurckhardtcreatedthemodernconceptoftheRenaissanceinhiscelebratedCivilizationoftheRenaissancein-publishedin1860.HeportrayedItalyinthefourteenthandfifteenthcenturiesasthebirthplaceofthemodernworld(theItalianswere"thefirstbornamongthesonsofmodernEurope")andsawtherevivalofantiquity,theperfectingoftheindividual,"andsecularismasitsdistinguishingfeatures.BurckhardtexaggeratedtheindividualityandsecularismoftheRenaissanceandfailedtorecognizethedepthsofitsreligioussentiment;nevertheless,heestablishedtheframeworkforallmoderninterpretationsoftheRenaissance.AlthoughcontemporaryscholarsdonotbelievethattheRenaissancerepresentsasuddenordramaticculturalbreakwiththeMiddleAges,asBurckhardtargued—therewas.afterall,muchcontinuityineconomic,political,andsociallifebetweenthetwoperiods—theRenaissancecanstillbeviewedasadistinctperiodofEuropeanhistorythatmanifesteditselffirstinItalyandthenspreadtotherestofEurope.

RenaissanceItalywaslargelyanurbansociety.Asaresultofitscommercialpreeminenceandpoliticalevolution,northernItalybythemid-fourteenthcenturywasmostlyalandofindependentcitiesthatdominatedthecountrydistrictsaroundthem.Thesecity-statesbecamethecentersofItalianpolitical,economic,andsociallife.Withinthisnewurbansociety,asecularspiritemergedasincreasingwealthcreatednewpossibilitiesfortheenjoymentofworldlythings.

Aboveall,theRenaissance,asanageofrecoveryfromthe"calamitousfourteenthcentury."ItalyandEuropebeganaslowprocessofrecuperationfromtheeffectsoftheBlackDeath,politicaldisorder,andeconomicrecession.Thisrecoverywasaccompaniedbyarebirthofthecultureofclassicalantiquity.Increasinglyawareoftheirownhistoricalpast,ItalianintellectualsbecameintenselyinterestedintheGreco-RomancultureoftheancientMediterraneanworld.Thisnewrevivalofclassicalantiquity(theMiddleAgeshadinfactpreservedmuchofancientLatinculture)affectedactivitiesasdiverseaspoliticsandartandledtonewattemptstoreconcilethepaganphilosophyoftheGreco-RomanworldwithChristianthought,aswellasnewwaysofviewinghumanbeings.

ArevivedemphasisonindividualabilitybecamecharacteristicoftheItalianRenaissance.Asthefifteenth-centuryFlorentinearchitectLeonBattistaAlbertiexpressedit:"Mancandoallthingsiftheywill."Ahighregardforhumandignityandworthandarealizationofindividualpotentialitycreatedanewsocialidealofthewell-roundedpersonalityoruniversalpersonwhowascapableofachievementsinmanyareasoflife.

ThesegeneralfeaturesoftheItalianRenaissancewerenotcharacteristicofallItaliansbutwereprimarilythepreserveofthewealthyupperclasses,whoconstitutedasmallpercentageofthetotalpopulation.TheachievementsoftheItalianRenaissanceweretheproductofanelite,ratherthanamass,movement.Nevertheless,indirectlyitdidhavesomeimpactonordinarypeople,especiallyinthecities,wheresomanyoftheintellectualandartisticaccomplishmentsoftheperiodweremostvisible.

【答案】TheRenaissancecanbeviewedasadistinctperiodofEuropeanhistory.TherearemanymeaningsandcharacteristicsoftheItalianRenaissance.

TheRenaissanceinItalymarkedthearrivalofanewera.Andcharacterizedbydarknessbecauseofitslackofclassicalculture.TheSwisshistorianandartcriticJacobBurckhardtcreatedthemodernconceptoftheRenaissance.Hesawtherevivalofantiquity,theperfectingoftheindividual,andsecularismasitsdistinguishingfeatures.

TheRenaissance,asanageofrecoveryfromthe"calamitousfourteenthcentury."Thisrecoverywasaccompaniedbyarebirthofthecultureofclassicalantiquity.ArevivedemphasisonindividualabilitybecamecharacteristicoftheItalianRenaissance.Ahighregardforhumandignityandworthandarealizationofindividualpotentialitycreatedanewsocialidealofthewell-roundedpersonalityoruniversalperson.

TheachievementsoftheItalianRenaissanceweretheproductofanelite,ratherthanamass,movement.Nevertheless,indirectlyitdidhavesomeimpactonordinarypeople.

11.單選題

Wemaintainareflexive,（）affectionforUncleRalph,theboringfellowwithinterminablestoriesofatimeweneverknew.

問題1選項

A.hateful

B.distanced

C.loving

D.glaring

【答案】B

【解析】形容詞詞義辨析。hateful“可恨的”；distanced“距離遠的”；loving“忠誠的”；glaring“耀眼的，瞪視的”。句意：我們對Ralph叔叔有一種反射式的疏遠式的喜愛，這個無聊的家伙一次性沒完沒了地講了很多我們不知道的故事。選項B符合題意。

12.單選題

Onmanyoccasions,wetendtointerprettheactionsofchildren（）ourownexperienceasanadult.

問題1選項

A.forthesakeof

B.onbehalfof

C.intermsof

D.inaccordancewith

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞短語。A選項forthesakeof“為了”；B選項onbehalfof“代表”；C選項intermsof“依據(jù)，在……方面”；D選項inaccordancewith“與……一致”。句意：在很多時候，我們傾向于依據(jù)自己作為一個成年人的經(jīng)驗來解釋孩子的行為。根據(jù)空格前后的句意關(guān)系，只有C選項intermsof“依據(jù)，在……方面”符合句意，其他選項意思不對。因此C選項正確。

13.翻譯題

WhyistheNativeLanguageLearntSoWell?Howdoesithappenthatchildrenlearntheirmothertonguesowell?Whenwecomparethemwithadultslearningaforeignlanguage,weoftenfindthisinterestingfactalittlechildwithoutknowledgeorexperienceoftensucceedsinacompletemasteryofthelanguage.Agrown-uppersonwithfullydevelopedmentalpowers,inmostcases,mayendupwithafaultyandinexactcommand.Whataccountsforthisdifference?

Despiteotherexplanations,therealanswerinmyopinionliespartlyinthechildhimself,partlyinthebehaviorofthepeoplearoundhim.Inthefirstplace,thetimeoflearningthemothertongueisthemostfavorableofall,namely,thefirstyearsoflife.Achildhearsitspokenfrommorningtillnightand,whatismoreimportant,alwaysinitsgenuineform,withtherightpronunciation,rightintonation,rightuseofwordsandrightstructure.Hedrinksinallthewordsandexpressionswhichcometohiminafresh,ever-bubblingspring.Thereisnoresistance:thereisperfectassimilation.

Thenthechildhas,asitwere,privatelessonsalltheyearround,whileanadultlanguage-studenthaseachweekalimitednumberofhourswhichhegenerallyshareswithothers.Thechildhasanotheradvantage:hehearsthelanguageinallpossiblesituations,alwaysaccompaniedbytherightkindofgesturesandfacialexpressions.Herethereisnothingunnatural,suchasisoftenfoundinlanguagelessonsinschools,whenonetalksabouticeandsnowinJuneorscorchingheatinJanuary.Andwhatachildhearsisgenerallywhatimmediatelyinterestshim.Againandagain,whenhisattemptsatspeecharesuccessful,hisdesiresareunderstoodandfulfilled.

Finally,thoughachild’s“teachers”maynothavebeentrainedinlanguageteaching,theirrelationswithhimarealwayscloseandpersonal.Theytakegreatpainstomaketheirlessonseasy.

NewEffortstoLeanaboutMarsTwoweeksago,theUnitedStateslaunchedaspaceshipnamedMarsGlobalSurveyor.ItisexpectedtoarriveatMarsnextSeptemberaftertravelingabout7hundredmillionkilometers.Itwillorbittheplanet.ItsmaintaskistomakethemostdetailedmapofMars.OnDecember2nd,theUnitedStatesistolaunchanotherspacecraftMarsPathfinder.Althoughthetwospacecraftsarenotdesignedtosearchforlife,theywillseekoutconditionsthatcouldsupportlife.

MarsisthefourthplanetfromtheSunthenextbeyondEarth.Ithasbeenabrightobjectofmysteryinthenightskysinceancienttimes.ItisnamedfortheRomanGodofWar.Becauseofthecolorofitssoilandrocks,Marsisalsocalledtheredplanet.Iflife,pastorpresent,istobefoundanywhereelseinthesolarsystem,scientistssay,Marsisprobablythespace.TheythinkMarsandEarthweresimilarasyoungplanets.TheybelievethatyoungMarswasmuchwarmerandwetterthanitisnow;andhadmuchthickeratmosphere.Today,Mars’atmosphereislessthan1%asthickasEarth’s.ItismostlycarbondioxidewhileEarth’satmosphereismainlynitrogen.MarsisabouthalfthesizeofEarth.Itisalmost7,000kilometersacross.Ithashugevolcanoesandcanyon4,000kilometersacross,thebiggestknowninthesolarsystem.Marsisalsoknownforgreatduststormswhichsometimescovertheplanet.TheaveragetemperatureonMarsis53degreesbelowzeroCelsius.Mars’warmatmosphereis27abovezero.

InsomeplacestheMartiansurfacelookslikeadesertonEarth.Inothers,itlookslikethesurfaceofourmoon.BystudyingMars,scientistssaywecanhopetolearnmoreaboutthehistoryandperhapsthefutureofourownplanet.SurfaceonMarsthatarealmost4,000millionyearsoldshowremainsofancientlakes.Thesesuggestthatthatliquidwateronceflowed.Marswaterishiddenunderitssurfacenow.Instrumentsonthespacecraftwillsearchforit.

ExtinctionStalksWorld’sTigersUnlessgovernmentstakesignificantmeasurestoprotecttigers,theymaygoextinctby2010,theWorldWildlifeFundsaidThursday.

Theconservationgroupsaidtigernumbershavedecreased95percentinthepastcenturyandonly5,000—7,200tigersstillsurviveinthewild—comparedwithnearly10timesthatmanyatthestartofthecentury.

WWF,publishedanupdateFeb.11,2019oftheirstudy—WantedAlive:TigersintheWild,markingtheendoftheChineseYearoftheTiger.

Thereportstatesthatdespitesustainedeffortsoverthepastyear,muchremainstobedonetopreventthetigerfrombecomingextinctearlynextcentury.Ifgovernmentsdonotcrackdownonpoachingandeliminatethedemandfortigerproducts,thetigerwillbestalkedtoextinction,saysWWF.

“WecannotletupforonemomentifwearetoensurethattigerswillstillexistinthewildbythenextChineseYearoftheTigerin2010,”saidElizabethKemf,speciesconservationinformationmanageratWWFInternationalandoneoftheauthorsofthereport.

Thegroupcitesillegalhuntingforthemedicinaltrade,lossofpreyspeciesweaklawenforcement,poaching,habitatlossandashrinkinggenepoolastheothermajorthreatsfacingtheworld’stigerpopulation.

TheWWFsaidonemajorsuccessduring1998wasthepassageoflegislationbytheU.S.Congressbanningtheimportandsaleofanyproductclaimingtocontainingredientsmadeofrhinoceros—anotherendangeredspecies—ortigerparts.

Inaddition,WWFestablishedaTigerEmergencyFund,supportedtheTigerConservationPrograminIndia,andworkedintheRussianFarEast.

Threeoftheeightsubspeciesoftiger—theBali,CaspianandJavantigersareextinct.TheSouthChinatigerfacesthesamefactsasonly20or30areknowntoremaininthewild,downfromanestimated4,000inthe1950s.

【答案】【參考譯文】

為什么母語學(xué)得這么好？14.單選題

Diamondshavelittle______valueandtheirpricedependsalmostentirelyontheirscarcity.

問題1選項

A.extinct

B.permanent

C.surplus

D.intrinsic

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項extinct“滅絕的”；B選項permanent“永恒的，不變的”；C選項surplus“過剩的”；D選項intrinsic“固有的，內(nèi)在的，本質(zhì)的”。根據(jù)theirpricedependsalmostentirelyontheirscarcity可知D選項符合語義。句意：鉆石幾乎沒有內(nèi)在價值，其價格幾乎完全取決于其稀缺性。

15.單選題

IlostmysightwhenIwasfouryearsoldbyfallingoffaboxcarinafreightyardinAtlanticCityandlandingonmyhead.NowIamthirtytwo.Icanvaguelyrememberthebrightnessofsunshineandwhatcolorredis.Itwouldbewonderfultoseeagain,butacalamitycandostrangethingstopeople.ItoccurredtometheotherdaythatImightnothavecometolovelifeasIdoifhadn'tbeenblind.Ibelieveinlifenow.IamnotsosurethatIwouldhavebelievedinitsodeeply,otherwise,Idon'tmeanthatIwouldprefertogowithoutmyeyes.IsimplymeanthatthelossofthemmademeappreciatethemorewhatIhadleft.

Life,Ibelieve,asksacontinuousserieso