考研考博-英語-仰恩大學考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-仰恩大學考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Althoughthefalsebanknotesfooledmanypeople,theydidnot______closeexamination.

問題1選項

A.faceupto

B.makeupto

C.standupto

D.lookupto

【答案】C

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A項faceupto“勇敢地面對”，B項makeupto“接近，奉承”，C項standupto“經(jīng)得起，抵抗”，D項lookupto“尊敬，崇拜”。根據(jù)關鍵詞falsebanknotes“假鈔”和closeexamination“仔細檢查”可知，C項符合語境。句意：雖然這些假鈔騙過了很多人，但它們并沒有經(jīng)得起仔細的檢驗。因此，該題選擇C項正確。

2.單選題

Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Naturalimpulsesofanger,hostility,andterritorialityareexpressedthroughactsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumanssharewithanimals.Aggressionisakindofinnatesurvivalmechanism,aninstinctforself-preservationthatallowsanimalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.But,ontheotherhand,humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggression,violencecannotbesimplyreducedtoaninstinct.Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgiveshapetoaggressivebehavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocialfunction:Itisastrategyforcreatingordestroyingformsofsocialorder.Religioustraditionshavetakenaleadingroleindirectingthepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeendirected.

Theviolencewithinasocietyiscontrolledthroughinstitutionsoflaw.Themoredevelopedalegalsystembecomes,themoresocietytakesresponsibilityforthediscovery,control,andpunishmentofviolentacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonlymeanstodealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityforpersonallycarryingoutjudgmentandpunishmentuponthepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityforprotectingindividualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotected,thesocietyisresponsibleforimposingpunishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystem,individualsareremovedfromthecyclesofrevengemotivatedbyactsofviolence,andthestateassumesresponsibilityfortheirprotection.

Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitaryapparatus.Whiletheoneprotectstheindividualfromviolence,theothersacrificestheindividualtoviolenceintheinterestsofthestate.Inwarthestateaffirmsitssupremepowerovertheindividualswithinitsownborders.Warisnotsimplyatrialbycombattosettledisputesbetweenstates;itisthemomentwhenthestatemakesitsmostpowerfuldemandsuponitspeoplefortheirrecommitment,allegiance,andsupremesacrifice.Timesofwartestacommunity’sdeepestreligiousandethicalcommitments.

1.Humanviolenceshowsevidenceofbeingalearnedbehaviorinthat（

）.

2.Thefunctionoflegalsystems,accordingtothepassage,is

（

）.

3.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“...inlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused”(Lines5-6,Para.2)?

4.Theword“allegiance”(Line5,Para.3)isclosestinmeaningto

（

）.

5.Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?

問題1選項

A.itthreatenstheexistingsocialsystems

B.itisinfluencedbysociety

C.ithasrootsinreligiousconflicts

D.itisdirectedagainstinstitutionsoflaw

問題2選項

A.tocontrolviolencewithinasociety

B.toprotecttheworldfromchaos

C.tofreesocietyfromtheideaofrevenge

D.togivethegovernmentabsolutepower

問題3選項

A.Legalsystemsgreatlyreducethepossibilitiesofphysicalviolence.

B.Offensesagainstindividualsarenolongerjudgedonapersonalbasis.

C.Victimsofviolencefinditmoredifficulttotakerevenge.

D.Punishmentisnotcarriedoutdirectlybytheindividualsinvolved.

問題4選項

A.loyalty

B.objective

C.survival

D.motive

問題5選項

A.Governmentstendtoabusetheirsupremepowerintimesofwar.

B.Intimesofwargovernmentsmayextendtheirpoweracrossnationalborders.

C.Intimesofwargovernmentsimposehighreligiousandethicalstandardsontheirpeople.

D.Governmentsmaysacrificeindividualsintheinterestsofthestateintimesofwar.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由文章第一段中的Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgiveshapetoaggressivebehavior.（人類暴力的許多表現(xiàn)形式總是受到社會習俗的制約，這些社會習俗形成了侵略性的行為）可知B選項“它受社會的影響”符合題意。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第二段中的Theviolencewithinasocietyiscontrolledthroughinstitutionsoflaw.（社會中的暴力行為是通過法律制度來控制的）可知A選項“控制社會中的暴力”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。文章第二段中的Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityforprotectingindividualsfromviolence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotected,thesocietyisresponsibleforimposingpunishment（社會承擔起保護個人免受暴力侵害的責任，不能保護的，由社會負責處罰）是對前面句子Butinlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomesdepersonalizedanddiffused（但在法律制度中，復仇的責任變得非個性化和普及）進行解釋，因此D選項“懲罰不是由有關個人直接執(zhí)行的”符合題意。

4.詞義題。A選項loyalty“忠誠”；B選項objective“目標”；C選項survival“幸存”；D選項motive“動機”。由文章第三段中的itisthemomentwhenthestatemakesitsmostpowerfuldemandsuponitspeoplefortheirrecommitment,allegiance,andsupremesacrifice（這是國家對它的子民提出的承諾、allegiance和至高無上的犧牲最強有力命令的時刻）可知recommitment,allegiance,andsupremesacrifice為并列的名詞詞語，allegiance的感情色彩要與承諾、犧牲的感情色彩一致，結(jié)合四個選項的意思以及句意可知A選項最為恰當。

5.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段中的Warisnotsimplyatrialbycombattosettledisputesbetweenstates;itisthemomentwhenthestatemakesitsmostpowerfuldemandsuponitspeoplefortheirrecommitment,allegiance,andsupremesacrifice.（戰(zhàn)爭不僅僅是通過戰(zhàn)斗來解決國家間爭端的審判；這是國家對它的子民提出的承諾、忠誠和至高無上的犧牲最強有力命令的時刻）可知D選項“在戰(zhàn)爭時期，政府可以為了國家的利益犧牲個人”符合題意。

3.單選題

Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotography’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseofphotographywasidenticalwiththestruggletoestablishitasafineart.Againstthechargethatphotographywasasoulless,mechanicalcopyingofreality,photographersassertedthatitwasinsteadaprivilegedwayofseeing,arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,andnolessworthyanartthanpainting.

Ironically,nowthatphotographyissecurelyestablishedasafineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousorirrelevanttolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersvariouslyclaimtobefinding,recording,impartiallyobserving,witnessingevents,exploringthemselves—anythingbutmakingworksofart.Inthenineteenthcentury,photography’sassociationwiththerealworldplaceditinanambivalentrelationtoart;lateinthetwentiethcentury,anambivalentrelationexistsbecauseoftheModernistheritageinart.Thatimportantphotographersarenolongerwillingtodebatewhetherphotographyisorisnotafineart,excepttoproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwithart,showstheextenttowhichtheysimplytakeforgrantedtheconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism:thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.

Photographers’disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttellusmoreabouttheharriedstatusofthecontemporarynotionofartthanaboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensiousofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.Muchofphotography’sprestigetodayderivesfromtheconvergenceofitsaimswiththoseofrecentart,particularlywiththedismissalofabstractartimplicitinthephenomenonofPoppaintingduringthe1960’s.Appreciatingphotographsisarelieftosensibilitiestiredofthementalexertionsdemandedbyabstractart.ClassicalModernistpainting—thatis,abstractartasdevelopedindifferentwaysbyPicasso,Kandinsky,andMatisse—presupposehighlydevelopedskillsoflookingandafamiliaritywithotherpaintingsandthehistoryofart.Photography,likePoppainting,reassuresviewersthatartisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjectsthanaboutart.

Photography,however,hasdevelopedalltheanxietiesandself-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—inshort,anart.

1.Inthepassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingadjectivesbestdescribes‘theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism”astheauthorrepresentsitinPara.2?

3.TheauthorintroducesAbstractExpressionistpainters(Para.3)inorderto（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingbestexplainsthereactionofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstothequestionofwhetherphotographyisanart?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthormostprobablyconsidersseriouscontemporaryphotographytobea（

）.

問題1選項

A.explaininghowphotographyemergedasafineartafterthecontroversiesofthenineteenthcentury

B.identifyingthewaysthatrecentmovementsinpaintingandsculpturehaveinfluencedthetechniquesemployedbyseriousphotographers

C.explainingtheattitudesofseriouscontemporaryphotographerstowardphotographyasartandplacingthoseattitudesintheirhistoricalcontext

D.definingthevariousapproachesthatseriouscontemporaryphotographerstaketowardtheirartandassessingthevalueofeachofthoseapproaches

問題2選項

A.Mechanical

B.Paradoxical

C.Superficial

D.Dramatic

問題3選項

A.provideanexampleofartistswho,likeseriouscontemporaryphotographers,disavowedtraditionallyacceptedaimsofmodemart

B.callattentiontoartistswhoseworksoftenbearaphysicalresemblancetotheworksofseriouscontemporaryphotographers

C.setforthananalogybetweentheAbstractExpressionistpaintersandclassicalModernistpainters

D.provideanexplanationofwhyseriousphotography,likeothercontemporaryvisualforms,isnotandshouldnotpretendtobeanart

問題4選項

A.Thephotographers*beliefthattheirrelianceonanimpersonalmachinetoproducetheirartrequiresthesurrenderoftheauthorityoftheirpersonalvision

B.Thephotographers'fearthatseriousphotographymaynotbeacceptedasanartbythecontemporaryartpublic

C.TheinfluenceofAbstractExpressionistpaintingandPopArtonthesubjectmatterofthemodemphotograph

D.Thephotographers'beliefthatthebestartissubversiveofartasithaspreviouslybeendefined

問題5選項

A.contemporaryartthatisstrugglingtobeacceptedasfineart

B.craftrequiringsensitivitybutbynomeansanart

C.modemartthatdisplaystheModernisttendencytotrytosubverttheprevailingaimsofart

D.modemartthatdisplaysthetendencyofallModernistarttobecomeincreasinglyformalandabstract

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.題目問作者的文章主要是關注什么。根據(jù)文章第一段首句Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetweenphotographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotography’sfidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedittobeafineartasdistinctfrommerelyapracticalart.最早的關于攝影與藝術的關系的爭論主要集中在攝影對于外表的保真度和對機器的依賴是否能夠允許它成為一門藝術，有別于僅僅實用的美術。后文主要通過討論攝影是否是一門藝術這個問題，然后分析了論點雙方對于這個問題的態(tài)度。綜合分析后可知主要是分析了攝影師對待藝術的態(tài)度，C選項“揭示了嚴肅的當代攝影師對于攝影作為藝術以及在歷史背景下的藝術態(tài)度”符合題意。A項意為“解釋了在十九世紀的爭議之后攝影是怎樣成作為美術出現(xiàn)的”；B項意為“鑒別在近期影響了被嚴肅的攝影師所采納的技術的繪畫和雕塑藝術中所用到的方式”；D項意為“定義嚴肅的當代攝影師對他們的藝術所采取的各種方法和評估這些方法的價值”不符合，排除。

2.theconceptofartimposedbythetriumphofModernism意為“被現(xiàn)代主義的勝利所強加的藝術的概念”。A項意為“呆板的，機械的”；B項意為“矛盾的”；C項意為“表面的，膚淺的”；D項意為“引人注目的”。本句所在句子意為“重要的攝影家們不再愿意辯論攝影是或者不是一種藝術，除了聲稱他們自己的作品不再涉及藝術，表明了在多大程度上他們簡單地認為“被現(xiàn)代主義的勝利所強加的藝術的概念是理所當然的”：藝術越好，越顛覆藝術的傳統(tǒng)目的。根據(jù)句意可知作者所表達的內(nèi)容是‘矛盾的‘，B選項符合題意。

3.題目問作者介紹抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫家的目的。根據(jù)第三段第二句‘Forexample,thosephotographerswhosupposethat,bytakingpictures,theyaregettingawayfromthepretensionsofartasexemplifiedbypaintingremindusofthoseAbstractExpressionistpainterswhoimaginedtheyweregettingawayfromtheintellectualausterityofclassicalModernistpaintingbyconcentratingonthephysicalactofpainting.例如，那些假設的攝影師，通過拍照，他們越來越遠離以繪畫藝術的自命不凡提醒我們的抽象表現(xiàn)主義畫家想象他們擺脫古典現(xiàn)代主義繪畫的知識緊縮專注于繪畫的物理行為?！芍髡咧饕窍肱e出這樣的例子，A選項“是為了舉出像嚴肅的現(xiàn)代攝影師那樣的藝術家，否認傳統(tǒng)上公認的現(xiàn)代藝術的目的”符合題意。

4.題目問哪一項最好地解釋了嚴肅的當代攝影師對于攝影是否是一門藝術的反應。根據(jù)文章最后一句Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthepromotionofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditionalpretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforgetthatphotographyisadistinctiveandexaltedactivity—inshort,anart.許多專業(yè)攝影人員私下里己經(jīng)開始擔心，攝影作為藝術活動促進顛覆傳統(tǒng)的自命不凡已經(jīng)走得太遠，引起公眾忘記攝影是一種獨特的高活動總之，是一種藝術。確定D選項“攝影師認為最好的藝術是對藝術的顛覆，就像之前定義的那樣”正確。

5.題目問作者很可能認為嚴肅的當代攝影是一種……。A項意為“一種正努力要被認可為美術的當代藝術”；B項意為“一種要求敏感性的工藝，但絕不是藝術”；C項意為“顯示了現(xiàn)代主義的傾向，試圖顛覆主流的藝術目標的現(xiàn)代藝術”；D項意為“顯示所有的現(xiàn)代主義藝術的趨勢變得越來越正式和抽象的現(xiàn)代藝術”。根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容以及最后一段的闡述’thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditionalaimsofart.Manyprofessionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythat...ofarthasgonesofar藝術越好，對傳統(tǒng)藝術目標的顛覆性就越大。許多專業(yè)人士私下里開始擔心……藝術已經(jīng)走了這么遠’確定C選項“顯示了現(xiàn)代主義的傾向，試圖顛覆主流的藝術目標的現(xiàn)代藝術”正確。

4.單選題

AfterworkingwithEllenformanyyears,wekneweachotherverywellandestablishedagood________.

問題1選項

A.rapport

B.rapine

C.prospect

D.rapture

【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項“rapport”，意為“親善；融洽；和睦關系”；B選項“rapine”，意為“掠奪；劫掠”；C選項“prospect”，意為“前途；預期；景色”；D選項“rapture”，意為“狂喜；歡天喜地；興高采烈”。句意：和艾倫一起工作多年后，我們彼此非常了解，并建立了__良好的關系__。本句表示“因為和艾倫一起工作多年，彼此也十分了解，兩人之間建立了親密、和諧的良好關系”。因此A選項符合題意。

5.單選題

ThoughhewasbornandbroughtupinAmerican,hecanspeak（）Chinese.

問題1選項

A.fluid

B.smooth

C.fluent

D.flowing

【答案】C

【解析】句意:雖然他出生并成長于美國，但是他的漢語很流利。

考查形容詞辨析。fluid流動的；液體的；smooth平滑的；fluent流利的；flowing流動的。因此C項符合句意。

6.單選題

Whenyourparentsadviseyouto“getaneducation”inordertoraiseyourincome,theytellyouonlyhalfthetruth.Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety,butnotsomuchthatyouproveanembarrassmenttoyoursociety.

Getahighschooldiploma,atleast.Withoutthat,youwillbeoccupationallydead,unlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool.

Getacollegedegree,ifpossible.WithaB.A.,youareonthelaunchingpad（發(fā)射臺）.Butnowyouhavetostarttoputonthebrakes.Ifyougoforamaster’sdegree,makesureitisanandonlyfromafirst-rateuniversity.Beyondthis,thefamouslawofdiminishingreturns（報酬遞減率）beginstotakeeffect.

Doyouknow,forinstance,thatlong-haultruckdriversearnmoreperyearthanfullprofessors?Yes,theaverage1977salaryforthosetruckerswas$24,000,whilethefullprofessorsmanagedtoaveragejust$23,030.

APh.D.D.isthehighestdegreeyoucanget,butexceptinafewspecializedfieldssuchasphysicsorchemistry,wherethedegreecanquicklybeturnedtoindustrialorcommercialpurposes,youarefacingadimfuture.TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythananyotherpartoftheworldbyfar.

IfyoubecomeadoctorofphilosophyinEnglishorhistoryoranthropologyorpoliticalscienceorlanguagesor—worstofall—inphilosophy,youruntheriskofbecomingovereducatedforournationaldemands.Notforourneeds,mindyou,butforourdemands.

ThousandsofPh.D.saresellingshoes,drivingcars,waitingontablesandfillingoutfruitlessapplicationsmonthaftermonth.Andthenmaybetakingajobinsomehighschoolorbackwatercollegepaysmuchlessthanthejanitor（看門人）earns.

Youcanequatethelevelofincomewiththelevelofeducationonlysofar.Farenough,thatis,tomakeyouusefultothegrossnationalproduct,butnotsofarthatnobodycanturnmuchofaprofitonyou.

1.Accordingtothewriter,whatthesocietyexpectsofeducationistoturnoutpeoplewho______.

2.IfyouareasgiftedasBernardShaworEdison,______.

3.Ph.D.saremostlikelyto

.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

5.Thewriteriscriticalof

.

問題1選項

A.willnotbeashametothesociety

B.willbecomeskilledworkers

C.cantakecareofthemselves

D.canmeetthedemandsasasourceofmanpower

問題2選項

A.youcangetahighschooldiplomawithoutdifficulty

B.youwillbesuccessfulinagradeschool

C.youcanbeprofessionallysuccessfulwithoutadiploma

D.theleastyoushoulddoistogetadiploma

問題3選項

A.havedifficultiesgettingproperlyemployed

B.beemployedinthefieldsofcommerceorindustry

C.havetofilloutapplicationformsmonthaftermonthforothers

D.workinschoolsorcollegeswithlowpay

問題4選項

A.BernardShawdidn’tfinishhighschools,nordidEdison

B.TherearefarmorePhDsthanthesocietydemands

C.Thehigheryoureducationlevel,themoremoneyyouwillearn

D.Ifyouaretoowell-educated,you’llmakethingsdifficultforthesociety

問題5選項

A.theemployees

B.thePhDs

C.theemployers

D.thesociety

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。文章第一段第二句提到他們真正的期望是獲得足夠的教育來為社會提供人力（Whattheyreallymeanistogetjustenougheducationtoprovidemanpowerforyoursociety），因此選項D符合題意。

2.判斷推理題。文章第二段提到高中文憑是必要的，如果沒有的話，除非你是蕭伯納或者愛迪生，如果你是他們，你小學輟學都行（unlessyournamehappenstobeGeorgeBernardShaworThomasAlvaEdison,andyoucansuccessfullydropoutingradeschool），因為他們就算沒有文憑，也在各自領域中脫穎而出，因此選項C符合題意。

3.細節(jié)事實題。文章第五段倒數(shù)第一句話提到美國失業(yè)或未充分就業(yè)的博士人數(shù)比世界上其他國家要多（TherearemorePh.D.sunemployedorunderemployedinthiscountrythananyotherpartoftheworldbyfar），由此可知選項A符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第五段可知很多博士就業(yè)問題并不是很理想，由此可知選項C表述是錯誤的，符合題意。

5.判斷推理題。無論是雇主、雇員還有博士生本人都是屬于社會中的一員，一系列狀況都是社會發(fā)展導致的，因此作者批判的是這個社會，因此選項D符合題意。

7.單選題

Thegreatestcontributiontocivilizationinthecenturymaywellbetheair-conditioning—andAmericanleadsjustasamazingisthespeedwithwhichthissituationcametobe.Air-conditioningbegantospreadinindustriesasaproductionaidduringWorldWarⅡ.TodaymostAmericansneedtotakeair-conditioningforgrantedtohomes,offices,factories,theatres,shops,studios,schools,hotels,andrestaurants.

ButnoteverybodyisawarethathighcostandeasycomfortaremerelytwooftheeffectsofthevastcoolingofAmerican.Infact,airconditioninghassubstantiallyalteredthecountry’scharacterandcustoms.

Manyofthebyproductsaresoconspicuousthattheyarescarcelynoticed.Tobeginwith,air-conditioningtransformedthefaceofAmericabymakingpossiblethoseglassy,boxy,sealed-inskyscrapers.Ithasbeenindispensable,noless,tothefunctioningofsensitiveadvancedcomputers,whosehighoperatingtemperaturesrequirethattheybeconstantlycooled.

Ithas,atwill,forcedfamiliesintoretreatingintofamilieswithcloseddoorsandshutwindows,reducingtheinteractionsofneighborhoodlife.Itisreallysurprisingthatthepublic’softennotedwithdrawalintoself-pursuitandprivacyhascoincidedwiththehistoricspreadofair-conditioning.Thoughsciencehaslittlestudiedhowhabitualair-conditioningaffectsmindandbody,somemedicalexpertssuggestthat,likeothertechnicalavoidanceofnaturalvariationsinclimate,air-conditioningmaydamagethehumancapacitytoadapttostress.Ifso,air-conditioningisonlylikemanyothergreatlyusefultechnicaldevelopmentsthatliberatemanfromnaturebyincreasinghisproductivityandpowerinsomeway—whileindirectlyweakeninghiminothers.

1.Accordingtothisselection,whichofthefollowingconstitutestheuniquecharacterofU.S.?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,thechiefconsequencebroughtaboutbythewideapplicationofair-conditioningis________.

3.Thetoneofthisselectionrevealsthatair-conditioning________.

4.Whobenefitstheleastfromair-conditioningaccordingtotheauthor?

5.Whatistheauthor’soverallattitudetowardsair-conditioning?

問題1選項

A.Itsexcessiveuseofair-conditioning.

B.Itsadvancedcomputerizedcivilization.

C.Itspublic’sretreatingintoself-pursuit.

D.Itsgreatestcontributiontohumancivilization.

問題2選項

A.thelossofhumancapacitytoadapttochangesinclimate

B.thereductionofsocialcommunicationsofneighborhoodlife

C.theactivelifestyleofallitsusers

D.thedecreasedhumanproductionandpower

問題3選項

A.haslittleeffectonitsusers

B.hasmoreeffectonbodythanonmind

C.bringsmorebenefitsthandamagetoitsusers

D.doesharmaswellasgoodtoitsusers

問題4選項

A.Factorylaborers.

B.Consumers.

C.Medicalexperts.

D.Manufacturers.

問題5選項

A.Critical.

B.Compromising.

C.Neutral.

D.Objective.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)第二段第二句Infact,airconditioninghassubstantiallyalteredthecountry’scharacterandcustoms.（事實上，空調(diào)已經(jīng)極大地改變了這個國家的性格和習俗。），可知空調(diào)在很大程度上影響著美國，A選項“空調(diào)的過多使用”正確。B選項“先進的計算機文明”：根據(jù)第三段最后一句Ithasbeenindispensable,noless,tothefunctioningofsensitiveadvancedcomputers,whosehighoperatingtemperaturesrequirethattheybeconstantlycooled.（對于靈敏的高級計算機來說，它是必不可少的，因為它們的高工作溫度需要不斷地冷卻。），可知這里指的是計算機需要空調(diào)，而不是計算機影響美國。C選項“公眾的自我追求”和D選項“它對人類文明的最大貢獻”：文中沒有提到公眾的自我追求對美國的影響，也沒有提到美國對人類的貢獻。因此A選項正確。

2.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句Ithas,atwill,forcedfamiliesintoretreatingintofamilieswithcloseddoorsandshutwindows,reducingtheinteractionsofneighborhoodlife.（它隨意地迫使家庭退回到門窗緊閉的家庭中，減少了社區(qū)生活的互動。），可知空調(diào)減少了人們在社區(qū)間的交流，B選項“社區(qū)生活中社會交流的減少”符合文章內(nèi)容。A選項“人類適應氣候變化能力的喪失”：根據(jù)第四段第三句air-conditioningmaydamagethehumancapacitytoadapttostress（空調(diào)可能會降低人類適應壓力的能力），可知空調(diào)會降低人的適應力，但不至于到喪失的地步。C選項“所有用戶積極的生活方式”：文中沒有具體提到空調(diào)讓人的生活方式變得更積極還是消極，這不是文章表達的重點。D選項“減少人類生產(chǎn)和力量”：根據(jù)文章最后一句air-conditioning…liberatemanfromnaturebyincreasinghisproductivityandpowerinsomeway（空調(diào)……通過在某些方面提高人的生產(chǎn)力和力量，把人從自然中解放出來），可知空調(diào)提高人的生產(chǎn)力和力量。因此B選項正確。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句Ifso,air-conditioning…liberatemanfromnaturebyincreasinghisproductivityandpowerinsomeway—whileindirectlyweakeninghiminothers.（如果是這樣的話，空調(diào)……通過在某些方面提高人的生產(chǎn)力和力量，把人從自然中解放出來，而在其他方面間接地削弱了人的能力。），可知空調(diào)有利有弊，D選項“對用戶來說有利有弊”正確；沒有分別點出利弊的程度有多深，C選項“對用戶來說利大于弊”錯誤。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二句Thoughsciencehaslittlestudiedhowhabitualair-conditioningaffectsmindandbody,somemedicalexpertssuggestthat…air-conditioningmaydamagethehumancapacitytoadapttostress.（盡管科學上很少研究習慣性的空調(diào)是如何影響身心的，但一些醫(yī)學專家認為……空調(diào)可能會降低人類適應壓力的能力。），前文也提到空調(diào)減少社區(qū)生活的互動，可知空調(diào)對人的身心都有影響，但沒有點出對哪方面的影響更大，A選項“對其用戶沒有什么影響”錯誤和B選項“對身體的影響比對精神的影響大”錯誤。因此D選項正確。

4.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二句Air-conditioningbegantospreadinindustriesasaproductionaidduringWorldWarⅡ.（在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，空調(diào)作為一種生產(chǎn)援助開始在工業(yè)中傳播），制造商可以從中賺錢，D選項“制造商”錯誤。根據(jù)第一段最后一句TodaymostAmericansneedtotakeair-conditioningforgrantedtohomes,offices,factories,theatres,shops,studios,schools,hotels,andrestaurants.（如今，大多數(shù)美國人在家庭、辦公室、工廠、劇院、商店、工作室、學校、酒店和餐館都需要空調(diào)。），工廠工人可以在夏天仍然享受舒服的室溫，A選項“工廠工人”錯誤。根據(jù)第四段第三句somemedicalexpertssuggestthat,likeothertechnicalavoidanceofnaturalvariationsinclimate,air-conditioningmaydamagethehumancapacitytoadapttostress.（但有的醫(yī)學專家認為，就像其他躲避氣候自然變化的技術一樣，空調(diào)可能會損害人類適應壓力的能力。），醫(yī)學專家可以以空調(diào)帶給人的影響做研究，C選項“醫(yī)學專家”錯誤?？v觀全文，作者點出空調(diào)帶給用空調(diào)的人的各種壞處，比如減少社區(qū)互動、降低適應壓力的能力等，所以消費者受益最小，B選項“消費者”符合文章內(nèi)容。因此B選項正確。

5.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】觀點態(tài)度題。文章提到空調(diào)成本高昂、帶來的舒適性小，減少了人們的交流，降低了人們適應壓力的能力，羅列出很多缺點，卻沒有提到空調(diào)給人們帶來的具有建設性的優(yōu)點，A選項“批評”正確，B選項“折衷”和C選項“中立”錯誤。D選項“客觀”：帶有批判性就不是客觀的態(tài)度。因此A選項正確。

8.單選題

Itonlytookafewsecondsforhertosize（）thesituation.

問題1選項

A.over

B.up

C.on

D.to

【答案】B

【解析】考查固定短語搭配。根據(jù)題干可知考查sizeup“打量；估計……的大??；判斷”，其他的選項都沒有這種搭配。句意：她只花了幾秒鐘審時度勢。因此B選項正確。

9.單選題

Theconceptofpersonalchoiceinrelationtohealthbehaviorsisanimportantone.Anestimated90percentofallillnessesmaybepreventableifindividualswouldmakesoundpersonalhealthchoicesanddonotliketoseeitrestrictedwhenitiswithinthelegalandmoralboundariesofsociety.ThestructureofAmericansocietyallowsustomakealmostallourownpersonaldecisionsthatmayconcernourhealth.Ifwesodesire,wecansmoke,drinkexcessivelyrefusetowearseatbelts,eatwhateverfoodswewantandliveacompletelysedentarylifestylewithoutanyexercise.Thefreedomtomakesuchpersonaldecisionsisafundamentalaspectofoursocietyalthoughthewisdomofthesedecisionscanbequestioned.Personalchoicesrelativetohealthoftencauseadifficulty.Asoneexampleateenagermayknowthefactsrelativetosmokingcigarettesandhealthbutmaybepressuredbyfriendsintobelievingitisthesociallyacceptedthingtodo.

Amultitudeoffactorsbothinheritedandenvironmentalinfluencethedevelopmentofhealthrelatedbehaviorsanditisbeyondthescopeofthistexttodiscussallthesefactorsastheymayaffectanygivenindividual.Howeverthedecisiontoadoptaparticularhealthrelatedbehaviorisusuallyoneofpersonalchoices.Therearehealthychoicesandthereareunhealthychoices.IndiscussingthemoralsofpersonalchoiceFriesandGrapodrewacomparison.Theysuggestthattoknowinglygiveoneselfovertoabehaviorthathasastatisticalprobabilityofshorteninglifeissimilartoattemptingsuicide.Thusforthoseindividualswhoareinterestedinpreservingboththequalityandquantityoflife,personalhealthchoicesshouldreflectthosebehaviorsthatareassociatedwithastatisticalprobabilityofincreasedvitalityandlongevity．

1.Theconceptofpersonalchoiceconcerninghealthisimportantbecause____.

2.To“l(fā)iveacompletelysedentarylife-style”(Para.1)inthepassagemeans____.

3.Soundpersonalhealthchoiceisoftendifficulttomakebecause____.

4.ToknowinglyallowoneselftopursueunhealthyhabitsiscomparedbyFriesandCrapoto____．

5.AccordingtoFriesandCraposoundhealthchoicesshouldbebasedon____.

問題1選項

A.personalhealthchoicehelpcuremostillness

B.ithelpsraisethelevelofourmedicalknowledge

C.itisessentialtopersonalfreedominAmericansociety

D.wrongdecisionscouldleadtopoorhealth

問題2選項

A.to“l(fā)iveaninactivelife”

B.to“l(fā)iveadecentlife”

C.to“l(fā)ivealifewithcompletefreedom”

D.to“l(fā)ivealifeofvice”

問題3選項

A.currentmedicalknowledgeisstillinsufficient

B.therearemanyfactorsinfluencingourdecisions

C.fewpeoplearewillingtotradethequalityoflifeforthequantityoflife

D.peopleareusuallyinfluencedbythebehavioroftheirfriends

問題4選項

A.improvingthequalityofone’slife

B.limitingone’spersonalhealthchoice

C.deliberatelyendingone’slife

D.breakingtherulesofsocialbehavior

問題5選項

A.