考研考博-英語(yǔ)-商丘職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-商丘職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Theserviceoperates36librariesthroughoutthecountry,whilesix（

）libraries

speciallyservethecountryside.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.mobile

B.drifting

C.shifting

D.rotating

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。mobilelibrary“流動(dòng)圖書館”；drifting“漂流的”；shifting“不斷移動(dòng)的”；rotating“旋轉(zhuǎn)的”。句意：這項(xiàng)服務(wù)在全國(guó)36個(gè)圖書館運(yùn)行，而6個(gè)移動(dòng)圖書館專門服務(wù)農(nóng)村。由固定搭配可知A項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Withmorethan150milesofvirtuallynowaterfallsorrapids,theHudsonRiverextendsinlandfrom（

）,theAtlanticOcean.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thesourceof

B.whereitssource

C.itssource

D.fromwhichitssourceis

【答案】C

【解析】語(yǔ)法（同位語(yǔ)）題。分析題干可知，空格后的theAtlanticOcean是空格的同位語(yǔ)，所以排除A選項(xiàng)和D選項(xiàng);B選項(xiàng)的its為物主代詞，與后面的名詞source構(gòu)成主語(yǔ)，那就缺少謂語(yǔ)成分，所以B選項(xiàng)排除，所以答案為C選項(xiàng)。

3.單選題

ThenumberofpeoplewithAlzheimer’sdiseaseintheUnitedStatesisprojectedtomorethandoubleby2050.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.devised

B.thrust

C.estimated

D.encountered

【答案】C

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.devised設(shè)計(jì)B.thrust用力推

C.estimated估計(jì)D.encountered遇到

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析

【解題思路】原文指到2050年美國(guó)老年癡呆癥患者的數(shù)量將增加一倍以上，2050年是一個(gè)未來(lái)的年份，這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)應(yīng)該是預(yù)估的，C選項(xiàng)“估計(jì)”符合原文。原文beprojectedto“被預(yù)測(cè)”。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)devised“設(shè)計(jì)”，美國(guó)的老年癡呆癥患者的數(shù)量應(yīng)該是自然發(fā)生的，不存在說被設(shè)計(jì)成多少；

B選項(xiàng)thrust“用力推”，不符合原句邏輯；

D選項(xiàng)encountered“遇到”，不符合原句邏輯。

【句意】預(yù)計(jì)到2050年，美國(guó)老年癡呆癥患者的數(shù)量將增加一倍以上。

4.單選題

Itsoonbecomesclearthattheinteriordesigner'smostimportantbasicconcernisthefunctionoftheparticular（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.circumstances

B.environment

C.surroundings

D.space

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。circumstance意為“環(huán)境，境遇”，往往指人力無(wú)法控制、駕馭的事件和事態(tài)的總和；environment意為“環(huán)境，外界”,指對(duì)人的成長(zhǎng)、情感、觀念、倫理、道德、品行等產(chǎn)生影響的環(huán)境;surrounding意為“環(huán)境，周圍的事物”，偏重于生活、居住的周圍環(huán)境；space意為“(可利用的)空地，空間”。

句意：很快就清楚了，室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)師最重要的基本關(guān)注點(diǎn)是某一特定空間的功能。

5.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish

夫妻財(cái)產(chǎn)同樣屬于共同財(cái)產(chǎn)。

刑法不得溯及既往。

法院駁回了原告的訴訟主張。

他對(duì)債務(wù)負(fù)主要責(zé)任。

本合同的任何改動(dòng)或修正必須作為書面方能產(chǎn)生效力。

【答案】Maritalpropertyisalsopartofthecommonproperty.

Thecriminallawshallnotberetroactive.

Thecourtrejectedtheplaintiffsclaim.

Hewasmainlyresponsibleforthedebt.

Anychangesormodificationofthiscontractmustbewritteninordertobeeffective.

6.單選題

Largeanimalsthatinhabitthedeserthaveevolvedanumberofadaptationsforreducingtheeffectsofextremeheat.

Oneadaptationistobelightincolor,andtoreflectratherthanabsorbtheSun'srays.Desertmammalsalsodepartfromthenormalmammalianpracticeofmaintainingaconstantbodytemperature.Insteadoftryingtokeepdownthebodytemperaturedeepinsidethebody,whichwouldinvolvetheexpenditureofwaterandenergy,desertmammalsallowtheirtemperaturestorisetowhatwouldnormallybefeverheight,andtemperaturesashighas46degreesCelsiushavebeenmeasuredinGrant’sgazelles.Theoverheatedbodythencoolsdownduringthecolddesertnight,andindeedthetemperaturemayfallunusuallylowbydawn,aslowas34degreesCelsiusinthecamel.Thisisanadvantagesincetheheatofthefirstfewhoursofdaylightisabsorbedinwarmingupthebody,andanexcessivebuildupofheatdoesnotbeginuntilwellintotheday.

Anotherstrategyoflargedesertanimalsistotoleratethelossofbodywatertoapointthatwouldbefatalfornon-adaptedanimals.Thecamelcanloseupto30percentofitsbodyweightaswaterwithoutharmtoitself,whereashumanbeingsdieafterlosingonly12to13percentoftheirbodyweight.Anequallyimportantadaptationistheabilitytoreplenishthiswaterlossatonedrink.Desertanimalscandrinkprodigiousvolumesinashorttime,andcamelshavebeenknowntoimbibeover100litersinafewminutes.Averydehydratedperson,ontheotherhand,cannotdrinkenoughwatertorehydrateatonesession,becausethehumanstomachisnotsufficientlybigandbecauseatoorapiddilutionofthebodyfluidscausesdeathfromwaterintoxication.Thetoleranceofwaterlossisofobviousadvantageinthedesert,asanimalsdonothavetoremainnearawaterholebutcanobtainfoodfromgrazingsparseandfar-flungpastures.Desert-adaptedmammalshavethefurtherabilitytofeednormallywhenextremelydehydrated,itisacommonexperienceinpeoplethatappetiteislostevenunderconditionsofmoderatethirst.

1.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?

2.TheauthorusesGrant'sgazelleasanexampleof（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutdesert-adaptedmammals?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Weathervariationsinthedesert

B.Adaptationsofdesertanimals

C.Diseasedofdesertanimals

D.Humanuseofdesertanimals

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.ananimalwithalowaveragetemperature

B.ananimalthatisnotaswelladaptedasthecamel

C.adesertanimalthatcanwithstandhighbodytemperatures

D.adesertanimalwithaconstantbodytemperature

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theydonotneedtoeatmuchfood

B.Theycaneatlargequantitiesquickly

C.Theyeasilylosetheirappetites

D.Theycantravellongdistanceslookingforfood

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。文章第一段“Largeanimalsthatinhabitthedeserthaveevolvedanumberofadaptationsforreducingtheeffectsofextremeheat.生活在沙漠中的大型動(dòng)物己逐步形成了一些減少極度高溫影響的適應(yīng)方式”提出話題“生活在沙漠中動(dòng)物的適應(yīng)性”，之后的段落講述了“沙漠動(dòng)物的各種適應(yīng)，如沙漠動(dòng)物的毛是淺色的，這樣能去反射而不是吸收太陽(yáng)光、避免通過消耗水分和能量來(lái)保持身體恒溫等，并跟人類進(jìn)行比較，來(lái)突出沙漠動(dòng)物的適應(yīng)性，”所以B選項(xiàng)“沙漠動(dòng)物的適應(yīng)性”正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第二段中第三句“desertmammalsallowtheirtemperaturestorisetowhatwouldnormallybefeverheight,andtemperaturesashighas46degreesCelsiushavebeenmeasuredinGrant'sgazelles.沙漠中的哺乳類動(dòng)物允許自己的體溫上升到通常是發(fā)燒的程度，高達(dá)46攝氏度的體溫已在格蘭特瞪羚被測(cè)出”。確定C選項(xiàng)“能經(jīng)受高體溫的一種沙漠動(dòng)物”正確。

3.推理判斷題。A選項(xiàng)“它們不需要吃太多的食物”和B項(xiàng)“它們能很快處大量的食物”在文中沒有提及，排除；由最后一段最后一句“Desert-adaptedmammalshavethefurtherabilitytofeednormallywhenextremelydehydrated,itisacommonexperienceinpeoplethatappetiteislostevenunderconditionsofmoderatethirst.適應(yīng)沙漠的哺乳類動(dòng)物有在極度脫水時(shí)進(jìn)一步正常進(jìn)食的能力，而在人類中一個(gè)常見的經(jīng)歷是甚至在中等口渴的情況下都沒有胃口”確定C選項(xiàng)“它們?nèi)菀资プ约旱奈缚凇卞e(cuò)誤；由最后一段中倒數(shù)第二句“Thetoleranceofwaterlossisofobviousadvantageinthedesert,asanimalsdonothavetoremainnearawaterholebutcanobtainfoodfromgrazingsparseandfar-flungpastures.對(duì)水分流失的容忍度在沙漠中是明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)，因?yàn)閯?dòng)物不需要去停留在水坑附近，而是能從啃食稀疏且遙遠(yuǎn)的草地來(lái)獲取食物”確定D選項(xiàng)“它們能行進(jìn)遠(yuǎn)的距離來(lái)尋找食物”正確。

7.單選題

Appliedscienceis（）discoveringwaystousetheknowledgeoftheoreticalscience.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.concernedabout

B.combinedwith

C.concernedfor

D.concernedwith

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。beconcernedabout“擔(dān)心，關(guān)心”；becombinedwith“與……聯(lián)合”；beconcernedfor“為……擔(dān)憂”；beconcernedwith“涉及，參與，關(guān)心”。根據(jù)后面“探究理論科學(xué)知識(shí)的運(yùn)用方法”可知是appliedscience“應(yīng)用科學(xué)”涉及到的具體內(nèi)容，因此選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

8.單選題

Whilehiseffortsweretremendoustheresultsappearedtobevery（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.trigger

B.meager

C.vigor

D.linger

【答案】B

【解析】考查形近詞辨析。trigger誘發(fā)meager貧瘠的vigor精力linger消磨，徘徊。句意：盡管他付出了巨大努力，但是結(jié)果卻不令人滿意(收獲很小)答案B。while表轉(zhuǎn)折，可知前后形成對(duì)比。

9.單選題

Itisnotuncommonforclosesynonymstobeunderstoodtosharethesamemeaning.Thedifferencebetweenwordslike“hard”and"difficult",forexample,goestragicallyunnoticed.Onemayemployoneortheotherwithcompleteindifference,postulatingnodiscrepancybetweenthem.Ingeneralthisiswellandgood;mostpeoplelackthescrupulouspedanticalnesstoquibbleoversuchtrifles.Nevertheless,forthoseofuswithamplecompulsiveness(andtime),itisofsignificantvaluetocomprehendsuchnuances.

Takeforexamplethefollowingsentences:1)Thetestwashard.2)Thetestwasdifficult.Isthedifferencebetweenthesesynonymsreadilyapparent?Isthereanoticeabledifferencebetweenthematall?Indeed,thesequestionsarevalidandwarrantanswer.For,whatwouldbethepointtohavingmultiplewordswiththeexactsamemeaning?No,thatwouldbesuperfluous;theEnglishlanguagebeingfartooeconomical.Whilemanyclosesynonymssharesimilar,ifnotthesame,dictionarydefinitions,thefeeling,ormood,theyconveyisutterlysingular.Althoughadictionarycanprovideinformationaboutwordmeanings,pronunciations,etymologies,inflectedforms,derivedforms,etcetera,itcannotcommunicatehowitfeelstouseaword.

So,ifthereisindeedadifferencebetweenwordslike"hard"and“difficult”，whatisit?Tobegin,"hard"ispragmaticandrealistic,firmlygroundedinreality.Itisautilitarianwordthatgetsthejobdoneanddoesn’tapologizeforitsbrusque,uncouthnature.Ontheotherhand,"difficult”iseloquentandrefined.Itiscivilized,willingtoexpendtheeffortnecessarytoappearurbane.Why,themeredifferenceinsonicqualitybetweenthemisstrikingenough.“Hard”makesaquick,unassumingsound,havingbutasinglesyllable(voicedundercertaininflections,itcanevencomeacrossasharsh),while"difficult"ismorelengthyandmelodic,itsnumberofsyllablestotalingthreetimesthatofitscounterpart.Furthermore,"hard"ismorelikelytobeusedincasual,informalcircumstances,ortocommunicateanidea"onthego"orsimplyto"getitout"asthesayingsgo.Itisusedwithoutpretense,anddoesnotmaintainafeelingofbeingoverlyconcerned.Intermsofdailyusage,"hard"maybeemployedbyanexhaustedbrickmasonwhenposedwiththequestion,"Howwasyourday?"Conversely,"difficult”maybeusedbyamilitarygeneraluponexplainingtohisorhersuperiortheprogressionofaparticularlytaxingcampaign.Similarto"hard"and"difficult",thewords"weird"and"strange"tooareclosesynonyms,andmayseeminglybeusedinterchangeably.Takeforinstancethefollowingsentences:1)Seamonkeysareweird.2)Seamonkeysarestrange.Contrarytopopularbelief,thesesentencesarenottautologous.Sohowdotheydiffer?Theirdictionarydefinitionsarenearlyidentical,sothedifferencedoesnotliethere.Rather,thedifferenceinvolvesthefeeling,ormood,thatthesewordsconvey.Noticethatwhile"weird"and"strange"bothhavebutonesyllable,thelatterhasaremarkablydistinguishedfeel.

Similarto"hard","weird"conveysamorebasic,amorecrude,sentiment.Something"weird"iscrassorgross,andistypicallyundesirable.Noonewantstobeassociatedwithsomething"weird".Iftryingtoimpresssomeone,oneprobablydoesn'twanttobecategorizedamongthe"weird".Ontheotherhand,ifsomethingislabeledas"strange",itisnotnecessarilybad.Rather,something"strange"issimplyabnormal,orunusual―adeviationfromwhatisexpected.Thisdistinctionbetween"weird"and"strange"issopronouncedthatthelattercanbeusedasaeuphemismfortheformerincertainsituations.Forexample,noticehowasimplesubstitutionisabletomakethefollowingsentencelessoffensive:"Yourmother'scookiestasteweird"comparedto“Yourmother'scookiestastestrange".Intheformersentence,thespeakersoundsasthoughheorsheisinsultingyourmother'scookies,statingthattheytastebad.Inthelattersentence,however,thespeakersoundsasthoughthecookiessimplytastedifferent,orunusual,comparedtowhatheorsheisusedto—thedifferenceowingtotheinnocuousadditionoftoomuchflour,perhaps.

Finally,let'slookatthesynonyms,"happy"and"glad".Asintheaforementionedcases,thesewordsseemtohavelittleornodiscernibledifferencebetweenthem.Takeforexamplethefollowingsentences:1)Tommyishappybecausehegotanewbike.2)Tommyisgladbecausehegotanewbike.Mostunderstandthesesentencestohavethesamemeaning.Andagain,uponconsultingadictionary,onewillfindhighlysimilar,ifnotthesame,definitions.Butthesedefinitionslackthefeeling,theuniqueemotionalchargethatthesewordsconvey.Theword“happy”conveysasenseoflevity,oracarefreeattitude.Thethoughtofsomeonewhois“happy”conjurestheimageofabright-eyed,ruddy,smilingface.Oneis“happy”onthemorningofhisbirthday,discoveringanewpuppyboundingintohisbedroom.Ontheotherhand,theword“glad”conjurestheimageofamanstandingcrossed-armed,noddinggently.Astoicgrincrossinghisface.Oneis“glad”whenheseesthatthechild’slostpuppyhasbeenfound,andwasmerelyfrolickingtoofarfromhome.

Granted,thenotionthatclosesynonymscanbeusedinterchangeablyisprevalentamongEnglishspeakers.Andalas,thedictionary—thetextpurportedtoberesponsibleforclarifyingsuchissues—isoflittleassistance.Intheend,itislefttous,thespeakersofthelanguage,thoseactivelyresponsibleformaintainingitssustenanceandgeneration,tounderstandhowthesewordsmakeusfeelandwhatmoodweareinclinedtoattachtothem.Usingtheexamplesandinsightsdescribedabove,onemaycometorecognizethesesubtle,yetcrucial,differences.

1.Whatisthethesisstatementinthispassage?

2.Asusedinparagraph1,whatismostlikelymeantby“scrupulouspedanticalness”？

3.Asusedinparagraph2,whichofthefollowingbestdescribessomethingthatissuperfluous?

4.Inparagraph3,theauthorwrites:"Tobegin,'hard'ispragmaticandrealistic,firmlygroundedinreality.Itisautilitarianwordthatgetsthejobdoneanddoesn'tapologizeforitsbrusque,uncouthnature.Ontheotherhand,"'difficultiseloquentandrefined.Itiscivilized,willingtoexpendtheeffortnecessarytoappearurbane."Whichofthefollowingliterarydevicesisusedinthisquotation?

5.Withrespecttothewayinwhichclosesynonymsarecommonlyunderstood,theauthor'stonecanbestbedescribedas（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Itisnotuncommonforclosesynonymstobebelievedtosharethesamemeaning.(paragraph1)

B.However,forthoseofuswithamplecompulsiveness(andtime),itisofsignificantvaluetocomprehendsuchnuances.(paragraph1)

C.Whilemanyclosesynonymssharesimilar,ifnotthesame,dictionarydefinitions,thefeeling,ormood,theyconveyisutterlysingular.(paragraph2)

D.Althoughadictionarycanprovideinformationaboutwordmeanings,pronunciations,etymologies,inflectedforms,derivedforms,etcetera,itcannotcommunicatetheenergyofaword,(paragraph2)

E.Intheend,itislefttous,thespeakersofthelanguage,thoseactivelyresponsibleformaintainingitssustenanceandgeneration,tounderstandhowthesewordsmakeusfeelandwhatmoodweareinclinedtoattachtothem.(paragraph6)

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.mildcuriosity

B.wryskepticismof

C.passionateindignation

D.stubbornreluctance

E.excessiveconcern

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Yokoexpectstohavesixdinnerguests,soshesetsthetablewithsixplaces.Ontheside,however,shekeepsanothertwoplacesjustincaseherguestsbringfriends.

B.Theinstructionssaytofillthetireswith35-38poundspersquareinchofair,butMichelefillsthemwith40poundspersquareinchbecausetheyareoldandtendtoleak.

C.ManufactureofModel24AhadbeenscheduledtobeginonMay8.However,creditorsfailedtoforwardmuchneededmonetaryadvancements,delayingthestartofproductionuntilMay10.

D.Thepassingofsinger--songwriterJonathanOrionDavisleftthousands,ifnotmillions,inmourning.Thiswasreflectedbytheastoundingnumberofrosesplacedonhisopencoffin:averitablemountainthathadtoberelocatedbecausethosepayingtheirrespectscouldnolongerviewthedeceased.

E.Lavishedwithcriticalacclaim,thepublicationwasslatedtogeneratetremendousrevenueinsales.Unfortunately,demandhadbeenoverestimated,andasaresult,tenthousandcopiesneverleftstoreshelves.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Onomatopoeia

B.hyperbole

C.metaphor

D.personification

E.oxymoron

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.belligerent

B.supercilious

C.rueful

D.conscientious

E.blase

【答案】第1題:E

第2題:E

第3題:E

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中“Intheend,itislefttous,thespeakersofthelanguage,thoseactivelyresponsibleformaintainingitssustenanceandgeneration,tounderstandhowthesewordsmakeusfeelandwhatmoodweareinclinedtoattachtothem.”最后，去理解這些同義詞如何讓我們感受且我們傾向于為它們附上何種語(yǔ)氣成了這些積極負(fù)責(zé)同義詞的維持和產(chǎn)生的語(yǔ)言使用者的工作，可知E選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.詞義題。根據(jù)文章第一段中“Onemayemployoneortheotherwithcompleteindifference,postulatingnodiscrepancybetweenthem.Ingeneralthisiswellandgood;mostpeoplelackthescrupulouspedanticalnesstoquibbleoversuchtrifles”可知人們可能不在意這些同義詞的區(qū)別，說明對(duì)同同義詞缺乏一種仔細(xì)認(rèn)真探究精神，因此E選項(xiàng)“過度關(guān)心”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“輕微的好奇心”；B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)……有固執(zhí)己見的懷疑”；C選項(xiàng)“激動(dòng)的憤慨”；D選項(xiàng)“執(zhí)拗的不情愿”。

3.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段中“whatwouldbethepointtohavingmultiplewordswiththeexactsamemeaning?No,thatwouldbesuperfluous;theEnglishlanguagebeingfartooeconomical.”有許多意思完全相同的單詞有什么意義呢？沒有任何意義，那將是多余的;英語(yǔ)在用詞上非常簡(jiǎn)練，可知E選項(xiàng)中的“andasaresult”屬于多余的成分。

4.推理判斷題。根據(jù)句中“Itiscivilized,willingtoexpendtheeffortnecessarytoappearurbane.”它（指單詞difficult）是文明的，愿意付出必要的努力來(lái)顯得彬彬有禮。可知彬彬有禮一般是用來(lái)形容人的，此處用的是擬人的修辭手法，因此D選項(xiàng)“擬人”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“擬聲”；B選項(xiàng)“夸張”；C選項(xiàng)“暗喻”；E選項(xiàng)“矛盾修辭法，逆喻”。

5.推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段中“Thedifferencebetweenwordslike“hard”and"difficult",forexample,goestragicallyunnoticed.”例如，單詞hard和difficult這樣的詞之間的區(qū)別，不幸地沒有被注意到，可知作者的語(yǔ)氣是悲傷的，因此選C。

10.翻譯題

1.Eversinceitscreationover40yearsago，theInternethasremainedapredominantlyunre-strictedplace.Itisaplacewhereanyonecanpresentthemselvesinanyformtheychoose，butwhathappenswhenyourdigitalidentitybeginstomergewithyourreal-worldidentity?Arethosewhochoosetohidetheirrealnamesindangeroflosinganonymityonline?

2.Suchisthepowerofanonymityonthewebthatithasmadeitpossibleforpeople—someof

whommightnormallyberestrictedfromcommunicatingwiththeoutsideworld—tospeakoutwithoutfearingtherepercussionsoftheiractions.Actionscouldputthemindangerifcarriedoutusingtheirrealnames.Concealingone’strueidentityonlinehasmadeitpossibleforfreespeechtobreakthroughthephysicalbarriersenforcedbygovernmentsanddictatorshipsacrosstheworld.

3.Beinganonymousonthewebalsomakesitpossibleforpeopletodiscusssensitivesubjects，suchasmedicalconditions,physicalabuseandsexualorientation，withouttheseactionsaffectingtheireverydaylivesinanegativeorpotentiallyharmfulway.

Therearemanypositivewaystouseanonymityontheweb,buttherecansometimesbeveryde-structivesideeffectstoo，suchasbullying,racism,impersonationofanindividualorindividualswhobelievetheyareunidentifiable.84.Whenthiskindofdamagingactivityiscarriedoutonline，howcantheoffendereverbeheldaccountablefortheiractionswhentheyarealmostentirelyuntraceableinavirtualworld?

85.Alotofthetimetheysimplycannotbeidentifiedandthereforecannotbeheldaccountable，theoffendingindividualhidesbehindapseudonym，maskinghisorhertrueidentityandprotectingthemselvesfromtherepercussionsoftheiractions.Thisallsoundsverycomplicatedtoachieve，butinrealityit’sassimpleassettingupanemailaddress，creatinganonlineprofileunderafalsenameandcarryingoutmaliciousactsfromarandom,nondescriptlocation.

【答案】1.互聯(lián)網(wǎng)從創(chuàng)立以來(lái)已有40多年的歷史，但它現(xiàn)在仍然是一個(gè)相當(dāng)不受約束的地方。

在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，任何人都可以按他們意愿選擇任何方式來(lái)展示自己。但是當(dāng)你的電子身份和現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的身份開始合二為一時(shí)，會(huì)發(fā)生什么事情呢？

2.網(wǎng)絡(luò)匿名的好處是：它可以使那些可能通常被限制與外界溝通的人暢所欲言，并且不用擔(dān)心他們的這些行為造成的影響。

3.在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上匿名還可以讓人們討論一些敏感話題，比如醫(yī)療條件、身體虐待、性取向等話題。這些行為并不會(huì)對(duì)他們的日常生活產(chǎn)生消極的或潛在的不利影響。

4.當(dāng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)上出現(xiàn)這種破壞性行為時(shí)，違法者在現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中幾乎完全無(wú)跡可尋，在這種情況下，他們?cè)撊绾螌?duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)呢？

5.大多數(shù)時(shí)候，他們因?yàn)樯矸轃o(wú)法確定而不能被問責(zé)。這些違法的個(gè)體隱藏在假名后面，以遮掩他或她的真實(shí)身份，同時(shí)保護(hù)他們不受自身行為的影響。

11.單選題

ThemodernworldonlyrecentlyreachedtheYanomano,anativepeopleoftheAmazonbasin.Shelteredbythickrainforest,theYanomanolivedaself-containedexistenceuntilgoldwasdiscoveredintheirjunglehomeland.Minersflockedintotheforests,cuttingdowntreesandbringingdiseaseandshotthoseYanomanowhowouldnotgetoutoftheway.Injustsevenyearsfromtheearly1980s,thepopulationfell20percent.

HandsAroundtheWorld,anativeAmericanculturalassociation,saystheYanomanoarebelievedtobethemostculturallyintactpeopleintheworld.Theywearloincloths,usefiresticksanddecoratetheirbodieswithdyefromaredberry.Theydon’tusethewheelandtheonlymetaltheyuseiswhathasbeentradedtothembyoutsiders.WhenaYanomanodies,thebodyisburnedandtheremainingbonescrushedintoapowderandturnedintoadrinkthatislaterconsumedbymournersinmemoryofthedead.

AHandsAroundtheWorldreportsaysthatinSouthAmericanotonlyaretheculturesandtraditionsindangerofdisappearing,butsometribesareindangerofextinction.“TheYanomanoisawell-knowntribethatisrapidlylosingitsmembersthroughthedestructionofWesterndisease,”thereportsays.Beforeillegalgoldminersenteredtheirrainforest,theYanomanowereisolatedfrommodernsociety.

TheyoccupydensejunglenorthoftheAmazonRiverbetweenVenezuelaandBrazilandarecataloguedbyanthropologists(人類學(xué)家)asneo-Indianswithculturalcharacteristicsthatdatebackmorethan8,000years.Eachcommunitylivesinacircularcommunalhouse,someofwhichsleepupto400,builtaroundacentralsquare.

ThoughmanyYanomanomenaremonogamous,itisnotunusualforthemtohavetwoormorewives.AnthropologistsfromtheUniversityofWisconsinsaypolygamyisawaytoincreaseone’swealthbecausehavingalargefamilyincreaseshelpwithhuntingandcultivatingtheland.Thesemarriagesresultinashortageofwomenforothermentomarry,whichhasledtointer-tribalwars.

EachYanomanomanisresponsibleforclearinghislandforgardening,usingslash-and-humfarmingmethods.Theygrowplantains,atypeofbananaeatencooked,andhuntgameanimals,fishandanaconda(南美熱帶蟒蛇)usingbowsandarrows.

1.MinersflockedintotheforestandshotthoseYanomanowho（）.

2.TheorganizationcalledHandsAroundtheWorldbelievesthatculturally,theYanomanoistheworld’s（）.

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtoanAmericanculturalassociationreport?

4.（）causedtheYanomanotohaveinter-tribalwars.

5.WecaninferfromthepassagethatitisimperativeforustoprotecttheYanomanobecause（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.shelteredinthickrainforest

B.wouldnotleavetheirjunglehomeland

C.livedaself-containedexistence

D.wouldstandintheirway

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.mostprimitivepeople

B.mostbackwardpeople

C.mostadvancedpeople

D.oldestpeople

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.InSouthAmerica,theculturesareonthevergeofextinction.

B.InSouthAmerica,thetraditionsareonthevergeofextinction.

C.InSouthAmerica,theYanomanocansurviveextinction.

D.InSouthAmerica,sometribesareonthevergeofextinction.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theshortageofwomenresultingfrompolygamy

B.Thedifferenceinwealthresultingfrompolygamy

C.Theshortageofwomenresultingfrommonogamy

D.Thedifferenceinwealthresultingfrommonogamy

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.itisaculturallymostintactpeople

B.itisaprimitivepeopledeepinjungle

C.itisanativepeopleoftheAmazonbasin

D.itisprimitivepeopleindangerofdisappearing

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“Miners”可以定位到文章第一段第三句Minersflockedintotheforests,cuttingdowntreesandbringingdiseaseandshotthoseYanomanowhowouldnotgetoutoftheway.（礦工們涌進(jìn)森林，砍伐樹木，帶來(lái)疾病，射殺那些不愿讓路的雅諾瑪諾人。），說明礦工射殺的是那些不愿意讓出道路的雅諾瑪諾人。因此D選項(xiàng)“會(huì)擋住他們的路”正確。A選項(xiàng)“躲在茂密的雨林中”，B選項(xiàng)“不會(huì)離開自己的叢林家園”，C選項(xiàng)“過著自給自足的生活”均不是礦工射殺他們的理由，所以A，B，C錯(cuò)誤。

2.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“HandsAroundtheWorld”可以定位到文章第二段第一句HandsAroundtheWorld,anativeAmericanculturalassociation,saystheYanomanoarebelievedtobethemostculturallyintactpeopleintheworld.（美國(guó)土著文化協(xié)會(huì)HandsAroundtheWorld表示，雅諾瑪諾人被認(rèn)為是世界上文化最完整的民族。），說明雅諾瑪諾人有史以來(lái)的原始文化都保存得很完整。因此A選項(xiàng)“最原始的民族”正確。B選項(xiàng)“最落后的民族”，C選項(xiàng)“最先進(jìn)的民族”，D選項(xiàng)“最古老的民族”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

3.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“report”可以定位到文章第三段，第三段第一句說到inSouthAmericanotonlyaretheculturesandtraditionsindangerofdisappearing,butsometribesareindangerofextinction.（在南美洲，不僅文化和傳統(tǒng)面臨消失的危險(xiǎn)，一些部落也面臨滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。），說明南美洲的文化、傳統(tǒng)和一些部落正處于消失的邊緣，所以A選項(xiàng)“在南美洲，文化正處于消亡的邊緣”，B選項(xiàng)“在南美洲，傳統(tǒng)正處于消亡的邊緣”，D選項(xiàng)“在南美洲，有些部落瀕臨滅絕”表述符合原文，排除A，B，D。第三段第二句說到TheYanomanoisawell-knowntribethatisrapidlylosingitsmembersthroughthedestructionofWesterndisease（雅諾瑪諾人是一個(gè)著名的部落，由于西方疾病的破壞，這個(gè)部落的成員正在迅速流失。），說明雅諾瑪諾人很難存活下來(lái)。因此C選項(xiàng)“在南美洲，雅諾瑪諾人可以在消亡中幸存下來(lái)”表述不符合原文，本題選C。

4.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“inter-tribalwars”可以定位到文章第五段ThoughmanyYanomanomenaremonogamous,itisnotunusualforthemtohavetwoormorewives…Thesemarriagesresultinashortageofwomenforothermentomarry,whichhasledtointer-tribalwars.（雖然許多雅諾瑪諾人是一夫一妻制的，但他們有兩個(gè)或更多的妻子并不罕見……這些婚姻導(dǎo)致了可供其他男人結(jié)婚的女性的短缺，從而導(dǎo)致了部落間的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。），說明雅諾瑪諾人是一夫一妻制的，引發(fā)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的原因是這種婚姻導(dǎo)致的女性短缺。因此C選項(xiàng)“一夫一妻制造成的女性短缺問題”正確。A選項(xiàng)“一夫多妻制造成的女性短缺問題”，B選項(xiàng)“一夫多妻制導(dǎo)致的財(cái)富差異問題”，D選項(xiàng)“一夫一妻制導(dǎo)致的財(cái)富差異問題”均不符合題意，所以A，B，D錯(cuò)誤。

5.推理判斷題。由全文可以得知，雅諾瑪諾人是一個(gè)瀕臨滅絕的民族，所以需要保護(hù)。因此D選項(xiàng)“是瀕臨消失的原始民族”正確。A選項(xiàng)“是一個(gè)文化上最完整的民族”，B選項(xiàng)“是叢林深處的原始民族”，C選項(xiàng)“是亞馬孫流域的土著民族”雖然表述正確，但不是雅諾瑪諾人需要保護(hù)的理由，所以A，B，C錯(cuò)誤。

12.單選題

Somebiologistsarguethateachspecificallyhumantraitmusthavearisengraduallyanderratical-ly,andthatitisthereforedifficulttoisolatedefinite（）intheevolutionofspecies.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.fluctuations

B.manifestations

C.predispositions

D.milestones

【答案】D

【解析】名詞辨析。句意：一些生物學(xué)家認(rèn)為每種特定的人類特征都是逐漸地、不規(guī)則地形成的，因此很難隔離出物種進(jìn)化過程中明確的（）。

fluctuations變動(dòng)，起伏現(xiàn)象；manifestations顯示，證明；predispositions傾向，素質(zhì)；milestones里程碑。前半句“每種人類特征都是逐漸地產(chǎn)生的”，可知難以將其發(fā)展過程分離開，空格以及空格前的“definite”一起應(yīng)該表示明確的標(biāo)志，選項(xiàng)D“里程碑”符合句意。

13.單選題

Thisissuchaformidablelistthatwemightbetemptedtoassumethatresearchandhighereducationmustatleastbespeciesofthesamegenusofactivity,evenifnotactually（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ideological

B.identical

C.practical

D.methodical

【答案】B

【解析】考察形容詞辨析。ideological“意識(shí)形態(tài)的”；identical“相同的”；practical“實(shí)際的”；methodical“有條不紊的”。句意：這一清單令人心生敬畏，以至于有可能讓我們覺得研究和高等教育必須至少屬于同一類型的活動(dòng)，即使他們并非真的完全相同。選項(xiàng)B符合句意。

14.單選題

"Theprojectgoalisforstudentstobuildcomplexandinterestingsentencesand（）,wholeparagraphs."Theteacherexplains.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.foremost

B.ultimately

C.readily

D.intimately

【答案】B

【解析】副詞辨析題。foremost首要的，最先的；ultimately最終，根本；readily容易地，樂意地；intimately熟悉地，親密地。句意：“該項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)是讓學(xué)生構(gòu)建復(fù)雜有趣的句子，最終形成完整的段落?！崩蠋熃忉尩馈＿x項(xiàng)B符合句意。

15.單選題

FoodanddrinkplayamajorroleinChristmascelebrationsinmostcountries,butinfewmoresothaninMexico.Manyfamiliesoverthefestiveseasonwilldolittlemorethancookandingestaseeminglyconstantcycleoftortillas,friedbeans,meatbothroastedandstewed,andstickydessertsfordaysonend.Thusdoestheextendedfamilykeeponextending—furtherandfurtherovertheircollectivewaistlines.

Luckythem,youmightthink.ExceptthatMexico’sbadeatinghabitsareleadingtoahealthcrisisthatmostMexicansseemblissfullyunawareof.Obesityanditsrelateddisorder,diabetes,arenowmajorhealthconcernsinacountrywherelargeruralregionsarestillconcernedmorewithunder-nourishmentthanwithover-nourishment.InitsperennialrivalrywiththeUnitedStates,Mexicohasatlastfoundanareainwhichitcanmatchitsnorthernneighbor—mouthfulformouthful.

Thestatisticsareimpressive,andalarming.AccordingtotheOECD,Mexicoisnowthesecondfattestnationinthatgroupof30countries.Ahealthpollin1999foundthat35%ofwomenwereov