科技英語寫作-1前言課件

1、Scientific English Writing 張洋瑞科技英語寫作科技英語是英語語言諸多變體中的一種，它與通常的文學(xué)語言表述有明顯的不同。特點(diǎn)在于客觀、直敘、簡練、準(zhǔn)確，所敘述的過程具有很強(qiáng)的可操作性。She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those wh

2、o have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.那婦人生著一副綿軟多肉的體格，一張?zhí)孤书_誠的面容，一種天真羞怯的神氣。一雙大落落的柔順的眼睛，里邊隱藏著無窮的心事，只有那些對于凄惶無告的窮苦人面目作過同情觀察的人才看得出來。日常英語People get natural rubber from rubber trees as a white, milky liquid, which is called latex. They mi

3、x it with acid, and dry it, and then they send it to countries all over the world. As the rubber industry grew, people needed more and more rubber. They started rubber plantations in countries with hot, wet weather conditions, but these still could not give enough raw rubber to meet the needs of gro

4、wing industry. 科技英語 Natural rubber is obtained from rubber trees as a white, milky liquid known as latex. This is treated with acid and dried before being dispatched to countries all over the world. As the rubber industry developed, more and more rubber was required. Rubber plantations were establis

5、hed in countries with a hot, humid climate, but these still could not supply sufficient raw rubber to satisfy the requirements of developing industry.科技英語寫作的分類二、按論文內(nèi)容分類科技論文根據(jù)內(nèi)容可分為實(shí)驗(yàn)型、理論型和綜述型三種。（1）實(shí)驗(yàn)型論文（2）理論型論文（3）綜述型論文科技英語的特點(diǎn)一、詞匯特點(diǎn)1、普通英語詞匯科技詞匯的語義外延是根據(jù)所指的關(guān)系。feed（喂養(yǎng)）轉(zhuǎn)譯為“供水、輸送、電源”等；head（頭）轉(zhuǎn)移為“源頭、機(jī)關(guān)、彈頭、磁

6、頭”等；power（力、權(quán)力）轉(zhuǎn)移為“電能、電力、分辨率、冪”等；base（基礎(chǔ)）在化學(xué)領(lǐng)域中轉(zhuǎn)譯為“堿”，在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域轉(zhuǎn)譯為“主藥”；bowl（碗）用在地質(zhì)學(xué)語域中轉(zhuǎn)譯為“盆地”或“斜向中心的地面”，在機(jī)械和鑄造專業(yè)中轉(zhuǎn)譯為“碗形結(jié)構(gòu)”。專業(yè)化引申His mother died of difficult labor.他母親死于（困難的勞動）The major problem in manufacturing is the control of contamination and foreign material.制造時(shí)的一個(gè)主要問題是控制污染和（外界物質(zhì)）The running of such

7、 automated establishments remains only a matter of reading various meters mounted on panels.管理這種自動化工廠只不過要求（閱讀）一下控制臺上的各種儀表而已。More weight must be placed on the past history of patients.必須更加重視患者的（過去的歷史）The bacterial pneumonia may complicate influenza at both extremes of age.（年齡的兩個(gè)極端）流行性感冒患者可并發(fā)細(xì)菌性肺炎。The

8、 doctor may insert thin needles into the skin of a patient at key points along meridians.醫(yī)生可以把一些細(xì)針沿病人身上的經(jīng)絡(luò)插進(jìn)（關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)）中。This kind of wood works easily.這種木料易于（工作）。The patient had been given three transfusions after he was admitted into the hospital.病人入院后已（給）三次血了。This medicine acts well on the heart.這種藥治療心

9、臟?。ㄆ鹱饔茫?。概括化或抽象化引申Americans every year swallow 15,000 tons of aspirin, one of the safest and most effective drugs invented by man.阿司匹林是人類發(fā)明的最安全、最有效的藥物，美國每年要（吞咽）15000噸。Alloys belong to a half-way house between mixtures and compounds. 合金是介于混合物和化合物之間的一種（兩地間中途歇腳的客棧）In 24 hours the heart in a human body r

10、eceives and pumps out some 1000 quarts of blood.24小時(shí)內(nèi)，（接受或泵出）的心臟循環(huán)的血液約為1000夸脫。The year 2000 problem brings the largest companies in the world to their knees.2000年問題使世界上最大的公司都要向它（跪下）Industrialization and environmental degradation seem to go hand in hand.工業(yè)化發(fā)展似乎（攜手）著環(huán)境的退化。In the microbial transformati

11、on of contaminants, organisms can either “eat” the toxins or break them down in the process of consuming other substances.在對污染物進(jìn)行微生物轉(zhuǎn)化的過程中，生物會（吃掉）毒素或在消耗其他物質(zhì)時(shí)把這些毒素分解。The research performed on smokers at rest indicates that smokers burn more calories than non-smokers.對處于靜息狀態(tài)的吸煙者所作的研究表明，吸煙者比非吸煙者（燃燒）的熱量

12、要多。The plan for launching the man-made satellite still lies on the table.那項(xiàng)發(fā)射人造衛(wèi)星的計(jì)劃（放在桌子上）The furnace eats up fuel at the rate of three tons per hour.爐子以每小時(shí)三噸的速度（吃光）燃料。Superconductivity technology is now in its infancy.超導(dǎo)體技術(shù)正處于發(fā)展的（嬰兒期）use upexhaust push intoinsertthrow backreflect put inaddcarry ou

13、tperform think aboutconsiderget rid ofeliminate take awayremoveget togetherconcentrate fill upoccupykeep upmaintain hang upsuspendfinish completeunderwater submarinebuy purchaseenough sufficienthandbook manualcareful cautioushelp assisttry attemptget obtainabout approximatelyuse utilize3、縮略語大量使用縮略語是

14、科技英語的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)?？s略詞有如下幾類縮略法，如expo：exposition（展覽）拼綴法，如knowbot：knowledge robot（智能機(jī)器人）首字母拼音法，如TOEFL: Test of English as a Foreign Language（托福）首字母縮略法，如CD: compact disk DJ：disk jockey 二、科技英語語法特點(diǎn)1、一般陳述句多 科技論文中常用的兩種時(shí)態(tài)是現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)。在表述觀察結(jié)果、已完成的行為及特定結(jié)論時(shí)應(yīng)使用過去時(shí)。過去時(shí)描述實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果-過去時(shí)（因?yàn)閷?shí)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)結(jié)束，而你的結(jié)果尚未成為公認(rèn)的“事實(shí)”）“摘要”、“材料和方法”以及“結(jié)論”-

15、過去時(shí)Higher temperatures resulted in less bud formation.The three images were taken about 90 minutes apart.現(xiàn)在時(shí)普遍認(rèn)可的概念和觀點(diǎn)-現(xiàn)在時(shí)（已經(jīng)發(fā)表的結(jié)果通常被視為“事實(shí)”）“前言”- 現(xiàn)在時(shí)（因?yàn)槠渌榻B的是前人構(gòu)建的知識）展現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)和描述假說和原理The newly discovered planet is at least as big as Pluto.Most regions where this problem arises belong to category X.5. Fem

16、ales of this species_(have)a unique projection from he dorsal part of the thorax.6. Recent work by deValt (2001)_(show) that nematodes_(reproduce) readily in the laboratory.8. Table 3_(show) that in our study, polychaetes_(be) most abundant at depths of 10 to 16 m.2、被動語態(tài)多由于在科技論文中描述的都是事物、過程和現(xiàn)象，科技文章重在

17、陳述客觀事實(shí)，有意排除個(gè)人主觀感情因素，被動句的使用就有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)以客觀事物為主體，闡明客觀事實(shí)的目的。故該文體文章的主語多為非人稱主語，這比較適合使用被動語態(tài)，在一定程度上提高了科技文獻(xiàn)的客觀性。3、簡略表達(dá)多科技語言所要表達(dá)的事理關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜，因此語言精煉簡明顯得格外重要。實(shí)踐中常常用名詞詞組代替句子形式，用分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)代替從句，用省略句代替完全句。名詞化傾向主要指廣泛使用能表示動作或狀態(tài)的抽象名詞或起名詞功用的非限定性動詞。名詞化可以把一個(gè)句子變成一個(gè)短語，可以使復(fù)合句變成簡單句。例如：簡化條件狀語從句You can rectify this fault if you insert a w

18、edge.Rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge.簡化時(shí)間狀語從句After it is separatedAfter separation簡化原因狀語從句The steam pressure falls because it condenses on the cylinder.The steam pressure falls because of its condensation on the cylinder.簡化目的或結(jié)果狀語從句The moving parts of a machine are of

19、ten oiled so that friction may be greatly reduced.The moving parts of a machine are often oiled for great reduction of friction.簡化讓步狀語從句Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, although its form can be changed.Energy can neither be created nor destroyed in spite of file changeability of the form

20、 of energy.簡化名詞從句The engineer has told us where we shall drill another oil well.The engineer has told us where to drill another oil well.把形容詞加以名詞化，以簡化一些以whether、how等開頭的名詞從句It is necessary to examine whether these results are accurate.It is necessary to examine the accurate of the results.簡化定語從句Any s

21、tudent who wishes to follow a program that involves a major departure from an approved curriculum must obtain permission from his or her faculty counselor during the junior year in order to assure that such substitutions are well thought out and not carelessly chosen.Any student wishing to follow a

22、program involving a major departure from an approved curriculum must obtain permission from his or her faculty counselor during the junior year in order to assure that such substitutions are well thought out and not carelessly chosen.四、科技英語文體特點(diǎn)1、無人稱2、語氣正式3、邏輯性強(qiáng)科技英語寫作的要求1.準(zhǔn)確（accuracy）（1）要正確地運(yùn)用英語的語法與句

23、型（2）不要使用意義模棱兩可的詞匯和表達(dá)方式（3）使用正確的格式2.簡潔（brevity）（1）限制段落的長度（2）限制句子和所選詞匯和詞組的長度3.清楚（clarity）（1）提供明確的信息（2）簡明扼要（3）使用容易理解的詞匯一、文體要求二、結(jié)構(gòu)要求1.一致性（unity）2.連貫性（coherence）3.自然過渡（transition）三、對作者的要求1.豐富的詞匯量（vocabulary）2.大量的句型和短語（patterns and expressions）3.熟練的寫作技巧（writing skills）如何使表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確正確選詞精確性、準(zhǔn)確性、具體性The marines took

24、 with them full combat equipment including tanks, artillery, jeeps, and flamethrowers.This laboratory does not even have a heating installation.This model has separate instruments for oil pressure, water temperature, fuels gauge, and ammeter.equipment是不可數(shù)名詞，意義上往往指有形的、看得見的硬件設(shè)備；installation也指設(shè)備、設(shè)施，但一般

25、是指安裝或裝配上去的設(shè)備，不可以隨時(shí)拿走或拆卸；instrument常指精密度較高的器械、儀器、儀表如何讓語言簡潔避免贅詞The use of transgenic technology is becoming increasingly more widespread.The aluminum metal cathode became pitted during the glow discharge.常見贅詞(already) existing(alternative) choicesat (the) present (time)(basic) fundamentals(completely)

26、 eliminate(continue to) remain(currently) being(currently) underway(empty) space had done (previously)Introduced (a new)Mix (together)Never (before)None (at all)Now (at this time)Period (of time)(separate) entitiesStart (out)(still) persists刪除無意義的詞語和結(jié)構(gòu)It is interesting to note that (X) SCNT is an ef

27、ficiency method to produce transgenic animal.It+be+adj/v-ed 這一句型盡量少用常見無意義詞語：as a matter of fact, it should be point out that, I might add that, the course of, it is noteworthy that, the fact that, it is significant that, the presence ofVibration measurements made in the course of the missiles flight

28、 test program were complicated by the presence of intense high-frequency excitation of the vehicle shell structure during the reentry phase of the flight.用短語替代從句原則：能用單詞不用短語，能用短語不用從句。If As are applied to B, the following sample can be obtained.Application of A in B medium promotes the following sampl

29、e名詞短語替代原因狀語從句和時(shí)間狀語從句Because the factor is present in the medium, the developmental rate has been increased. The presence of the factor in the medium has increased the developmental rate.After the feedback is added, the output becomes stable.The addition of feedback makes the output stable.分詞短語替代從句Oo

30、cyte is a kind of germ cell which provides proteins for early embryo development.Oocyte is a kind of germ cell providing proteins for early embryo development.An electric current is a stream of electrons which move through a conductor.過去分詞短語替代從句The signals which are not wantedThe unwanted signalsa pathway which is controlled by an inhibitoran inhibitor controlled pathway介詞短語替代從句，使句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、精煉，具有從句的功能When we studied developmental biology-In our study of developmental biology-If t