英語(yǔ)本科段自學(xué)考試英漢翻譯教程

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)Unit 8 Popular ScienceLesson 22(EC)Oil(1)By G. C. ThornleyThere are three main groups of oil:animal, vegetable and mineral. Great quantities of animal oil come from whales, those enormous creatures of the sea which are the largest remain

2、ing animals in the world. To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a tick covering of fat called blubber. When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore. It produces a great quantity of oil which can b

3、e made into food for human consumption. A few other creatures yield oil, but none so much as the whale. The livers of the cod and the halibut, two kinds of fish, yield nourishing oil. Both cod liver oil and halibut liver oil are given to sick children and other invalids who need certain vitamins. Th

4、ese oils may be bought at any chemists.Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No household can get on without it, for it is used in cooking. Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Socpa are made from vegetable and animal oils.To the ordinary man, one kind of oil may be as impor

5、tant as another. But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil, he almost always means mineral oil, the oil that drives tanks, aeroplanes and warships, motor-cars and diesel locomotivs, the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machinery. This is the oil that is used to lubricate all kn

6、ids of machinery. This is the oil that has changed the life of the common man. When it is refined into petrol it is used to drive the internal combustion engine. To it we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse. To it we owe the possibility of f

7、lying. It has changed the horse. To it we owe the possiblility of flying. It has changed the methods of warfare on land and sea. This knid of oil comes out of the earth. Because it burns well, it is used as fuel and in some ways it is superior to coal in this repect. Many big ships now burn oil inst

8、ead of coal. Because it burns brightly, it is used for illumination; countless homes are still illuminated with oil-burning lamps. Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication. Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, th

9、e friction and heat are reduced. No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated. The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness; if it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication, and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must e lubricated.(fr

10、om English Through Reading)參考譯文：G.C.索恩利油可以分為三大類：動(dòng)物油、植物油、礦物油。大量的動(dòng)物油是從鯨魚(yú)身上得來(lái)的。鯨魚(yú)是海里的龐然大物，是世界上現(xiàn)有動(dòng)物中最大的一種。大自然為了保護(hù)鯨魚(yú)，使它不不致在北冰洋受凍，便讓它長(zhǎng)了厚厚的一層脂肪，叫做鯨脂。鯨魚(yú)殺死之后，把鯨脂剝下來(lái)熬油，這項(xiàng)工作有的是在船上進(jìn)行的，有的是在岸上進(jìn)行的。這樣，就能生產(chǎn)出大量的油，供人們食用。有些動(dòng)物也出油，但都沒(méi)有鯨魚(yú)出得多。鱈魚(yú)和比目魚(yú)，這兩種魚(yú)的肝臟出的油營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富。從這兩種魚(yú)得來(lái)的魚(yú)肝油可以給缺少某種維生素的患兒或其他病人服用。 這兩種魚(yú)肝油在任何一家藥房里都可以買(mǎi)到。植物油自古以

11、來(lái)就為人們所熟悉。任何家庭都離不開(kāi)它，因?yàn)樽鲲埖臅r(shí)候就要用它。有些花兒產(chǎn)生的油可以用來(lái)制造香水。植物油和動(dòng)物油還可以用來(lái)制作肥皂。對(duì)一般人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種油或那種油可能都是重要的。但是當(dāng)政治家或工程師談到油的時(shí)候，他所指的幾乎總是礦物油。這種油可以用來(lái)開(kāi)坦克，開(kāi)飛機(jī)，開(kāi)軍艦，開(kāi)汽車，開(kāi)柴油機(jī)車，可以用來(lái)潤(rùn)滑各種機(jī)械。就是這種油改變了普通人的生活。這種油經(jīng)過(guò)提煉變成汽油以后，可以用來(lái)開(kāi)動(dòng)內(nèi)燃機(jī)。就是因?yàn)橛辛诉@種油，我們才有可能飛行。它還改變了陸戰(zhàn)和海戰(zhàn)的方法。這種油來(lái)源于地下。因?yàn)樗子谌紵?，可以用作燃料，而且在這方面比煤還有若干優(yōu)越之處。現(xiàn)在許多大輪船就燒油而不燒煤。因?yàn)樗紵龝r(shí)非常明亮，也可以用來(lái)

12、照明，許多家庭現(xiàn)在仍靠沒(méi)燈照明。因?yàn)樗浅；瑵?rùn)，可以用作潤(rùn)滑劑。兩個(gè)金屬面相擦，就要產(chǎn)生摩擦和熱；但如果在它們之間抹上薄薄的一層油，就可以減少摩擦，降低熱度。任何機(jī)械如果不使用一定的潤(rùn)滑劑，就不能持續(xù)工作。潤(rùn)滑油的濃度必須適當(dāng)，太稀則起不到應(yīng)有的潤(rùn)滑作用，太稠則流不到所有需要潤(rùn)滑的零件。Lesson 23(EC)The Other Road(1)By Rachel CarsonWe stand now where two roads diverge. But unlike the roads in Robert Frosts familiar poem, they are not equall

13、y fair. The road we have long been traveling is deceptively easy, a smooth superhigh-way on which we progress with great speed, but at its end lies disaster. The other fork of the roadthe one “l(fā)ess traveled by”offers our last, our only chance to reach a destination that assures the preservation of o

14、ur earth.The choice, after all, is ours to make. If, having endured much, we have at last asserted our “right to know”, and if, knowing, we have concluded that we are being asked to take senseless and frightening risks, then we should no longer accept the counsel of those who tell us we must fill ou

15、r world with poisonous chemicals; we should look about and see what other course is open to us.A truly extraordinary varity of alternatives to the chemical control of insects is available. Some are already in use and have achieved brilliant success. Others are in the stage of laboratory testing. Sti

16、ll others are little more than ideas in the minds of imaginative scientists, waiting for the opportunity to put them to the test. All have this in common: they are biological solutions, based on under standing of the living organisms they seek to control, and of the whole fabric of life to which the

17、se orgainisms belong. Specialists representing various areas of the vast field of biology are contributingentomologists, pathologists, geneticists, physiologists, biochemists, ecologistsall pouring their knowledge and their creative inspirations into the formation of a new science of biotic controls

18、.“Any science may be likened to a river,” says a Johns Hopkins biologist, Professor Carl P. Swanson. “It has its obscure and unpretentious beginning; its quiet stretches as well as its rapids; its periods of drought as well as of fullness. It gathers momentum with the work of many investinagators an

19、d as it is fed by other streams of thought; it is deepened and broadened by the concepts and generalizaations that are gradually evolved.”So it is with the science of biological control in its modern sense. In america it had its obscure beginnings a century ago with the first attempts to introduce n

20、atural enemies of insects that were proving troublesome to farmers, an effort that sometimes moved slowly or not at all, but now and again gathered speed and momentum under the impetus of an outstanding success. It had its period of drought when workers in applied entomology, dazzled by the spectacu

21、lar new insecticides of the 1970s, turned their backs on all biological methods and set foot on “the treadmill of chemical control.” But the goal of an insect-free world continued to recede. NSome of the most fascinating of the new methods are those that seek to turn the strength of a species agains

22、t itselfto use the drive of an insects life forces to destroy it. The most spectacular of these approaches if the “male sterilization” technique developed by the chief of the United States Departmet of Agricultures Entomology Research Brance, Dr. Edward Knipling, and his associates.(from Rachel Cars

23、on, Silent Spring)參考譯文：新路（摘錄1）雷切爾卡森我們正處于兩條道路分岔的地方。但是并不像我們所熟習(xí)的羅伯特弗羅斯特詩(shī)中所說(shuō)的，這兩條路是同樣的好。我們一直在走的這條跌表面上很好走，是一條平坦的超級(jí)公路，我們可以高速前進(jìn)，但是走到盡頭地要遇到災(zāi)難。另外一條路，是一條“走得不多”的路，它為我們提供最后的出路，也是唯一的出路，以便我們達(dá)到一定的目的，使我們這個(gè)地球確實(shí)得到保護(hù)。走哪一條路，最終還是要由我們來(lái)選擇。如果我們?cè)谌淌芰撕荛L(zhǎng)時(shí)間之后，終于提出了“知情權(quán)”，如果我們知情以后，認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在人們是在要求我們冒無(wú)謂的可怕風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，我們就不應(yīng)該再聽(tīng)從那些人的建議，非得把我們這個(gè)世界弄得到

24、處都是化學(xué)毒物，而應(yīng)該往四下里看一看還有沒(méi)有什么別的路。除了用化學(xué)方法控制昆蟲(chóng)以外，還有其他各種非常奇妙的方法可以利用。這些方法，有的已在使用，而且取得了顯著的效果。有的處于試驗(yàn)階段。有的則不過(guò)是富于想像力的科學(xué)家頭腦里的一些想法，等到有機(jī)會(huì)的時(shí)候才能加以試驗(yàn)。所有這些方法都有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)：他們都是生物的解決辦法，其基礎(chǔ)是人們對(duì)所要控制的生物體的了解，以及對(duì)這些生物體整個(gè)生活狀況的了解。廣博的生物學(xué)各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的學(xué)家，包括昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)家、病理學(xué)家、遺傳學(xué)家、生理學(xué)家、生物人學(xué)家、生態(tài)學(xué)家，都在做出貢獻(xiàn)，他們把自己的知識(shí)和創(chuàng)造性匯聚起來(lái)，形成了一門(mén)新的科學(xué)生物控制學(xué)?；羝战鹚勾髮W(xué)生物學(xué)家卡爾P斯旺森教授說(shuō)：

25、“每一門(mén)科學(xué)都可以比做一條河。其源頭，隱隱約約，并不引人注目；其流勢(shì)，時(shí)而平緩，時(shí)而湍急；其水情，有汛期，也有枯竭期。由于許多人從事研究工作，各種思想像支流一樣注入其中，勢(shì)頭逐漸加強(qiáng)。新的概念和結(jié)論陸續(xù)產(chǎn)生，又使它得以加深和展寬。”現(xiàn)代的生物控制學(xué)就是如此。一百年前，這門(mén)科學(xué)在美國(guó)開(kāi)始創(chuàng)立時(shí)也是隱隱約約的。當(dāng)時(shí)有些昆蟲(chóng)給農(nóng)民找麻煩，有人就試圖以這些昆蟲(chóng)的天敵來(lái)對(duì)付。這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)有時(shí)進(jìn)展緩慢，甚至毫無(wú)進(jìn)展，但有時(shí)一項(xiàng)突出的成就又推動(dòng)它加快速度，使它突飛猛進(jìn)。這門(mén)科學(xué)也有過(guò)枯竭期。在二十世紀(jì)四十年代，從事應(yīng)用昆蟲(chóng)學(xué)的人看到新殺蟲(chóng)劑的顯著效用，不禁為之眼花繚亂，便對(duì)生物方法冷眼相看，重新走上“化學(xué)控制的

26、老路”。然而實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)昆蟲(chóng)的世界這一目標(biāo)卻越來(lái)越渺?！，F(xiàn)在已經(jīng)很明顯，盲目地大量使用化學(xué)殺蟲(chóng)劑，對(duì)我們自己的威脅比對(duì)要控制的對(duì)象的威脅還要大，于是生物控制學(xué)這一條河又流動(dòng)起來(lái)，而且有新的思想支流注入其中。在這些新方法中，有一些最為令人神往，就是設(shè)法利用一種昆蟲(chóng)本身的力量來(lái)對(duì)付這種昆蟲(chóng)即利用昆蟲(chóng)的生命力作為動(dòng)力來(lái)消滅之。這些方法之中，最引人注目的是“雄性不育”術(shù)，這種技術(shù)是由美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部昆蟲(chóng)研究所主任愛(ài)德華尼普林博士和他的同事們發(fā)明的。Lesson 24(CE)海洋可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中國(guó)有12億多人口，陸地自然資源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。根據(jù)中國(guó)有關(guān)方面的統(tǒng)計(jì)：中國(guó)有960萬(wàn)平方公里的陸地國(guó)土，居世界

27、第三位，但人均占有陸地面積僅有0.008平方公里，遠(yuǎn)低于世界人均0.3平方公里的水平；全國(guó)近年來(lái)平均淡水資源總量為28000億立方米，居世界第六位，但人均占有量?jī)H為世界平均水平的四分之一；中國(guó)陸地礦產(chǎn)資源總量豐富，但人均占有量不到世界人均量的一半。中國(guó)作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中的沿海大國(guó)，國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)要持續(xù)發(fā)展，必須把海洋的開(kāi)發(fā)和保護(hù)作為一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期的戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)。中國(guó)擁有大陸岸線18000多公里，以及面積在500平方米以上的海島5000多個(gè)，島嶼岸線14000多公里；按照聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約的規(guī)定，中國(guó)還對(duì)廣闊的大陸架和專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)行使主權(quán)權(quán)利和管轄權(quán)；中國(guó)的海域處在中、低緯度地帶，自然環(huán)境和資源條件比較優(yōu)越。中國(guó)海域海

28、洋生物物種繁多，已鑒定的達(dá)20278種。中國(guó)海域已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)的漁場(chǎng)面積達(dá)81.8萬(wàn)平方海里。中國(guó)有淺海、灘涂總面積久1333萬(wàn)公頃，按現(xiàn)在的科學(xué)水平，可進(jìn)行人工養(yǎng)殖的水面有260萬(wàn)公頃，已經(jīng)開(kāi)發(fā)利用的有93.8萬(wàn)公頃。中國(guó)海域有30多個(gè)沉積盆地，面積近70萬(wàn)平方公里，石油資源量約250億噸，天然氣資源量約8.4萬(wàn)億立方米。中國(guó)沿海共有160多處海灣和幾百公里深水岸線，許多岸段適合建設(shè)港口，發(fā)展海洋運(yùn)輸業(yè)。沿海地區(qū)共有1500多處旅游娛樂(lè)景觀資源，適合發(fā)展海洋旅游業(yè)。中國(guó)海域還有豐富的海水資源和海洋可再生能源。（摘自中國(guó)海洋事業(yè)的發(fā)展第一部分）譯文：Sustainable Marine Develo

29、pmentStrategyChina has a population of more than 1.2 billion, and its land natural resources per capita are lower than the worlds average. Official statistics show that China has a land area of 9.6 million sq km, making it the third-biggest country in the world. However, the land area per capita is

30、only 0.008 sp km, much lower than the worlds average of 0.3 sq km per capita. In recent years Chinas average annual amount of freshwater resources has been 2,800 billion cum, ranking sixth in the world; but the amount of freshwater resources per capita is only one-fourth the world average. China is

31、rich in land mineral resoures, but the amount per capita is less than half the figure per capita worldwide. As a major developing country with a long coastline, China boasts a mainland coastline of more than 18,000 km. There are more than 5,000 islands in Chinas territorial waters, each with an area

32、 of more than 500 sq m, and the islands coastlines total more than 14,000 km. China also exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction over the vast continental shelves and exclusive economic zones(EEZs), as defined by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Located in medium and low latitudes, Chinas sea areas have comparatively advantageous natural environmental and re