四級英語作文經(jīng)典輔導(dǎo)材料

1、103/103HYPERLINK / Writing Skills and PracticeContentsPart One Brief Introduction to College English Writing 27Part Two Methods of Developing Paragraphs 810Part Three Various Forms of Writing (from appreciation to production) 10.21Part Four Selected Model Compositions 21.30Part Five A List of Most C

2、ommonly Employed Sentence Patterns30.32Compiled by The First Section of Teaching and Research, Department of College English Teaching & Studies, Qingdao UniversityPart One Brief Introduction to College English WritingI. Format and General Requirements of College English Writing Format of College Eng

3、lish Writing It is stipulated in College English Curriculum Requirements(大學(xué)英語課程教學(xué)要求) that college students should be able to write within 30 minutes a short composition of 120 words on a general topic or an outline. The composition should be basically complete in content, appropriate in diction and

4、coherent in discourse. More often than not, college students are expected to write compositions based on topic sentences, outlines given in Chinese, key words, visual aids or given situations. Accordingly, it is normally of great help to decide on what style (narration, exposition, description or ar

5、gumentation) to be employed to develop the whole essay, and then to determine the controlling idea contained in each of the topic sentences/Chinese outlines, or to state the controlling idea at the very beginning of each paragraph in respect of writing based on key words, visual aids or given situat

6、ions.General Requirements of College English Writing Unity（一致性）and coherence (連貫) are two important general requirements of college English writing. Unity is achieved by ascertaining that each sentence in the paragraph is relevant to the topic sentence, that is, each sentence should be a further dev

7、elopment of the topic sentence. At the same time, the student writer must be positive that each of the 3 paragraphs is connected with each other in form as well as in meaning or content. Coherence is the logical connection of the sentences in a paragraph and the paragraphs in a composition to each o

8、ther. Coherence can be achieved through a variety of techniques, such as the employment of transitional words/link words/connectors（過渡詞語）, repetition of key words, consistent use of the same point of view, proper pronoun reference, logical organization of the information and arguments in a paragraph

9、 and between paragraphs. The student writer must be certain that there is appropriate transition from one sentence or one paragraph to the next. In order to make the paragraph more interesting and vivid, it is a good idea to use sentence variety. An effective way to do this is to vary the grammatica

10、l structures of sentences to avoid monotony. Different structures not only convey distinct shades of meaning, but also give a composition an attractive atmosphere. II. Form of Good Writing It is generally assumed that a well-written paragraph contains a topic sentence, developing/supporting sentence

11、s and a concluding sentence if necessary. Below is an example to show the process of writing a paragraph. Suppose that you are required to write a paragraph on the topic “Riding a bicycle is better than riding a motorcycle”. It is advisable for you to go through the following procedures before writi

12、ng the paragraph proper.Step 1. Determine the writing style argumentationStep 2.Seek out the controlling idea better Step 3.Collect some convincing facts about or arguments for the controlling idea inexpensive to buy, easy maintenance , good for health, nonpolluting, safer, etc.Step 4.List details a

13、bout some of the facts or arguments that will interest your audience, e.g., health more exercises, less pollutionStep 5. Outline the paragraph. Topic sentence: Riding a bicycle is better than riding a motorcycle. Developing sentences: A. It is relatively inexpensive1.to buy 2. to operate B. It is mo

14、re healthful.1.more exercises2.less pollution C. It is personally satisfying.enjoy the scenerybecome part of the natureStep 6.Write the paragraph by using the details you have just listed. Riding a bicycle is better than riding a motorcycle. First of all, a bicycle is relatively inexpensive to buy a

15、nd to maintain. While a motorcycle may cost thousands of Yuan to buy and hundreds of Yuan annually for maintenance, a good bicycle will only cost two hundred Yuan or so, and its annual maintenance cost is very small. Biking is also healthful. Not only does the cyclist get more physical exercises tha

16、n the motorcyclist, but bicycles are nonpolluting, so they keep the environment clean. Finally, bicycling is, unlike motorcycling, personally satisfying. Instead of being a robot inside a machine, the biker pedals along, enjoying the scenery and becoming part of the nature. In one word, the bicycle

17、is a pleasurable means of transportation. What is said above is true of a well-organized essay, i.e., an idealized composition is supposed to contain 3 paragraphs a topic/introductory paragraph, a supporting paragraph and an ending paragraph. Let us take the following essay as an example.Staying Hea

18、lthy Good health is the most valuable possession a person can have. There are three things that a person can do to stay in good health. One should eat the right foods, get enough rest, and exercise properly. (Topic/introductory paragraph)Proper nutrition is important for good health. Avoid food with

19、 lots of sugar and fat. Eat plenty of high protein foods, vegetables and fruits. But do not overeat because it is not healthful to be overweight. Getting the proper amount of sleep is also important. Without enough sleep, you are likely to feel tired and irritable. So allow yourself eight hours of s

20、leep each night. Finally, get plenty of exercise since it improves your heart and lunges, and prevents you from gaining weight. (Supporting paragraph) If everybody were to eat the right foods, get plenty of sleep, and exercise regularly, there would be much less complaining about poor health. (Endin

21、g paragraph)III. Specific Steps Involved in Writing and Noteworthy Points 要想在30分鐘內(nèi)完成一篇許多于120詞的文章, 應(yīng)認(rèn)真審題，認(rèn)真構(gòu)思，擬出提綱，擬訂各段的主題句，或依照所給主題句確定各段中心思想，想好用什么事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)來支持主題句的觀點(diǎn)。如此寫出的文章語言通順、邏輯嚴(yán)密、觀點(diǎn)明確、錯(cuò)誤較少。1. 審題所謂審題，確實(shí)是依照所提供的有關(guān)寫作范圍、內(nèi)容要求、目的方面的信息進(jìn)行認(rèn)真推敲斟酌，從而確定文章的主題、體裁、重點(diǎn)、長短等等。審題要緊是解決“寫什么”的問題。1.1 確立文章主題通過審題，明確文章主題即中心思想，才能

22、理清思路，抓住重點(diǎn)，如此的文章才能緊扣主題，立意鮮亮，文筆流暢。例如：Directions: For the part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the toipc: Global Shortage of Fresh Water. You should write at least 120 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:人們以為淡水是取之不盡的。實(shí)際上淡水是特不緊缺的。我

23、們應(yīng)該如何辦？依照對本篇作文的審題，能夠明確文章中心是淡水資源愛護(hù)。能夠從淡水資源看似特不豐富的錯(cuò)誤表象動(dòng)身，列舉出淡水資源實(shí)則嚴(yán)峻匱乏的事實(shí)及緣故，最后提出問題的解決方法。思路清晰后，文字自然通順連貫。范文： Global Shortage of Fresh WaterSome people believe that the fresh water will never be used up. Because people can get fresh water from the rains, from the rivers, from the wells and from the lake

24、s, it seems that we have more than enough fresh water to use.But as a matter of fact, the whole world is in severs shortage of fresh water. With the development of industry, more and more factories use a lot of fresh water. Many factories discharge a large number of poisonous wastes into the rivers

25、and lakes and cause serious pollution of the fresh water. And because of the rapid increase of the worlds population, there is a continuously rising demand for fresh water. In fact, in some big cities, fresh water cannot meet the peoples daily needs.Now it is time for us to do something to solve the

26、 problem of fresh water shortage. First, we must take efficient steps to protect our fresh water from being polluted and make it clean. Then we must let everyone understand the dangerous situation he is in. We must also educate the people to know: where there is no water, there is no human being.1.2

27、 確定文章文體文體，即文章的表現(xiàn)形式，其中包含體裁和語言。一般來講，不同的體裁應(yīng)具備不同的語言表達(dá)模式和特點(diǎn)，比如講明文講明事物時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)語言明確清晰，實(shí)事求是；議論文則要求語言具有邏輯性，確信性強(qiáng)。大學(xué)英語作文文體可分四大類，即議論文、應(yīng)用文、描寫文和記敘文。例如：Directions: For the part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition in three paragraphs. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not incl

28、uding the words given. Remember to write clearly. You should write this composition on the Composition Sheet. TimeSome people think time is valuable and make good use of it. Some people make poor use of it. I think we should form the good habit of saving time. 依照對本篇作文的審題，能夠明確它的主題是：珍惜時(shí)刻。議論文體裁，但兼有講明部分

29、。本篇提綱中的第1、2點(diǎn)要求講明人們對待時(shí)刻截然不同的兩種態(tài)度及其緣故和表現(xiàn)，第3點(diǎn)則要求在前文的基礎(chǔ)上論述自己的觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)養(yǎng)成珍惜時(shí)刻的適應(yīng)，總結(jié)全文的同時(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)了珍惜時(shí)刻這一主題。由于講明的目的是為了“告知”，因此應(yīng)側(cè)重?cái)[事實(shí)，注意客觀、準(zhǔn)確；論講的目的是為了“講服”，應(yīng)注意提出有力的論據(jù)和明確的結(jié)論。范文： TimeSome people think time is valuable and make good use of it. They really understand the meaning of “Time and tide wait for no man”. Hence the

30、y treasure every single minute of every day and make good use of it in practice. They arrange every days time properly, not to waste it.Some people make poor use of it. They spend their precious time oversleeping, drinking, and sometimes playing games or gambling. They do not realize that wasting ti

31、me is equal to wasting part of their precious life and that they are to pay much for these some day. They always regret having made little achievement in their career owing to their poor use of time. I think we should form the good habit of saving time. Never put off what can be done today till tomo

32、rrow. We should think highly of our time just like our lives. Wasting time just like staying in the tomb, you are not yourself, just a walking corpse.1.3 確立寫作要點(diǎn)大學(xué)英語作文所涉及內(nèi)容均為日常生活、科技、社會(huì)和文化等。對這些話題大學(xué)生們盡管熟悉，但因字?jǐn)?shù)所限，審題的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該把握文章中心思想，限定話題范圍，明確寫作重點(diǎn)，其后再進(jìn)行擴(kuò)充展開，如此的文章才能思路清晰，主題明確，闡述充分。例如：“Women in the Modern Worl

33、d”(1987.6)，能夠采納議論文的形式，以Women today are playing an increasingly important role both in the family, yet facing many difficulties and obstacles為中心來寫作，重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在important role和difficulties上，能夠首先著重論述婦女在各行各業(yè)中發(fā)揮越來越大的作用，然后提出婦女在家庭中的地位也有所提高，最后總結(jié)婦女們要爭取完全的平等，還面臨許多困難和障礙，需要克服。范文： Women in the Modern WorldWomen are pla

34、ying an increasingly important role in society. Successful women who are government officials, scientists, athletes, teachers and doctors can be found everywhere. It is fair to say that many jobs that used to be dominated by men can now be done equally well by women. Women are making their influence

35、 felt in all walks of life. With the changes in their social role, womens position in the family has been improved as well. The husband is no longer the only bread-earner in the family. Both husband and wife cope with the problems of daily life together and share happiness with each other.In spite o

36、f these changes, women still face many difficulties and obstacles due to their traditional roles and limited economic strength. Women still have a long way to go in their struggle for complete equality with men. 2. 構(gòu)思通過審題弄清晰題目要求之后，需要構(gòu)思的過程，來對如何按照要求形成文章做一個(gè)通盤的考慮，包括安排文章的段落層次，提煉段落主題句，選擇所需材料，確定寫作方法（舉例法、列舉

37、法、對比法等）和語言形式（正式、非正式）等。3. 寫提綱 提綱是文章的框架，是對文章內(nèi)容的一個(gè)整體規(guī)劃。事實(shí)上，寫提綱確實(shí)是審題構(gòu)思后把文章的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、段落分配、內(nèi)容安排等落實(shí)到筆頭，以保證寫正文的時(shí)候思路清晰。如：所給作文的題目是“Harmfulness of Fake Commodities”。依照審題，能夠明確本篇主題是：假冒產(chǎn)品的危害性極大，用議論文體裁來寫。寫作要點(diǎn)：假冒產(chǎn)品泛濫的現(xiàn)象、假冒產(chǎn)品對社會(huì)和人民生活帶來的各種危害以及假冒產(chǎn)品問題的解決。依照以上寫作結(jié)構(gòu)和內(nèi)容可列出如下簡要的提綱：現(xiàn)象及其緣故危害1：阻礙企業(yè)的效益和信譽(yù)危害2：給個(gè)人帶來苦惱甚至危險(xiǎn)總結(jié)強(qiáng)調(diào)危害的嚴(yán)峻，呼吁

38、政府和個(gè)人解決、防范。范文： Harmfulness of Fake CommoditiesNowadays in the society, there are an enormous number of fake commodities. They have found their ways into almost every store and supermarket. The deep root of this phenomenon lies in some peoples greed for money. In order to make big sums of money, they

39、 try every possible means to produce fake commodities, without any regard for other peoples benefit and health.Fake commodities can do serious harm to both consumers and society. Compared with the genuine products, they have more attractive prices, which, without doubt, causes great economic losses

40、to the manufacturers of genuine-products. Furthermore, fake commodities are also detrimental to consumers. For instance, not long ago some consumers were reported to have died from drinking fake wine.So fake commodities are a serious problem in our society and deserve attention from people in all wa

41、lks of life. The authorities should redouble their efforts to prohibit the production and sale of fake commodities. Also, consumers should be on guard against the temptation from the cheaper fake commodities and be careful not to waste money on them.4. 寫正文寫正文應(yīng)把重點(diǎn)放在選擇適當(dāng)?shù)膶懽鞑呗院蜏?zhǔn)確的語言運(yùn)用上，大學(xué)英語作文常見題型段首句作文、

42、漢語提綱作文、關(guān)鍵詞作文、情景作文、圖表作文都有各自獨(dú)特的寫作策略和語言技巧（參見Part Three Various Forms of Writing）。5. 檢查修改這一步驟包括內(nèi)容和語言，應(yīng)更加側(cè)重于語言方面的檢查。內(nèi)容方面 每個(gè)段落是否切題。 觀點(diǎn)是否明確。 段落主題句是否準(zhǔn)確。 段落擴(kuò)展句是否緊扣段落中心思想。 段落首尾是否照顧。 段落之間、句子之間是否有較強(qiáng)的條理性、邏輯性。 講理是否充分，是否提供了充分具體的論據(jù)、事例。語言方面： 是否有語法錯(cuò)誤：主謂是否一致、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是否正確一致、用詞形式是否有誤等。 單詞拼寫是否有錯(cuò)、詞匯運(yùn)用是否準(zhǔn)確。 句式是否多樣，搭配是否合理。 是否有過

43、渡詞語的使用。 書寫格式是否規(guī)范。6. 寫作時(shí)刻分配可依照以下通常采納的時(shí)刻分配方案，結(jié)合個(gè)人情況，找到最適合自己的寫作節(jié)奏。審題、構(gòu)思3分鐘擬訂提綱5分鐘正文寫作20分鐘 檢查、修改2分鐘Part Two Methods of Developing Paragraphs段落的擴(kuò)展方式多種多樣，其中舉例法、列舉法、比較法、因果法、分類法等五種方法在大學(xué)英語寫作中較為常見。I. Exemplification (舉例法)1. 舉例法的含義舉例法是指使用具體事例、論據(jù)等對論點(diǎn)予以論證或闡述的方法。運(yùn)用舉例法時(shí)，所舉事例能夠是個(gè)人經(jīng)歷，名人逸事或日常事例，但都應(yīng)具有可信、典型的特征。例如：In re

44、cent years, many Chinese schools and colleges have been suffering an acute shortage of teaching staff. According to a study, there are 100 candidates competing for every vacancy in big companies, whereas there are only ten applicants for a school where one teacher might be needed. （引用數(shù)據(jù)舉例）Indeed, an

45、yone who wishes to make his life pleasant, efficient and successful will find it wise to “work while he works, play while he plays”. For example, when I am engaged in writing a passage now, I must do it with full concentration and should not think of going shopping with my roommates this afternoon.

46、If my mind is focused on the writing, I will surely do it more smoothly with fewer mistakes and will get a good grade.（用個(gè)人經(jīng)歷舉例）2. 舉例法常用詞語 for example, for instance, as another example, such as, like, be example(s) of, take as an example, illustrate, show, prove, (e.g. The story he told about her ill

47、ustrates/shows/proves her generosity very clearly.)II. Listing (列舉法)1. 列舉法的含義列舉法是指在擴(kuò)展部分列舉出一系列論據(jù)或緣故等對主題句中提出的論點(diǎn)進(jìn)行講明、論證的方法。運(yùn)用列舉法時(shí)，注意不能簡單地排列出所預(yù)備的細(xì)節(jié)，而要按照一定的邏輯順序來安排多個(gè)例證的排列順序，比如是按照時(shí)刻順序、空間順序、依舊主次順序等。例如：Young children should spend most of their time playing because it will offer them more advantages than wil

48、l formal schooling at that age.topic sentence To begin with, a child who spends his early years out of school can learn many things that formal schooling does not teach, such as how to take care of himself and how to cope with an ever-expanding world. In addition, he will have a better opportunity t

49、o develop a good relationship with his family. Another reason not to send a child to school too early is that he may not be ready. If he is not prepared to deal with the rules and the pressure of schoolwork, he may become discouraged and develop a negative attitude toward school. Last but not the le

50、ast, children can learn many beneficial things through play. By having fun while learning, they not only gain knowledge, but develop curiosity and a desire to learn.2. 列舉法常用詞語as follows, in the following way, first/to begin with/for one thing, second, third, next, then, finallyIII. Comparison and Co

51、ntrast (比較對比法)1. 比較對比法的含義比較對比法由比較和對比兩部分組成，分不用來闡述兩種或更多事物之間的相同或不同之處，從而使各個(gè)事物的特點(diǎn)更為突出。比較側(cè)重相同點(diǎn)，對比著重不同點(diǎn)。在講明文、議論文寫作中，比較和對比能夠分開使用，也能夠結(jié)合在一起使用。運(yùn)用比較對比法時(shí)，能夠先講一方再講另一方，即AABB的模式；也能夠是雙方同時(shí)展開，相互交替，即ABAB模式。例如：There are both similarities and differences between movies and TV. For one thing, the first form of movies and

52、TV were both in black and white. Besides, they both carry information. Furthermore, they both bring entertainment to people. And they both educate people and enrich peoples life. However, there also exist some differences between movies and TV. In the first place, they are different in their history

53、. Movies have been with us for a longer time than TV. In the second place, movies have mainly low forms from the perspective of content, feature films and documentary films, whereas TV covers a wide range of subjects, from news report, educational programs, recreation, sports, music to TV series and

54、 even films. And finally, movies usually have to be seen in a cinema, while TV can be enjoyed at home.本段結(jié)合比較法和對比法，論述了movies和TV兩個(gè)事物的異同，采納先講相同點(diǎn)，后講不同點(diǎn)，將兩事物同時(shí)逐點(diǎn)比較對比的方法。2. 比較對比法常用過渡詞語比較常用過渡詞語resemble, be the same as, be like, be equal to, be comparable to, be as as, both and, neither nor, not only but al

55、so, similarly, in the same way, likewise, correspondingly, like對比法常用過渡詞語not asas, contrast with, differ from, be different from, although, whereas, while, however, nonetheless, nevertheless, yet, still, but, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, unlike, contrary to, in contrast to, in opp

56、osition toIV. Cause and Effect (因果法)1. 因果法的含義因果法是指通過對事物或現(xiàn)象的緣故分析，找出事物進(jìn)展的因果聯(lián)系的擴(kuò)展方法。運(yùn)用因果法時(shí)，可采納先因后果或先果后因兩種模式；若有多個(gè)緣故且有主次之分時(shí)，可考慮按照從主到次或從次到主的順序來闡述各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。例如：Some countries have banned smoking in many public places and office buildings, and they see strong reasons for this. The first and most important reason

57、is that while limits on smoking restrict the rights of smokers, smoking itself affects the rights of non-smokers. Studies have shown that second-hand smoke can have a harmful effect on the health of non-smokers. Second, aside from the long-term health effects of second-hand smoke, it can have very s

58、erious immediate consequences for those who are allergic to it. Third, the ashes and cigarette butts left behind by smokers are another form of pollution. They dirty our environment and, as taxpayers, we must all pay for the cleanup of our public places.本段以先果后因的形式展開。主題句（第一句）先提出事實(shí)，即有些國家差不多禁止在許多公共場所吸煙

59、，并用關(guān)鍵詞reason引導(dǎo)出造成這一事實(shí)的三個(gè)理由，并依照其重要性上按照從主到次的順序依次表達(dá)。2. 因果法常用詞語because, because of, since, for, owing to, thanks to, on account of, due to, be due to, be a consequence of, result from, be the result of; as a result, consequently, in consequence, therefore, accordingly, for this reason, so, thus, lead to

60、, contribute to, result in, cause, be the reason forV. Classification (分類法)分類法多見于講明文或議論文的講明部分，它是指先把同一事物按一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類，再分不進(jìn)行詳細(xì)講明的擴(kuò)展方法。運(yùn)用分類法時(shí)，應(yīng)注意保持分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的統(tǒng)一性，不能在段落中間隨意改動(dòng)。例如：There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standards of sets and best-sellersunread, untouched. The second has a great ma