TOEFLWRITING托福寫作專題培訓(xùn)課件

1、TOEFL WRITING 托福寫作TOEFL Writing 簡介新托福寫作分為兩部分：1.綜合寫作 （Integrated writing )2.獨立寫作 (Independent writing).綜合寫作簡介綜合寫作考試流程由4個步驟組成：1min+3min+2min+20min首先考生花1分鐘的時間去聽Directions,介紹考試流程以及注意事項。然后進(jìn)入正式考試部分，用3分鐘時間先讀一篇通常來說250300詞的學(xué)術(shù)文章，3分鐘后閱讀文章消失，進(jìn)入聽力部分，2分鐘時間聽一篇與閱讀文章有關(guān)系并且長度相當(dāng)?shù)穆犃Σ牧稀ｋS后進(jìn)入寫作界面，考生有20分鐘的時間就所讀、所聽的內(nèi)容寫一篇1502

2、25詞的文章，文章中不需要發(fā)表自己的個人見解。寫作時，閱讀材料會再次出現(xiàn)在界面左側(cè)。其實綜合寫作最關(guān)鍵的就是聽力。聽力考試貫穿整個托?？荚?，一定要重視聽力訓(xùn)練。directionsreadinglisteningwriting時間詞數(shù)1 min3 min2 min20 min/250-300200-300150-225涉及話題Zoology/Botany/Economy/Education考察：總結(jié)歸納的能力 summarizing聽力速記能力 fast noting還原能力 reverting改寫能力 rephrasing獨立寫作簡介獨立寫作是基于知識與經(jīng)驗的寫作。它要求考生根據(jù)自己的知識和

3、經(jīng)驗就某一個問題發(fā)表看法，并且用充實的道理論據(jù)以及細(xì)節(jié)論據(jù)去支持自己的觀點。 獨立寫作簡介 2. 題目涉及話題：教育成長(學(xué)科選擇，教師素質(zhì)，教育模式)決策工作（問題解決，薪酬)個人成功（成功方式，能力)兒童問題媒體傳播休閑娛樂環(huán)境保護(hù)朋友關(guān)系科技進(jìn)步政府政策1. 時間：30min 詞數(shù)：不少于300詞 建議：450+考 察素材收集能力collecting思維結(jié)構(gòu)化能力structuring語言組織能力organizing all for effective communication寫作分?jǐn)?shù)換算方式Writing Rubric MeanScaled Score5.00304.75294.50

4、284.25274.00253.75243.50223.25213.00202.75182.50172.25152.00141.75121.50111.2510每篇文章由兩位評分人員根據(jù)統(tǒng)一的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在05分的范圍內(nèi)評分（只給整數(shù)分?jǐn)?shù)）而得平均值。關(guān)于獨立寫作的 Q and A 好寫 vs.想寫？時間有限，一定寫好寫的觀點要新穎深刻么?托福更關(guān)注語言水平論點鮮明、論據(jù)充分、層層展開、結(jié)構(gòu)清晰3) 字?jǐn)?shù)越多越好?盡量多寫往細(xì)節(jié)寫，把道理講透。切忌亂寫堆砌，偏題。4) 要不要寫題目?不5) 需要背景知識？常識性了解,托福作文不會考查很偏的題目。不會考查某一種族、地獄、宗教、文化、年齡段有人知限制

5、的題目。6）我們的觀點要不要得到考官青睞？不需要！ETS的閱卷老師經(jīng)過訓(xùn)練，要求必須能接受所有觀點，只要言之有理。7）要不要模板?形成自己的套路。準(zhǔn)備基本必要的例證，針對話題對例證進(jìn)行修改。 IBT獨立寫作評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1. 5分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):Effectively addresses the topic and task Is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details Displays unity, progression, and

6、coherence Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.5分的文章能夠有效地完成任務(wù)，文章的組織清晰，有恰當(dāng)?shù)慕忉?，舉例和細(xì)節(jié)；文章內(nèi)容連貫，統(tǒng)一；語言運用熟練，詞匯豐富，用詞得當(dāng)，盡管可能出現(xiàn)稍許詞匯和語法錯誤。2、4分標(biāo)準(zhǔn): 4分的文章能夠較好地完成任務(wù)，但是有些

7、觀點闡述地不夠詳細(xì)；總體上組織論證不錯，使用恰當(dāng)?shù)慕忉?，舉例和細(xì)節(jié)；文章整體內(nèi)容連貫統(tǒng)一,但是可能含有冗余，離題和不清晰的連接; 語言使用較熟練，有較為豐富的詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu)，但是也可能有較為明顯的小錯誤，但不影響總體理解。3、3分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):3分的文章做了任務(wù)，用了一些解釋，舉例和細(xì)節(jié)；能看出文章的連貫和統(tǒng)一，但分論點的銜接可能不清晰；語言運用稍有欠缺，可能在遣詞造句上出現(xiàn)錯誤造成語義晦澀；有準(zhǔn)確的語言和語法結(jié)構(gòu)，但是多樣性比較單一。2分的文章只完成了部分任務(wù)，文章組織論證不夠充分；解釋，舉例或者細(xì)節(jié)不太得當(dāng)或者不充分；出現(xiàn)明顯的用詞不當(dāng)；語法結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤較多。1分的文章組織非常混亂；基本沒有細(xì)節(jié)，或者

8、出現(xiàn)不相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)；嚴(yán)重和頻繁的用詞和語法錯誤。0分的文章僅僅從題目中抄了一些文字，或者完全離題，用非英語語言來寫作或者空白卷。三大紀(jì)律一.先模仿，后創(chuàng)新。e.g. 1.走自己的路，讓別人說去吧。 改為： 走別人的路，讓別人無路可走。e.g. 2. 有其父，必有其子。改為：有其師，必有其徒。模仿作用：精確性、可讀性。e.g.1. Do you speak English? Do you speak Mandarin?e.g. 2. Prices have risen sharply in the last decade. There has been a significant increase

9、in the number of young people who smoke .在過去十年中，出國留學(xué)的人數(shù)大幅增加了。In the last decade，there has been a significant increase in the number of people who study abroad .notes:高端詞：significant / considerable / substantial increase : n. / decrease 定從 in the last decade(s) significant / gradual / slight number /

10、 amount (修飾不可數(shù)n）Try :在過去的二十年中，花在食物上的錢逐漸減少了。In the last two decades ,there has been a gradual decrease in the amount of money that is spent on food.e.g. Where there is a will ,there is a way.有壓迫的地方就有反抗。Where there is oppression ,there is rebellion.有女人的地方就有商機。Where there are women ,there are business

11、opportunities.有政府的地方就有貪污。Where there is a government ,there is corruption.二.抽象概念具體化，具體概念分類化。e.g. 大城市的人是否應(yīng)該養(yǎng)寵物？寵物=危險的+不危險的人=老人+年輕人+兒童三、拼寫要準(zhǔn)，打字要快。最容易拼錯的10 詞：1.風(fēng)景2.真實地3.現(xiàn)象4.一致同意（n)5.知識淵博的6.哲學(xué)家7.有益的8.方便9.明確的10.有爭議的scenerytrulyphenomenonconsensus / unanimous agreementknowledgeablephilosopherbeneficialcon

12、veniencedefinite controversial注：1.任何標(biāo)點符號的后面空一格 英語中省略號是三點，沒有書名號和頓號，一般通過斜體或引號來表示。 2.段落格式使用縮進(jìn)式或者齊頭式 縮進(jìn)式指每一段的第一行向右縮進(jìn)四個字符，其余行頂格寫。 齊頭式指每一段的每一行都頂格寫，但段與段之間空一行。（推薦）托福寫作的格式縮進(jìn)式每一段的第一行向右縮進(jìn)四個字符，其余行頂格寫托福寫作的格式 齊頭式-（推薦）每一段的每一行都頂格寫，但段與段之間空一行八項注意緊扣主題，層次清晰 。解釋充分，突出舉例。表達(dá)多樣，詞匯升級。銜接緊密，難易更替。表達(dá)多樣，詞匯升級。異己：核心詞/ 短語 在一篇文章中盡量不要

13、重復(fù)使用。異人：大多數(shù)考生濫用了的表達(dá)也盡量不要使用。升級：高大上升級：高大上1.一對一important significant / crucial / critical / essential / indispensablee.g. Mobile phones have become an indispensable part of our lives.famous renowned / noted / celebrated.e.g.He was soon one of the most celebrated young painter in England.clever intellig

14、ent / brilliant /ingenious(不僅聰明，還具有原創(chuàng)性）e.g. Johnny is so ingenious -he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the most ordinary materials.use utilize / employe.g. Sophisticated statistical analysis was employed to obtain these results. This room is mainly utilized for training purposes.relaxat

15、ion recreationabout concerning2.一對多同根同形need be in need ofwant be in want ofvisit pay a visit to 同根異形solve find a solution to . (補充：pay attention to .the reason for.) imrove there is an improvement in .異根obey comply with / conform to / abide by explain account fore.g. Recent pressure at work may acco

16、unt for his behavior.before prior to e.g. All the arrangements should be completed prior to your departure.many a substantial number of most a large majority of should be supposed to / be expected to think take the view that /hold the opinion that / have a notion thatalthough despite the fact thatca

17、use lead to / give rise to / be responsible for3.多對多better than superior to worse than inferior to because of on account of / owing to /due to 4.多對一on time punctualagain and again repeatedlyextremely tired exhaustedout of date obsoletestart againresumecarry outimplementmake .easierfacilitatee.g. Com

18、puters can be used to make language learning easier.Computers can be used to facilitate language learning.表達(dá)多樣，詞匯升級。1.一對一2.一對多3.多對多4.多對一其他變換 （主/被動轉(zhuǎn)換）句子訓(xùn)練方法有三種句子訓(xùn)練方法(一)句子是寫作的基礎(chǔ)，用多種方法表達(dá)同一句意.e.g. A 對 B很重要.1）A is important /essential significant crucial critical vital indispensable to B. 2）A plays an im

19、portant /significant/pivotal/essential rolepart in B.e.g. 智能軟件在多媒體教學(xué)中發(fā)揮著重要作用。Intelligent software plays a pivotal role in multimedia teaching. 3）A is of （great amazing enormous considerable remarkable) importance significance to B.e.g. 說真話對一個人的心理健康有好處。To tell the truth is of remarkable importance to

20、 ones psychological health. 4）B cannot live develop grow survive without A.e.g.時常聯(lián)系才能使友誼更長久。Friendship cannot develop without contacting each other on a regular basis. 5）A means a lot a great dealmuch to B.練習(xí)：跨文化交際能力在我們這個多元化社會中對我們的成功非常重要。(至少2種表達(dá)） （注：跨文化交際能力 cross cultural social skill 在多元化社會中 in the

21、 plural society 事業(yè)成功 career success） 1. Ones career success can not be achieved without the excellent cross cultural social skill in the plural society.2. The excellent cross cultural social skill is important to ones career success in this plural society.3. The social skill plays an important role

22、in ones career success.6）The importance of A to B can never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted.注：exaggerate 夸大，夸張e.g.父母對我們的影響非常非常大.The influence of our parents on our growth can never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted.建工廠會有噪音，很煩The noise of the construction of the factory near my community ca

23、n never be ignored.The harm of the noise produced by the factory can never be doubted. 練習(xí)：教育對一個國家的發(fā)展來說是非常重要的 (至少2種表達(dá)）1. A nation can not develop without education.2. Education means a lot a great deal much to the development of a nation.3. The importance of education to the development of a nation c

24、an never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted. 練習(xí)：如果大學(xué)生在校外住將會有利于他鍛煉獨立自主能力 引申：在校外住對鍛煉獨立自主能力是很重要的(至少2種表達(dá)）1. The personality of independence can not be developed without experience of living outside the campus.2. Living outside the campus means a lot to the development of the personality of independen

25、ce. 練習(xí)：身體是革命的本錢 引申：身體是事業(yè)成功的保障 Health is important to ones career success. ( 注：身體通常指英文中的health)e.g.早睡早起身體好 You have excellent health. 保重身體 take good care of your health7）A is everything the whole world to B.8）A is fundamental basic elementary rudimentary underlying to B.e.g. 對于大部分商人來說，豐厚的利潤是公司生存的全部。A

26、s for many merchants, handsome profits are everything to the survival of their companies. 9) A matters counts to B. e.g. 電視購物節(jié)目對于推廣產(chǎn)品來說至關(guān)重要。The programs of TV shopping count to the popularization of products. 10) Nothing is more important to B than A.練習(xí)：1.建工廠好處很多。Nothing brings more advantages than

27、the building of a factory near our community. 2.旅游可以豐富人生閱歷。引申：沒什么比旅游能更好地用來豐富人生閱歷的了。Nothing is more important to enriching ones experience than traveling.11) Nothing is the match of A to B.再也沒有什么比眺望遠(yuǎn)處和緩解視覺疲勞更好的完美組合了。Nothing is the match of looking into the distance to relieving visual fatigue.練習(xí)：保護(hù)瀕危

28、動物對維護(hù)生態(tài)平衡很重要 (寫出3種不同的句型） The protection of the endangered animals is essential significant crucial critical vital indispensable to the maintenance of the ecological balance. The protection of the endangered animals is everything the whole world to the maintenance of the ecological balance. The prote

29、ction of the endangered animals matters counts to the maintenance of the ecological balance. Nothing is more important to the maintenance of the ecological balance than the protection of the endangered animals. Nothing is the match of the protection of the endangered animals to the maintenance of the ecological balance.12) A is to B what the foundation is to a skyscraper water is to fish the heart is to a human.e.g. 詞匯和發(fā)音是語言的基石。Vocabulary and pronunciation are to a language what the f