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1、高材專業(yè)英語第1頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四主要內(nèi)容及要求主要內(nèi)容:PART A: Unit 1-Unit 10階段復(fù)習(xí)期中考試,閉卷,考核專業(yè)英語詞匯掌握情況PART B (部分), PART C (部分)總復(fù)習(xí)(重點:專業(yè)詞匯,典型句型翻譯,快速閱讀英譯漢)期末:專業(yè)英語翻譯能力考察要求: 考勤 10%,根據(jù)學(xué)校規(guī)定: 曠課3次以上,取消考試資格; 課堂測驗及作業(yè)20%, 期中考試40%, 期末翻譯30%.第2頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Words and ExpressionsClean, 完全的,徹底的;sharply,

2、明顯地,精明地,敏銳地,突然地,急劇地Increasingly, 越來越。,Striking,顯著的, 引人注目的,with respect to 關(guān)于,就。而論Thereafter,此后Distort,畸變,扭變,變形。Consistency, 濃度,密度,稠度,一致性,堅固性。Assume, 呈。形式,面貌Peculiarity, 獨特性,特色,特質(zhì),特殊的東西,怪癖。issue from, 由。產(chǎn)生,由。得出。Adventitious dventiSs,外來的,偶然的,abstract, 分離,轉(zhuǎn)移profound,意義深遠的,深刻的,notably,顯著的,著名的,這個句型很有用 ju

3、st as it is not necessary for to be , it is also not necessary for to be 正如 。不一定是。一樣, 。也不一定是。The moment, 一。就。Unit 1 What are Polymers?第3頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Sodium chloride, 氯化鈉,potassium sulfate, 硫酸鉀;sulfuric acid, 硫酸Settle,使(液體)澄清,沉淀,沉降Precipitate, 使沉淀,使凝結(jié)Precipitant,沉淀劑Stir, 攪拌Saturation

4、, 飽和 Unsaturation, 不飽和Dissolution, n,溶解 Dissolve, vt, 溶解Viscous, a, 粘稠的 Viscosity, 粘度(性)第4頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Polymer,聚合物,高聚物Macromolecule, 大分子,高分子Molecule, 分子 Atom, 原子Molecular Weight, 分子量Monomer, 單體Repeat Unit, 重復(fù)單元 Monomer unit,單體單元Synthetic, 合成的, 如Synthetic RubberSynthesis, n, 合成 Synth

5、eses, vt, 合成第5頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Plastics, 塑料 Rubber, 橡膠 Fiber, 纖維Adhesive, 黏合劑 Paints, 涂料Polybutadiene, 聚丁二烯Polyvinyl alcohol, 聚乙烯醇Polyvinyl chloride, 聚氯乙烯Polyester, 聚酯Polystyrene, 聚苯乙烯Polypropylene, 聚丙烯Polyethylene, 聚乙烯Polyamide, 聚酰胺Thermoplastics, 熱塑性塑料Thermosetting resin, 熱固性樹脂Elastom

6、ers, 彈性體Thermoelastomers, 熱塑性彈性體第6頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Segment, 鏈段Backbone, 主鏈,骨架(脊骨,脊柱)/skeleton, 骨骼,骨架(建筑),骷髏Skeleton atom (structure),骨架原子(結(jié)構(gòu))substituent, substituted group,取代基side(pendant,lateral)group,側(cè)基/end group,端基Side chain, 側(cè)鏈,支鏈Side reaction, 副反應(yīng)Linear polymers, 線型高分子/Nonlinear po

7、lymers,非線型高分子Branched polymers,支化高分子Crosslinked polymers,交聯(lián)高分子Stars and dendrimers,星型高分子及樹枝狀高分子Ladder polymers,梯型高分子Cyclolinear polymers,線型環(huán)聚合物/Cyclomatrix polymer,體型聚合物第7頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Homopolymers and copolymers, 均聚物和共聚物Block copolymers,嵌段共聚物Random copolymers,無規(guī)共聚物Alternating copoly

8、mers,交替共聚物Terpolymers,三元共聚物Graft copolymers,接枝共聚物Telechelic polymers,遠鰲聚合物,遙爪聚合物Mono-telechelic polymer,單遙爪聚合物Di-telechelic polymer,雙遙爪聚合物Amorphous polymers,無定形高分子/Crystalline polymers,結(jié)晶高分子第8頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四New Materials Plastics第9頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四課堂作業(yè): Branched polymers(

9、學(xué)號尾數(shù)單)A branched polymer can be visualized(設(shè)想,想象) as a liner polymer with branches of the same basic structure as the main chain. Branched polymer are often soluble in the same solvents as the corresponding linear polymer. (學(xué)號尾數(shù)雙) In fact, they resemble(像,類似) linear polymers in many of their propert

10、ies. However, they can sometimes be distinguished from linear polymers by their lower tendency to crystallize or by their different solution viscosity or light-scattering behavior. Heavily branched polymers may swell in certain liquids without dissolving completely.第10頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四U

11、nit 1 Exercises1 translate the following into ChineseNot all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit. At the other extreme, protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acid repeated unit are bonded together. Although we might still call n the degree of polym

12、erization in this case, it is less useful, since an amino acid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. In this case the molecular weight itself, rather than the degree of polymerization, is generally used to describe molecule. When the actual content of individual

13、amino acids is known, it is their sequence that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由單一種類的重復(fù)單元鍵接構(gòu)成。另一個極端情況是, 蛋白子分子是n個氨基酸重復(fù)單元鍵和在一起的聚酰胺。雖然在這種情況下,我們?nèi)钥煞Qn為聚合度,但已沒什么意義,因為一個氨基酸可以是蛋白質(zhì)中20多種分子中的任何一個。在這種情況下,通常用來描述分子的是分子量本身,而不是聚合度。當(dāng)各種氨基酸的實際含量已知,對生物化學(xué)家和生物學(xué)家來說尤其感興趣的是他們的序列。第11

14、頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四2 give a definition for each following wordMolecule monomer polymer分子 The smallest particle into which an element or a compound can be divided without changing its chemical and physical properties; a group of like or different atoms held together by chemical forces單體 A

15、molecule that can combine with others to form a polymer聚合物 Any of numerous natural and synthetic compounds of usually high molecular weight consisting of up to millions of repeated linked units, each a relatively light and simple molecule.3 put the following words into ChineseStructure data equation

16、 pressure liquid laboratory solid molecule temperature measurement compound electrical 結(jié)構(gòu) 數(shù)據(jù) 方程 壓力 液體 實驗室 固體 分子 溫度 測量法 化合物 電的4 put the following words into English科學(xué) 技術(shù) 化學(xué) 物理 氣體 原子 性質(zhì) 試驗 增加 減少 混合物Science, technology, chemistry, physics, gas, atom, property, experiment ,increase, decrease, mixture 第1

17、2頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四高分子材料專業(yè)英語2材料科學(xué)與工程系崔秀國第13頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Unit 2 Chain PolymerizationWords and ExpressionsOlefin, 烯烴;olefinic, 烯烴的,unsaturated, 不飽和的Eliminate, 消除,打開,除去,淘汰;elimination, 淘汰,打開,除去,名詞;Double bond, 雙鍵 initialiniSl, 形容詞,最初的,開始的。名詞:首字母,特大的大寫字母。Initiator, 引發(fā)劑。Radic

18、al, 自由基; ion, 離子, ionic, 離子的,ionic polymer, 離子聚合物, ionomer,離聚體,Active state, 活性中心第14頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Transfer from to 從。轉(zhuǎn)移到。Chain reaction, 連鎖反應(yīng)Oneafter the other 一個接一個。Terminate, 終止 Lie in 處于,落在,在于Interpret,解釋,把。理解為, 把??醋?。 Chlorine-hydrogen, 氯氣-氫氣反應(yīng);Decomposition of phosgene,光氣(碳酰氯)的分

19、第15頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四The initiation reaction,引發(fā)反應(yīng),初始反應(yīng),Activation, 活化(作用),活化過程Bring about,引起,產(chǎn)生,導(dǎo)致Irradiation,輻射,照射。ultrasonics, 超聲波Imply, 暗指,含有。的意思 regard, 把??醋鳌rom a superficial point of view, 從表面上看Even though=even if ,即使,縱然In the strictest sense, 嚴格地講 In addition to 除了。之外,在。起重要作用 第16

20、頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四PolymerizationCondensation (step reactions),縮合聚合(逐步反應(yīng))Addition reactions,加成反應(yīng)(加成聚合)Chain polymerization, 鏈?zhǔn)骄酆戏磻?yīng)Ring-opening polymerizations,開環(huán)聚合Free-radical polymerization, 自由基聚合Ionic polymerization, 離子型聚合Emulsion polymerization, 乳液聚合Microemulsion polymerization,微乳液聚合Su

21、spension polymerization, 懸浮聚合Solution polymerization,溶液聚合Precipitation polymerization, 沉淀聚合Seed polymerization,種子聚合第17頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四課后作業(yè):Page10,EXERCISES全文翻譯READING MATERIALS第18頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四高分子材料與工程專業(yè)英語3材料科學(xué)與工程系崔秀國第19頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四自由基聚合相關(guān)的詞匯歸納 Radical

22、 chain polymerizationRadical,自由基/Initiator,引發(fā)劑/ Unsaturated monomer, 不飽和單體Organic peroxide, 有機過氧化物/hydroperoxide, 過氧化氫Redox agent, 氧化還原試劑Azo compounds,偶氮化合物Organometallic reagents,有機金屬Irradiation,光輻射,紫外光照射High energy radiation, 高能輻射Homolytic dissociation, 均裂Chain initiation, 鏈引發(fā)反應(yīng)/chain propagation,

23、鏈增長反應(yīng)Steady-state assumption,穩(wěn)態(tài)假設(shè)Rate of polymerization,聚合速率Chaintransfer,鏈轉(zhuǎn)移/chain termination ,鏈終止反應(yīng)Combination, 偶合(終止),結(jié)合Disproportionation,歧化(終止)第20頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四英文數(shù)學(xué)公式的讀法第21頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四第22頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四第23頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四第24頁,共129頁

24、,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四第25頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四第26頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四UNIT 3 Step-Growth Polymerization 縮合聚合詞匯歸納: CondensationDimmer, 二聚體,trimer,三聚體,tetramer,四聚體,pentamer,五聚體,Hexamer,六聚體。Heptamer, 七聚體,Oligomer,低聚物,低聚體 Ester,酯/esterification,酯化反應(yīng)/polyester, 聚酯Amide,酰胺/ amidation, 酰

25、胺化(作用)/polyamide, 聚酰胺Polyurethane, 聚氨酯, 彈性體isocyanate,異氰酸酯。iso-,異,等位,如,isoelectric point,等電離點。Isobutylene,異丁烯。Cyanate, 氰酸鹽,氰酸酯。Cyanide, 氰化物,如potassium cyanate, 氰化鉀。Monofunctional, 單官能度的/difunctional,兩官能團的Polyfunctional, 多官能團的,多官能度的Hydroxyl group, 羥基/Carboxyl group,羧基Diamine,二元胺/ diol,二元醇/ triol, 三元醇

26、/ polyol,多元醇dibasic,二元的/ diacid, 二元酸/ amino acid,氨基酸stoichiometric balance,化學(xué)計量平衡/conversion,轉(zhuǎn)化率/yield,產(chǎn)率The average degree polymerization, 平均聚合度第27頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Words and Expressions Synthesize, v, 合成,synthesis, n, 合成Step-growth polymerization, 逐步聚合反應(yīng)Ester, n, 酯,esterification, 酯化反應(yīng)

27、, polyester, 聚酯。amide, n, 酰胺,amidation, 酰胺化反應(yīng),polyamide, 聚酰胺,尼龍Urethane, =ethyl carbamate, 尿烷,氨基甲酸乙酯,NH2CO2C2H5Polyurethane, 聚氨酯, 彈性體。Aromatic, 芳香族的,aromatics,芳香族化合物,香料,芳香劑。aroma, 香味,aromatic acid, 芳香酸Substitution取代,取代反應(yīng)。Substitute,v,取代Hydroxyl,羥基,hydro-,氫化的,氫的,水的;-oxyl,氧基,如methoxyl,甲氧基。carboxyl, 羧基

28、,carbo-,碳,羰isocyanate,異氰酸酯。iso-,異,等位,如,isoelectric point,等電離點。Isobutylene,異丁烯。Cyanate, 氰酸鹽,氰酸酯。Cyanide, 氰化物,如potassium cyanate, 氰化鉀。第28頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Fall into, 歸入,可分為。,Depending on, 根據(jù)。Poly-多,polyfunctional,多官能團的,多官能度的,In a general manner, 一般來說Whether.or., 無論是。還是。,或者。或者。,不是。就是。Matrix

29、, 子宮,矩陣,模型,發(fā)源地,基質(zhì),母質(zhì)Collide, 猛撞,沖突,抵觸By(后in)virtue of。依靠,借助于。net, 基本的,最后的Be identical in to, 在。方面和。是相同的。Identicalaidentikl, a, 同一的,完全相同的,相等的,有同一原因(來源)的,Identical twins, 同卵雙胞胎,identical equation, 恒等式Render, 使得。,使變?yōu)椤nactive, 失活Upset, 打亂,攪亂第29頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四課堂作業(yè) Branched polymersA branc

30、hed polymer can be visualized(設(shè)想,想象) as a liner polymer with branches of the same basic structure as the main chain. Branched polymer are often soluble in the same solvents as the corresponding linear polymer.(學(xué)號尾數(shù)為奇數(shù)的同學(xué)) In fact, they resemble(像,類似) linear polymers in many of their properties. Howe

31、ver, they can sometimes be distinguished from linear polymers by their lower tendency to crystallize or by their different solution viscosity or light-scattering behavior. Heavily branched polymers may swell in certain liquids without dissolving completely. (學(xué)號尾數(shù)為偶數(shù)的同學(xué))第30頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,

32、星期四高分子材料與工程專業(yè)英語-4材料科學(xué)與工程系崔秀國第31頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Unit 4 Ionic PolymerizationIon,離子/ionic,離子的/nonionic, 非離子的cation,正(陽)離子/cationic,正(陽)離子的Anion,負(陰)離子/anionic,負(陰)離子的Positive, 正的,陽(性)的/Neutral,中性的/negative,負的,(陰)性的Reactivity ratio,競聚率Tetrahydrofuran, 四氫呋喃Alkali metal,堿金屬/Phenyl sodium,苯基鈉

33、Isobutylene,異丁烯/isoprene,異戊二烯Allyl,烯丙基Stereoregular,立構(gòu)規(guī)整性的Intermediate,中間產(chǎn)物,中間體Electrophilic substitution,親電取代/nucleophilic substitution,親核取代Proton,質(zhì)子/protic acid,質(zhì)子酸Aliphatic compound,脂肪族化合物/Aromatic compound,芳香組化合物Coordinative polymerization, 配位(離子)聚合第32頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Unit 4 Ionic P

34、olymerizationCompulsory, a, 強迫的,強制的,義務(wù)的,必修的Give rise to引起,導(dǎo)致,產(chǎn)生,使。發(fā)生。So call.所謂In the presence of。在。存在的情況下,Trace,微量,痕量Describeas 把。說成。Prominence, 杰出,聲望,卓越,突出,顯著。Modification,改性第33頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of PolymersPrime, 最初的,基本的,首要的,首位的,最好的,第一流的Be

35、associated with,與。有關(guān)Uniquely, 唯一地,獨一無二地,獨特地,無可匹敵地Consequence, n,結(jié)果,后果,重要性,重大,推斷,舉足輕重Level off達到平衡,變平緩,趨緩In most instances, 在大多數(shù)情況下Optimum,optima的復(fù)數(shù),最適條件,最適度,最適合的Be essential for,對。是必需的第34頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of PolymersSpeak of,談到。Differ from,與。

36、不同,或不一致。Polydisperse, 多分散性的Heterogeneous,不均勻的,非均相的,F(xiàn)ree from,沒有。,無。Contaminant,污物Impurity, 雜質(zhì)In the usually accepted sense,在能被人們廣泛接受的意義上Lie in,在于。Statistical, 統(tǒng)計的Variation ,n,變化,改變In order to, 為了。第35頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of PolymersColligative pr

37、operty, 依數(shù)性;Light scattering, 光散射/Viscosity,粘度法/Ultracentrifugation, 超速離心分離Sedimentation,沉降法biase ,斜線,傾向性,偏向。Be biased toward,有。偏向,偏于。A variety of,各種各樣的Fractionation,分級Solubility, 溶解性/Permeability, 滲透性第36頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of PolymersReading M

38、aterialsDistillation, 蒸餾Extract, v,萃取,extraction, 萃取Secondary valence force, 次(化合)價力Hold to 堅持,緊握Precipitate,沉淀Come out,長出,(花)開,由。產(chǎn)生,由。出來,結(jié)果是,顯現(xiàn),(污點)被去掉,(顏色)被褪去,(題目)被解出,(商品)被展出,被供應(yīng),(總數(shù))計,總計Swell,溶脹,gel,凝膠,溶膠,sol,溶膠-凝膠法,sol-gelToluence,甲苯Methanol,甲醇第37頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Unit 5. Reading Mat

39、erialsMiscible, 可混溶的,miscibility,相溶性(分子層面上的混溶)compatible,相容的, Compatibility,相容性(相層面上的混溶)Hydrolytic, 水解的,Degradation, 降解反應(yīng)。Polysaccharide, 多糖,聚糖Uniform, (尺寸、大小,形狀等)均一的distribution,分布Emulsify, 乳化, Protective colloid, 保護膠體。 第38頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Unit 5. Reading MaterialsDispersion, 分散相,分散體系E

40、mulsion polymerization, 乳液聚合Coagulate, 凝結(jié)Electrolyte, 電解質(zhì)Mill, 研磨機。 Spray, 噴霧Cellulose, 纖維素/Lignin,木質(zhì)素/Pectin,果膠/Flax,亞麻纖維Isolate, 隔離,析出,絕緣Propopectin, 原果膠/Protocellulose,原纖維素Bring about, 帶來,造成Pulp,漿狀物,wood pulp,木漿Sulfite,亞硫酸鹽第39頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Unit 5. Reading MaterialsResidue, 殘余物Stir

41、, 移動,搖動,攪拌,激動Vessel, 容器Granule, 顆粒,細粒Renew, 修復(fù),重復(fù),更新Zone,區(qū),帶,層Dialysis,滲析Registration,(儀器)記錄,讀數(shù)Together with, 和,加之,連同第40頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四課后作業(yè),下周一交P24, 2, 3.P31, Reading Materials,全文翻譯.第41頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四The molecular weight of a polymer is of prime importance in its synthe

42、sis and application. Prime, 最初的,基本的,首要的,首位的,最好的,第一流的Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers對聚合物的合成和應(yīng)用而言,聚合物的分子量是最重要的。The interesting and useful mechanical properties which are uniquely associated with polymeric materials are a consequence of their high molecular weight. 令人感興趣的和具有使用

43、價值的力學(xué)性能與高分子材料存在的唯一的相關(guān)性,而這些性能是聚合物的高分子量帶來的。聚合物材料的高分子量帶來了令人感興趣的和具有利用價值的力學(xué)性能。第42頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Most important mechanical properties depend on and vary considerably with molecular weight.Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers最重要的力學(xué)性能取決于分子量,而且隨著分子量變化而發(fā)生很大的變化。 Thus strengt

44、h of polymers does not begin to develop until a minimum molecular weight of about 5000-10000 is achieved. 因此,直到最小的分子量增大到5000到10000以后,聚合物的強度才開始顯現(xiàn)出來。第43頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Above that size, there is a rapid increase in the mechanical performance of polymers as their molecular weight increases

45、; the effect levels off at still higher molecular weights. Level off達到平衡,變平緩,趨緩Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers分子量大于這個值的時候,隨著分子量的增加,聚合物的機械性能快速增加;達到更高的分子量的時候,這種效應(yīng)才變平緩。 In most instances, there is some molecular weight range in which a given polymer property will be optimum fo

46、r a particular application. In most instances, 在大多數(shù)情況下Optimum,optima的復(fù)數(shù),最適條件,最適度,最適合的在大多數(shù)情況下,對于某種特定的應(yīng)用來說,某種聚合物存在著某一個分子量范圍。第44頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四The control of molecular weight is essential for the practical application of a polymerization process.Be essential for,對。是必需的Unit 5 Molecular We

47、ight and its Distributions of Polymers聚合物分子量的控制對聚合過程的實際應(yīng)用而言是必需的。對實際的聚合過程而言,必須控制聚合物的分子量。When one speaks of the molecular weight of a polymer, one means something quite different from that which applies to small-sized compounds. Speak of,談到。當(dāng)人們談到聚合物分子量的時候,就意味著與小分子化合物完全不同的概念。 第45頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點

48、54分,星期四Polymers differ from the small-sized compounds in that they are polydisperse or heterogeneous in molecular weight. Differ from,與。不同,或不一致。Polydisperse, 多分散性的Heterogeneous,不均勻的,非均相的,Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers聚合物與小分子量化合物的不同在于聚合物的分子量是多分散性的或不均勻的。Even if a polymer is

49、synthesized free from contaminants and impurities, it is still not a pure substance in the usually accepted sense. Free from,沒有。,無。Contaminant,污物Impurity, 雜質(zhì)In the usually accepted sense,在能被人們廣泛接受的意義上 即使聚合物在沒有污物和雜質(zhì)的情況下被合成,在人們廣泛接受的意義上,它仍然不是純物質(zhì)。第46頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Polymers, in their pures

50、t form, are mixture of molecules of different molecular weights. Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers最純凈的聚合物是具有不同分子量的分子的混合物。The reason for the polydispersity of polymers lies in the statistical variations present in the polymerization processes. Lie in,在于。Statistical, 統(tǒng)計的Variati

51、on vrieiSn,n,變化,改變聚合物多分散性在于聚合過程中展現(xiàn)的統(tǒng)計變化。When one discusses the molecular weight of a polymer, one is actually involved with its average molecular weight.當(dāng)我們討論聚合物的分子量,準(zhǔn)確的含義是平均分子量。 第47頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Both the average molecular weight and the exact distribution of different molecular weig

52、hts within a polymer are required in order to fully characterize it. In order to, 為了。Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers為了充分地表征聚合物,不僅要求平均分子量,而且也要求聚合物內(nèi)不同分子量的確切的分布情況。The control of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution (MWD) is often used to obtain and improve certai

53、n desired physical properties in a polymer product.為了獲得和改善聚合物產(chǎn)品的某些理想的物理性質(zhì),我們經(jīng)常需要控制分子量和分子量分布。第48頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Various methods are available for the experimental measurement of the average molecular weight of a polymer sample. Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers在聚

54、合物樣品平均分子量的實驗測試中有許多方法可以利用。These include methods based on colligative properties, light scattering, viscosity, ultracentrifugation, and sedimentation. Colligative property, 依數(shù)性;Light scattering, 光散射Viscosity,粘度法Ultracentrifugation, 超速離心分離Sedimentation,沉降法這些方法基于依數(shù)性,光散射,粘度法,超速離心分離,沉降法。第49頁,共129頁,2022年,5

55、月20日,20點54分,星期四The various methods do not yield the same average molecular weight. Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers不同的方法得到不同的平均分子量。Different average molecular weights are obtained because the properties being measured are biased differently toward the different sized polymer

56、 molecules in a polymer sample. biase bais,斜線,傾向性,偏向Be biased toward。,有。偏向,偏于。得到不同的平均分子量,是因為所測得的性質(zhì)對樣品中不同尺寸的聚合物分子有不同的偏差(傾向性)。第50頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四Some methods are biased toward the larger sized polymer molecules, while other methods are biased toward the smaller sized molecules.Unit 5 Mol

57、ecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers一些方法對較大尺寸的聚合物分子有偏差(傾向性),而另外一些方法則對較小尺寸的聚合物分子有偏差(傾向性)。The result is that the average molecular weights obtained are correspondingly biased toward the larger or smaller sized molecules. 所獲得的平均分子量分別對較大的或較小的分子有(偏差)傾向性。第51頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四The mos

58、t important average molecular weights which are determined are the number-average molecular weight Mn, the weight-average molecular weight Mw and the viscosity-average molecular weight Mv.。被測定的最重要平均分子量有數(shù)均分子量Mn, 重均分子量Mw,和粘均分子量Mv.Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of PolymersIn addition to

59、the different average molecular weights of a polymer sample, it is frequently desirable and necessary to know the exact distribution of molecular weights. 另外,聚合物樣品的不同的平均分子量經(jīng)常需要知道確切的分子量分布。第52頁,共129頁,2022年,5月20日,20點54分,星期四A variety of different fractionation methods are used to determine the molecular

60、 weight distribution of a polymer sample. A variety of,各種各樣的FractionationfrkSneiSn,分級Unit 5 Molecular Weight and its Distributions of Polymers各種各樣的不同的分級方法被用來確定聚合物樣品的分子量分布。These are based on fractionation of a polymer sample using properties, such as solubility and permeability, which vary with molec

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