2015年度6月英語六級仔細(xì)閱讀

2015-6-1仔細(xì)閱讀Whentherightpersonisholdingtherightjobattherightmoment,thatperson'sinfluenceisgreatlyexpanded.ThatisthepositioninwhichJanetYellen,whoisexpectedtobeconfirmedasthenextchairoftheFederalReserveBank(Fed)inJanuary,nowfindsherself.Ifyoubelieve,asmanydo,thatunemploymentisthemajoreconomicandsocialconcernofourday,thenitisnostretchtothinkYellenisthemostpowerfulpersonintheworldrightnow.Throughoutthe2008financialcrisisandtherecessionandrecoverythatfollowed,centralbankshavetakenontheroleofstimulatorsoflastresort,holdinguptheglobaleconomywithvastamountsofmoneyintheformofassetbuying.Yellen,previouslyaFedvicechair,wasoneoftheprincipalarchitectsoftheFed's$3.8trillionmoneydump.Astareconomistknownforhergroundbreakingworkonlabormarkets,Yellenwasakindofprophetessearlyoninthecrisisforherwarningsaboutthesubprime次級彳責(zé))meltdown.NowitwillbeherjobtogettheFedandthemarketsoutofthebiggestandmostunconventionalmonetaryprograminhistorywithoutderailingthefragilerecovery.ThegoodnewsisthatYellen,67,isparticularlywellsuitedtomeetthesechallenges.Shehasakeenunderstandingoffinancialmarkets,anappreciationfortheirimperfectionsandastrongbeliefthathumansufferingwasmorerelatedtounemploymentthananythingelse.SomeexpertsworrythatYellenwillbeinclinedtochaseunemploymenttotheneglectofinflation.Butwithwagesstillrelativelyflatandtheeconomyincreasinglydividedbetweenthewell-offandthelong-termunemployed,morepeopleworryabouttheopposite,deflation（通貨緊縮）thatwouldaggravatetheeconomy'sproblems.Eitherway,theincomingFedchiefwillhavetowalkafinelineinslowlyendingthestimulus.Itmustbesteadyenoughtodeflatebubbles去泡沫）andbringmarketsbackdowntoearthbutnotsoquickthatitcreatesanothercreditcrisis.UnlikemanypastFedleaders,Yellenisnotonetobuyintothefinanceindustry'sargumentthatitshouldbeleftalonetoregulateitself.SheknowsallalongtheFedhasbeentooslackonregulationoffinance.Yellenislikelytoaddresstheissuerightaftershepushesunemploymentbelow6%,stabilizesmarketsandmakessurethattherecoveryismoreinclusiveandrobust.AsPrincetonProfessorAlanBlindersays,"She'ssmartasawhip,deeplylogical,willingtoarguebutalsoagoodlistener.Shecanpersuadewithoutcreatinghostility."Allthosetraitswillbeusefulastheglobaleconomy'snewpowerplayertakesonitsmostannoyingproblems.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。WhatdomanypeoplethinkisthebiggestproblemfacingJanetYellen?Lackofmoney.Subprimecrisis.Unemployment.Socialinstability.WhatdidYellenhelptheFeddototacklethe2008financialcrisis?Takeeffectivemeasurestocurbinflation.DeflatethebubblesintheAmericaneconomy.Formulatepoliciestohelpfinancialinstitutions.Pourmoneyintothemarketthroughassetbuying.Whatisagreaterconcernofthegeneralpublic?Recession.B)Deflation.C)Inequality.D)Income.WhatisYellenlikelytodoinherpositionastheFedchief?Developanewmonetaryprogram.B)Restorepublicconfidence.C)Tightenfinancialregulation.D)Reformthecreditsystem.HowdoesAlanBlinderportrayYellen?Shepossessesstrongpersuasivepower.C)Sheisoneoftheworld'sgreatesteconomists.Shehasconfidenceinwhatsheisdoing.D)SheisthemostpowerfulFedchiefinhistory.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Airpollutionisdeterioratinginmanyplacesaroundtheworld.Thefactthatpublicparksincitiesbecomecrowdedassoonasthesunshinesprovesthatpeoplelongtobreatheingreen,openspaces.Theydonotallknowwhattheyareseekingbuttheyflockthere,nevertheless.And,inthesesurroundings,theyaregenerallybothpeacefulandpeaceable.Itisraretoseepeoplefightinginagarden.Perhapsstruggleunfoldsfirst,notataneconomicorsociallevel,butovertheappropriationofair,essentialtolifeitself.Ifhumanbeingscanbreatheandshareair,theydon'tneedtostrugglewithoneanother.Unfortunately,inourwesterntradition,neithermaterialistnoridealisttheoreticiansgiveenoughconsiderationtothisbasicconditionforlife.Asforpoliticians,despiteproposingcurbsonenvironmentalpollution,theyhavenotyetcalledforittobemadeacrime.Wealthycountriesareevenallowedtopolluteiftheypayforit.Butisourlifeworthanythingotherthanmoney?Theplantworldshowsusinsilencewhatfaithfulnesstolifeconsistsof.Italsohelpsustoanewbeginning,urgingustocareforourbreath,notonlyatavitalbutalsoataspirituallevel.Theinterdependencetowhichwemustpaytheclosestattentionisthatwhichexistsbetweenourselvesandtheplantworld.Oftendescribedas"thelungsoftheplanet",thewoodsthatcovertheearthofferusthegiftofbreathableairbyreleasingoxygen.Buttheircapacitytorenewtheairpollutedbyindustryhaslongreacheditslimit.Ifwelacktheairnecessaryforahealthylife,itisbecausewehavefilleditwithchemicalsandundercuttheabilityofplantstoregenerateit.Asweknow,rapiddeforestationcombinedwiththemassiveburningoffossilfuelsisanexplosiverecipeforanirreversibledisaster.Thefightovertheappropriationofresourceswillleadtheentireplanettohellunlesshumanslearntosharelife,bothwitheachotherandwithplants.Thistaskissimultaneouslyethicalandpoliticalbecauseitcanbedischargedonlywheneachtakesituponherselforhimselfandonlywhenitisaccomplishedtogetherwithothers.Thelessontaughtbyplantsisthatsharinglifeexpandsandenhancesthesphereoftheliving,whiledividinglifeintoso-callednaturalorhumanresourcesdiminishesit.Wemustcometoviewtheair,theplantsandourselvesasthecontributorstothepreservationoflifeandgrowth,ratherthanawebofquantifiableobjectsorproductivepotentialitiesatourdisposal.Perhapsthenwewouldfinallybegintolive,ratherthanbeingconcernedwithbaresurvival.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。Whatdoestheauthorassumemightbetheprimaryreasonthatpeoplewouldstrugglewitheachother?Togettheirshareofcleanair.B)Topursueacomfortablelife.Togainahighersocialstatus.D)Toseekeconomicbenefits.Whatdoestheauthoraccusewesternpoliticiansof?Deprivingcommonpeopleoftherighttocleanair.Givingprioritytotheoryratherthanpracticalaction.Offeringpreferentialtreatmenttowealthycountries.Failingtopasslawstocurbenvironmentalpollution.Whatdoestheauthortrytodrawourclosestattentionto?A)Themassiveburningoffossilfuels.Ourrelationshiptotheplantworld.Thecapacityofplantstorenewpollutedair.Large-scaledeforestationacrosstheworld.Howcanhumanbeingsaccomplishthegoalofprotectingtheplanetaccordingtotheauthor?A)Byshowingrespectforplants.Bypreservingallformsoflife.Bytappingallnaturalresources.Bypoolingtheireffortstogether.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestwedoinordernotjusttosurvive?A)Expandthesphereofliving.Developnature'spotentials.Sharelifewithnature.D)Allocatetheresources.PartVITranslation(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet2.中國傳統(tǒng)的待客之道要求飯菜豐富多樣，讓客人吃不完。中國宴席上典型的菜單包括開席的一套涼菜及其后的熱菜，例如肉類、雞鴨、蔬菜等。大多數(shù)宴席上，全魚被認(rèn)為是必不可少的，除非已經(jīng)上過各式海鮮。如今，中國人喜歡把西方特色菜與傳統(tǒng)中式菜肴融于一席，因此牛排上桌也不少見，沙拉也已流行起來，盡管傳統(tǒng)上中國人一般不吃任何未經(jīng)烹妊的菜肴，宴席通常至少有一道湯，可以最先或最后上桌，甜點(diǎn)和水果通常標(biāo)志宴席的結(jié)束。2015-6-2I'lladmitI'veneverquiteunderstoodtheobsession(難以破除的成見)surroundinggeneticallymodified(GM)crops.Toenvironmentalistopponents,GMfoodsaresimplyevil,anunderstudied.possiblyharmfultoolusedbybigagriculturalbusinessestocontrolglobalseedmarketsandcrushlocalfarmers.TheyarguethatGMfoodshaveneverdeliveredontheirsupposedpromise,thatmoneyspentonGMcropswouldbebetterchanneledtoorganicfarmingandthatconsumersshouldbeprotectedwithwarninglabelsonanyproductsthatcontaingeneticallymodifiedingredients.Tosupporters,GMcropsareakeypartoftheefforttosustainablyprovidefoodtomeetagrowingglobalpopulation.Butmorethanthat,supportersseetheGMoppositionofmanyenvironmentalistsasfundamentallyanti-science,nodifferentthanthosewhoquestionthebasicsofman-madeclimatechange.Forbothsides,GMfoodsseemtoactasasymbol:you'repro-agriculturalbusinessoranti-science.ButscienceisexactlywhatweneedmoreofwhenitcomestoGMfoods,whichiswhyIwashappytoseeNaturedevoteaspecialseriesofarticlestotheGMfoodcontroversy.Theconclusion:whileGMcropshaven'tyetrealizedtheirinitialpromiseandhavebeendominatedbyagriculturalbusinesses,thereisreasontocontinuetouseanddevelopthemtohelpmeettheenormouschallengeofSustainablyfeedingagrowingplanet.Thatdoesn'tmeanGMcropsareperfect,oraone-size-fits-allsolutiontoglobalagricultureproblems.Butanythingthatcanincreasefarmingefficiency--theamountofcropswecanproduceperacreofland-willbeextremelyuseful.GMcropscanandalmostcertainlywillbepartofthatsuiteoftools,butsowilltraditionalplantbreeding,improvedsoilandcropmanagement--andperhapsmostimportantofall,betterstorageandtransportinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施),especiallyinthedevelopingworld.(Itdoesn'tdomuchgoodforfarmersinplaceslikesub-SaharanAfricatoproducemorefoodiftheycan'tgetittohungryconsumers.)I'dliketoseemorenon-industryresearchdoneonGMcrops--notjustbecausewe'dworrylessaboutbias,butalsobecauseseedcompanieslikeMonsantoandPioneershouldn'tbetheonlyentitiesworkingtoharnessgeneticmodification.I'dliketoseeGMresearchonlesscommercialcrops,likecorn.Idon'tthinkit'svitaltolabelGMingredientsinfood,butIalsowouldn'tbeagainstit--andindustrywouldbesmarttogoalongwithlabeling,justasawayofremovingfearsaboutthetechnology.Mostofall,though,Iwishatenthoftheenergythat'sspentendlesslydebatingGMcropswasfocusedonthosemorepressingchallengesforglobalagriculture.Therearemuchbiggerbattlestofight.HowdoenvironmentalistopponentsviewGMfoodsaccordingtothepassage?Theywilleventuallyruinagricultureandtheenvironment.Theyareusedbybigbusinessestomonopolizeagriculture.Theyhaveprovedpotentiallyharmfultoconsumers'health.Theyposeatremendousthreattocurrentfarmingpractice.Whatdoestheauthorsayisvitaltosolvingthecontroversybetweenthetwosidesofthedebate?BreakingtheGMfoodmonopoly.Morefriendlyexchangeofideas.RegulatingGMfoodproduction.MorescientificresearchonGMcrops.WhatisthemainpointoftheNaturearticles?FeedingthegrowingpopulationmakesitimperativetodevelopGMcrops.PopularizingGMtechnologywillhelpittoliveuptoitsinitialpromises.MeasuresshouldbetakentoensurethesafetyofGMfoods.Bothsupportersandopponentsshouldmakecompromises.Whatistheauthor'sviewonthesolutiontoagriculturalproblems?IthastodependmoreandmoreonGMtechnology.Itisvitaltothesustainabledevelopmentofhumansociety.GMcropsshouldbealloweduntilbetteralternativesarefound.Whateverisusefultoboostfarmingefficiencyshouldbeencouraged.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheongoingdebatearoundGMcrops?Itarisesoutofignoranceofandprejudiceagainstnewscience.Itdistractsthepublicattentionfromotherkeyissuesoftheworld.Effortsspentonitshouldbeturnedtomoreurgentissuesofagriculture.Neithersideislikelytogiveinuntilmoreconvincingevidenceisfound.PassageTwoEarlydecision--youapplytooneschool,andadmissionisbinding--seemslikeagreatchoicefornervousapplicants.Schoolsletinahigherpercentageofearly-decisionapplicants,whicharguablymeansthatyouhaveabetterchanceofgettingin.Andifyoudo,you'redonewiththewholeagonizingprocessbyDecember.Butwhatmoststudentsandparentsdon'trealizeisthatschoolshavehiddenmotivesforofferingearlydecision.Earlydecision,sinceit'sbinding,allowsschoolstofilltheirclasseswithqualifiedstudents;itallowsadmissionscommitteestoselectthestudentsthatareinparticulardemandfortheircollegeandknowthosestudentswillcome.Italsogivesschoolsahigheryieldrate,whichisoftenusedasoneof**thewaystomeasurecollegeselectivityandpopularity.Theproblemisthatthisprocesseffectivelyshortensthewindowoftimestudentshavetomakeoneofthemostimportantdecisionsoftheirlivesuptothatpoint.Underregularadmissions,seniorshaveuntilMay1tochoosewhichschooltoattend;earlydecisioneffectivelystealssixmonthsfromthem,monthsthatcouldbeusedtovisitmoreschools,domoreresearch,speaktocurrentstudentsandalumni校友）andarguablymakeamoreinformeddecision.Thereare,frankly,anastonishingnumberofexceptionalcollegesinAmerica,andforanygivenstudent,thereareanumberofschoolsthatareagreatfit.Whenstudentsbecometoofixated專注）onaparticularschoolearlyintheadmissionsprocess,thatfixationcanleadtoseveredisappointmentiftheydon'tgetinor,iftheydo,thepossibilitythattheyarenowboundtogotoaschoolthat,giventimeforfartherreflection,maynotactuallyberightforthem.Insofarasearlydecisionoffersagenuineadmissionsedge,thatadvantagegoeslargelytostudentswhoalreadyhavenumerousadvantages.Thestudentswhouseearlydecisiontendtobethosewhohavereceivedhigher-qualitycollegeguidance,usuallyaresultofcomingfromamoreprivilegedbackground.Inthisregard,there'sanargumentagainstearlydecision,asstudentsfromlower-incomefamiliesarefarlesslikelytohavetheadmissionsknow-howtonavigatetheoftenconfusing**earlydeadlines.Studentswhohavedonetheirresearchandareconfidentthatthere'soneschooltheywouldbethrilledtogetintoshould,underthecurrentsystem,probablyapplyunderearlydecision.Butforstudentswhohaven'tyetdoneenoughresearch,orwhoarestillconstantlychangingtheirmindsonfavoriteschools,theearly-decisionsystemneedlesslyandprematurelynarrowsthefieldofpossibilityjustatatimewhenstudentsshouldbeopeningthemselvestoawholerangeofthrillingoptions.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。Whatarestudentsobligedtodounderearlydecision?Lookintoalotofschoolsbeforetheyapply.Attendtheschooloncetheyareadmitted.Thinktwicebeforetheyaccepttheoffer.Consultthecurrentstudentsandalumni.Whydoschoolsofferearlydecision?Tomakesuretheygetqualifiedstudents.Toavoidcompetitionwithothercolleges.Toprovidemoreopportunitiesforapplicants.Tosavestudentstheagonyofchoosingaschool.Whatissaidtobetheproblemwithearlydecisionforstudents?****Itmakestheirapplicationprocessmorecomplicated.Itplacestoohighademandontheirresearchability.Itallowsthemlittletimetomakeinformeddecisions.Itexertsmuchmorepsychologicalpressureonthem.Whyaresomepeopleopposedtoearlydecision?Itinterfereswithstudents'learninginhighschool.Itisbiasedagainststudentsatordinaryhighschools.Itcausesunnecessaryconfusionamongcollegeapplicants.Itplacesstudentsfromlower-incomefamiliesatadisadvantage.Whatdoestheauthoradvisecollegeapplicantstodo?Refrainfromcompetingwithstudentsfromprivilegedfamilies.Avoidchoosingearlydecisionunlesstheyarefullyprepared.Findsufficientinformationabouttheirfavoriteschools.Lookbeyondthefewsupposedlythrillingoptions.Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.YoushouldwriteyouransweronAnswerSheet2.2011年是中國城市化［urbanization進(jìn)程中的歷史性時刻其城市人口首次超過農(nóng)村人口。在未來20年里，預(yù)計約有3．5億農(nóng)村人口將移居到城市。如此規(guī)模的城市發(fā)展對城市交通來說既是挑戰(zhàn)也，是機(jī)遇。中國政府一直提倡“以人為本'的發(fā)展理念，強(qiáng)調(diào)人們以公交而不是私V--$-出行。它還號召建設(shè)“資源節(jié)約和環(huán)境友好型”社會。有了這個明確的目標(biāo)，中國城市就可以更好地規(guī)劃其發(fā)展，并把大量投資轉(zhuǎn)向安全、清潔和經(jīng)濟(jì)型交通系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展上。2016-6-3ThereportfromtheBureauofLaborStatisticswasjustasgloomyasanticipated.UnemploymentinJanuaryjumpedtoa16-yearhighof7.6percent，as598000jobswereslashedfromUSpayrollsintheworstsingle-monthdeclinesinceDecembe，r1974.Withl.8millioniobslostinthelastthreemonths.thereisurgentdesiretoboosttheeconomyasquicklyaspossible.ButWashingtonwoulddowelltotakeadeepbreathbeforereactingtothegrimnumber.sCollectively，werelyontheunemploymentfiguresandotherstatisticstoframeoursenseofreality.Theyareavitalpartofanarrayofdatathatweusetoassessifwe'redoingwellordoingbadl，yandthatinturnshapesgovernmentpoliciesandcorporatebudgetsandpersonalspendingdecisions.Theproblemisthatthestatisticsare'ntanobjectivemeasureofreality；theyaresimplyabestapproximatio.nDirectionally，theycapturethetrends，buttheideathatweknowpreciselyhowmanyareunemployedisamyth.Thatmakesfindingasolutionallthemoredifficu.ltFirst，thereisthewaythedataisassemble．dTheofficialunemploymentrateistheproductofatelephonesurveyofabout60000home．sThereisanothersurvey，sometimesreferredtoasth“epayrollsurvey，”thatassesses400000businessesbasedontheirreportedpayrolls．Bothsurveyshaveproblems．Thepayrollsurveycaneasilydouble-countsomeon：eifyouareonepersonwithtwojob，syoushowupastwoworker．sThepayrollsurveyalsodoesn'tcapturethenumberofse．lfemployed，andsosayslittleabouthowmanypeoplearegeneratinganindependentincom．eThehouseholdsurveyhasalargerproblem．Whenaskedstraightforwardly，peopletendtolieorshadethetruthwhenthesubjectissex，moneyoremployment．Ifyougetacallandareaskedifyou'reemployed．a(chǎn)ndyousayyes，you'reemployed．Ifyousayn0，however，itmaysurpriseyoutolearntha．tYouareonlyunemployedifyo'uvebeenactivelylookingforworkinthepastfourweeks；otherwise，youare。marginallyattachedtothelaborforc”eandnotactuallyunemployed．11leurgetoquantifyisembeddedinoursociety．Buttheideathatstatisticianscanthencaptureanobjectiverealin-im'tjustimpossible．Italsoleadstoseriousmisjudgment．sDemocratsandRepublicanscanand、“Utakesidesonanumberofissues，butamorecrucialconcernisthatbotharebasingmajorpolicydecisionsonguesstimatesratherthanlookingatthevastwealthofrawdatawithacriticaleyeandanopenmin．d注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。56．Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraph?USeconomicsituationisgoingfrombadtowors．eWashingtonistakingdrasticmeasurestoprovidemorejob．sUSgovernmentisslashingmorejobsfromitspayrol．lsTherecenteconomiccrisishastakentheUSbysurpris．e57．、Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheunemploymentfiguresandotherstatistics?Theyformasolidbasisforpolicymakin．9Theyrepresentthecurrentsituatio．nTheysignalfutureeconomictrend．Theydonotfullyreflecttherealit．y58．Oneproblemwiththepayrollsurveyisthat．_itdoesnotincludeallthebusinessesitfailstocountinthesel—femployeditmagnifiesthenumberofthejoblessitdoesnottreatallcompaniesequally59．111ehouseholdsurveycanbefaultyinthat．_peopletendtoliewhentalkingonthephonenoteverybodyiswillingorreadytorespondsomepeoplewon'tprovidetruthfulinformationthedefinitionofunemploymentistoobroad60．Attheendofthepassage，theauthorsuggeststhat．_statisticiansimprovetheirdataassemblingmethodsdecisionmakersviewthestatisticswithacriticaleyepoliticianslistenmorebeforemakingpolicydecisionsDemocratsandRepublicanscooperateoncrucialissuesPassageTwoSheet2．漢朝是中國歷史上最重要的朝代之一。漢朝統(tǒng)治期間有很多顯著的成就。它最先向其他文化敞開大門，對外貿(mào)易興旺。漢朝開拓的絲綢之路通向了中西亞乃至羅馬。各類藝術(shù)一派繁榮，涌現(xiàn)了很多文學(xué)、歷史、哲學(xué)巨著。公元0年中國第一部字典編撰完成，收入9000個字，提供釋義并列舉不同的寫法：英間，科技方面也取得了很大進(jìn)步，發(fā)明了紙張、水鐘、日晷sundials）以及測量地震的儀器。漢朝歷經(jīng)400年，但統(tǒng)治者的腐敗最終導(dǎo)致了它的滅亡。注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。AddSayingtheycannolongerignoretherisingpricesofhealthcare,someofthemostinfluentialmedicalgroupsinthenationarerecommendingthatdoctorsweighthecosts,notjusttheeffectivenessoftreatment,astheymakedecisionsaboutpatientcare.Theshift,littlenoticedoutsidethemedicalestablishmentbutalreadycontroversialinsideit,suggeststhatdoctorsarestartingtoredefinetheirroles,frombeingconcernedexclusivelyaboutindividualpatientstoexertinginfluenceonhowhealthcaredollarsarespent.Inpracticalterms,thenewguidelinesbeingdevelopedcouldresultindoctorschoosingonedrugoveranotherforcostreasonsorevendecidingthataparticulartreatment-attheendoflife,forexample-istooexpensive.Intheextreme,somecriticshavesaidthatmakingtreatmentdecisionsbasedoncostisaformofrationing.Traditionally,guidelineshaveheavilyinfluencedthepracticeofmedicine,andthelatestonesareexpectedtomakedoctorsmoreconsciousoftheeconomicconsequencesoftheirdecisions,eventhoughthere'snoobligationtofollowthem.Medicalsocietyguidelinesarealsousedbyinsurancecompaniestohelpdeterminereimbursement（報銷）policies.Somedoctorsseeapotentialconflictintryingtobebothprovidersofpatientcareandfinancialoverseers."Thereshouldbeforcesinsocietywhoshouldbeconcernedaboutthebudget,buttheyshouldn'tbefunctioningsimultaneouslyasdoctors,"saidDr.MartinSamuelsataBostonhospital.Hesaiddoctorsriskedlosingthetrustofpatientsiftheytoldpatients,"I'mnotgoingtodowhatIthinkisbestforyoubecauseIthinkit'sbadforthehealthcarebudgetinMassachusetts."Doctorscanfacesomegrimtrade-offs.Studieshaveshown,forexample,thattwodrugsareaboutequallyeffectiveintreatingmaculardegeneration,aneyedisease.Butonecosts$50adoseandtheothercloseto$2,000.Medicarecouldsavehundredsofmillionsofdollarsayearifeveryoneusedthecheaperdrug.Avastin,insteadofthecostlierone,Lucentis.ButtheFoodandDrugAdministrationhasnotapprovedAvastinforuseintheeye,andusingitratherthanthealternative,Lucentis,mightcarryanadditional,althoughslight,safetyrisk.ShoulddoctorsconsiderMedicare'sbudgetindecidingwhattouse?"Ithinkethically在道德層面上）wearejustworriedaboutthepatientinfrontofusandnottryingtosavemoneyfortheinsuranceindustryorsocietyasawhole,"saidDr.DonaldJensen.Still,someanalystssaythatthere'sarolefordoctorstoplayincostanalysisbecausenotmanyothersaredoingso."Insomeways,"saidDr.DanielSulmasy,"itrepresentsafailureofwidersocietytotakeuptheissue."【題干】Whatdosomemostinfluentialmedicalgroupsrecommenddoctorsdo?【選項】Reflectontheresponsibilitiestheyaresupposedtotake.Paymoreattentiontotheeffectivenessoftheirtreatments.Takecostsintoaccountwhenmakingtreatmentdecisions.Readjusttheirpracticeinviewofthecutsinhealthcare.【解析】第一段第一句Sayingtheycannolongerignoretherisingpricesofhealthcare,someofthemostinfluentialmedicalgroupsinthenationarerecommendingthatdoctorsweighthecosts,notjusttheeffectivenessoftreatment?！绢}干】Whatweredoctorsmainlyconcernedaboutinthepast?【選項】Specificmedicinestobeused.Professionaladvancement.Effectsofmedicaltreatment.Patients'trust.【解析】從第二段開頭Theshift可以看到，讓醫(yī)生更關(guān)注治療成本是一種轉(zhuǎn)變，那么就說明以前醫(yī)生關(guān)注更多的是醫(yī)療效果?！绢}干】Whatmaythenewguidelinesbeingdevelopedleadto?【選項】Theredefiningofdoctors'roles.Conflictsbetweendoctorsandpatients.Overuseoflesseffectivemedicines.Theprolongingofpatients'suffering.【解析】第二段Theshift,littlenoticedoutsidethemedicalestablishmentbutalreadycontroversialinsideit,suggeststhatdoctorsarestartingtoredefinetheirroles,1可以看出是A選項，醫(yī)生所扮演的角色也被重新下定義?！绢}干】Whatriskdodoctorsseeintheirdualroleaspatientcareprovidersandfinancialoverseers?選項】Theymaybeinvolvedinaconflictofinterest.Theymaybeforcedtodividetheirattention.Theymayhavetouselesseffectivedrugs.Theymaylosetherespectofpatients.【解析】由第六段Hesaiddoctorsriskedlosingthetrustofpatientsiftheytoldpatients,"I'mnotgoingtodowhatIthinkisbestforyoubecauseIthinkit'sbadforthehealthcarebudgetinMassachusetts."【題干】Whatdosomeexpertssayaboutdoctors'involvementinmedicalcostanalysis?【選項】Itmayaddtodoctors'alreadyheavyworkloads.Itwillhelptosavemoneyforsocietyasawhole.Itresultsfromsociety'sfailuretotackletheproblem.Itraisesdoctors'awarenessoftheirsocialresponsibilities.【解析】最后一段最后一句話"itrepresentsafailureofwidersocietytotakeuptheissue."57-61CCADCPassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Economicinequalityisthe"definingchallengeofourtime,"PresidentBarackObamadeclaredinaspeechlastmonthtotheCenterforAmericanProgress.Inequalityisdangerous,heargued,notmerelybecauseitdoesn'tlookgoodtohavealargegapbetweentherichandthepoor,butbecauseinequalityitselfdestroyupwardmobility,makingitharderforthepoortoescapefrompoverty."IncreasedinequalityanddecreasingmobilityposeafundamentalthreattotheAmericanDream,"hesaid.ObamaisonlythemostprominentpublicfiguretodeclareinequalityPublicEnemyNO.1andthegreatestthreattoreducingpovertyinAmerican.Anumberofprominenteconomistshavealsoarguedthatit'sharderforthepoortoclimbtheeconomicladdertodaybecausetherungs（f黃檔）inthatladderhavegrownfatherapart.ForallthenewattentiondevotedtotheIpercent,anewdatastfromtheEqualityofOpportunityProjectoratHarvardandBerkeleysuggeststhat,ifwecareaboutupwardmobilityoverall,we'revastlyexaggeratingthedangersoftherich-poorgap.Inequalityitselfisnotaparticularlystrongpredictorofeconomicmobility,associologistScottWinshipnotedinarecentarticlebasedonhisanalysisofthisdata.Sowhatfactors,atthecommunitylevel,dopredictifpoorchildrenwillmoveuptheeconomicladderasadults?Whatexplains,forinstance,whytheSaltLakeCitymetroareaisoneoftheleastlikely?HarvardeconomistRajChettyhaspointedtoeconomicandracialsegregation,communitydensity,thesizeofacommunity'smiddleclass,thequalityofschools,communityreligiosity,andfamilystructure,whichhecallsthe"singlestrongestcorrelateofupwardmobility."ChettyfindsthatcommunitieslikeSaltLakeCity,withhigh