科技英語閱讀課后練習題答案

1、科技英語閱讀（ESTReading）課后習題答案(2011-12-13 18:37:16) HYPERLINK javascript:; 轉載標簽： HYPERLINK /?c=blog&q=%D4%D3%CC%B8&by=tag t _blank 雜談分類： HYPERLINK /s/articlelist_1823639582_5_1.html t _blank 英語天堂 Unit 1 MathematicsPart I EST Reading1. Who is Bertrand Russell?Bertrand Arthur William Russell (b.1872 d.1970)

2、 was a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy. His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism (the view that mathematics is in some important sense reducible to logic), his refining of the pr

3、edicate calculus introduced by HYPERLINK /entries/frege/ Gottlob Frege (which still forms the basis of most contemporary logic), his defense of HYPERLINK /entries/neutral-monism/ neutral monism (the view that the world consists of just one type of substance that is neither exclusively mental nor exc

4、lusively physical), and his theories of HYPERLINK /entries/descriptions/ definite descriptions and HYPERLINK /entries/logical-atomism/ logical atomism. Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of modern analytic philosophy, and is regularly credited with being one of the most important

5、 logicians of the twentieth century.2. What is Russells Paradox?Russell discovered the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics (1903). The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. Such a set, if it exists, w

6、ill be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself. The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction. Russells discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathemati

7、cs.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Para. 1): Brief introduction to Russells paradoxPart 2 (Paras. 2-5): The effect of Russells paradox on Gottlob Freges system.Para. 2: Russells paradox dealt a heavy bl

8、ow to Freges attempts to develop a foundation for all of mathematics using symbolic logic.Para. 3: An illustration of Russells paradox in terms of setsPara. 4: Contradiction found in the set.Para. 5: Frege noticed the devastating effect of Russells paradox on his system and inability to solve it.Par

9、t 3 (Paras. 6-8): Solutions offered by mathematicians to Russels paradoxPara. 6: Russells own response to the paradox with his theory of types.Para. 7: Zermelos solution to Russells paradoxPara. 8: What became of the effort to develop a logical foundation for all of mathematics?Part 4 (Para. 9): Cor

10、respondence between Russell and Frege on the paradoxVocabulary and Structure2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1) The key to unraveling such apparent paradoxes is to characterize the initial set of possibilities (initial meaning b

11、efore you receive any extra information) and then to eliminate possibilities based on that extra information. (base)2) Indeed, this separation of meaning is reflected by the definition of weak in the OALD, with a distinct sense reserved for its use when pertaining to that of solutions (definition)3)

12、 The resulting radical pollution control programme outlined by Nixon, calling for a 90 per cent reduction in vehicle emissions by 1980, not only led to him being credited (albeit briefly) as policy initiator of an environmental clean-up but also provided him with the chance to deal a blow to one of

13、his most important opponents in the 1972 elections, Edmund Muskie (blow)4) Singapores continuing investments in education and training has brought a tenfold increase in our pool of Information Technology professionals and the Singapore worker has been consistently rated by BERI as the worlds best in

14、 terms of technical skills, attitude and productivity. (term)5) In this work he was led to topology, a still new kind of mathematics related to geometry, and to the study of shapes (compact manifolds) of all dimensions. (lead)6) If there is no allowable string which spans the whole graph, then we ca

15、n search in the same way as described above, but wherever the required path does not exist in the tree, check if that position in the tree is flagged for end-of-word (way)7) During the past century, steps forward in physics have often come in the form of newly found particles; in engineering, more c

16、omplex devices; in astronomy, farther planets and stars; in biology, rarer genes; and in chemistry, more useful materials and medications. (form)8) A second reason for measurements is the more theoretical, put by Love as the discovery of numerical relations between the quantities that can be measure

17、d to serve as a basis for the inductive determination of the form of the intrinsic energy function. (serve)9) Thus the optimum conditions for coastal terrace development would seem to be areas with small tidal ranges. Finally, tidal range is an important factor in the generation of tidal currents wh

18、ich may locally become of geomorphological importance (become)10) The original double entrance doors to the booking hall had been replaced by an utterly incongruous picture window as had adjacent booking hall and waiting room windows. (replace)3. Directions: Reorder the disordered parts of a sentenc

19、e to make a complete sentence.1) A simple way to describe topology is as a rubber sheet geometry topologists study those properties of shapes that remain the same when the shapes are stretched or compressed.2) Since the mid-1990s scientists have floated the idea that representations of numeric quant

20、ities, whether expressed as digits or as written words, are codified by the parietal cortex, a higher-processing region in the brain located just above the forehead.3) As activity was monitored, located just above the forehead ,researchers noted changes under the assumption that the brain reduces ac

21、tivity as it becomes accustomed to a stimulus and then reactivates when a novel stimulus is presented.4) That has not stopped physicists from devising new algorithms for the devices, which can calculate a lot faster than ordinary computersin fact, exponentially faster, in quite a literal sense.5) Su

22、ch a device would be made of metamaterial, a thicket of metal rings or other shapes that bends light in funny ways.4. Directions: Change the following sentences into nominalized ones.1) The passage of night could be marked by the appearance of 18 of these stars.2) The full proof of Fermats Last Theo

23、rem is contained in these two papers.3) The concept of fixed-length hours, however, did not originate until the Hellenistic period.4) There is a probability that my first sock is red because only one of the remaining three socks is red.5) The importance of accurate data in quantitative modeling is c

24、entral to using Bayess theorem to calculate the probability of the existence of God.Discourse Understanding1. C. A 3 percent margin of error means that there is a 95 percent chance that the survey result will be within 3 percent of the population value.2. E. How is it that a survey of only 1,000 peo

25、ple can reach this level of accuracy?3. G. The margin of error depends inversely on the square root of the sample size.4. A. The margin of error is a mathematical abstraction, and there are a number of reasons why actual errors in surveys are larger.5. F. Finally, the 3 percent margin of error is an

26、 understatement because opinions change.Section A Pre-reading Task1. Who discovered the Mandelbrot set?This is not a trick question, not easy to answer. Many people including Mandelbrot have laid claim to the discovery.2. Why was the set named after Benoit B. Mandelbrot?The set is named after Benoit

27、 B. Mandelbrot, a mathematician at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center because he coined the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales.3. Why has there been so much controversy about wh

28、o discovered the Mandelbrot set?Mandelbrot claims that he and he alone discovered the Mandelbrot set, but there are other mathematicians who have challenged his claim.4. What did the challengers say about Mandelbrots claim of discovery?Two mathematicians said that they independently discovered and d

29、escribed the set at about the same time as Mandelbrot did. And another mathematician also asserted that his work on the set not only predated Mandelbrots efforts but also helped to guide them5. Why did some professors support Mandelbrots claim?Mandelbrot deserves to have the set named after him, bec

30、ause his efforts brought the set to the attention of both the public and of the pure-mathematics community. Section C Post-reading TaskLanguage in Use1. Match the Chinese in the left column with the English in the right column.迭代函數(shù) iterative function優(yōu)先權之爭 priority battle分形特征fractal properties有意義make

31、 sense以越來越小的規(guī)模重復同一模式patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales混沌理論 chaos theory季刊a quarterly journal數(shù)學界the mathematics community波紋線crisp lines會議公報proceedings of a conference2. Join the following short sentences into longer ones.e.g. a. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geome

32、tric shape .b. The shape can be subdivided in parts.c. each part is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called d. each part has a property of self-similarity.e.g. A fractal is generally a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be subdivided in parts, each of w

33、hich is (at least approximately) a reduced-size copy of the whole, a property called self-similarity.1) In addition to coining the term fractal to describe objects and surfaces which are irregular at various dimensions of scale, he also introduced such concepts as fractal dimensions and the particul

34、ar fractal known as the Mandelbrot set, frequently represented with the mathematical formula z z2 + c.2) It appeared that things were settling into a pleasant and fruitful routine, with his school lessons supplemented by long talks with his uncle about classical analysis, the iterative work of Pierr

35、e Fatou and the equally fascinating Julia Sets generated by HYPERLINK /people/055/000108728/ Gaston Julia3) Just as the youthful Mandelbrot had passed his college entrance exams by translating algebraic problems into geometrical problems, and solving them by intuitively deducing the perfected shape,

36、 he here realized there was something deeper, something mathematical, behind these strange patterns.4) But the beauty in Mandelbrots models was not that they generated a deceitful randomness, but that they could generate graphed data whose visual pattern accurately mimicked the visual patterns creat

37、ed by real phenomena。5) But despite being the inspiration for such metaphysics, Mandelbrot, when asked if fractals dont point to a single rule underlying reality, has simply stated, There is no single rule that governs the use of geometry. I dont think one exists.3. Translate the sentences into Chin

38、ese.1) He is best known for coining the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales.他主要是因為用分形這個概念來描述（海岸線，雪花，山脈和樹木）等不規(guī)則形狀等現(xiàn)象而聞名于世，這些不規(guī)則形狀在越來越小的規(guī)模上不斷重復同一模式。2) A closer look reveals that the bord

39、ers of the set do not form crisp lines but seem to shimmer like flames.如果再仔細觀察，就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)集的邊界并沒有呈波紋線，而是像火焰一樣閃光。3) Krantz introduced a new element into the debate, however, by stating that the Mandelbrot set was not invented by Mandelbrot but occurs explicitly in the literature a couple of years before th

40、e term Mandelbrot set was coined.但是，克朗茲在這場辯論中引入了一個新東西，他說曼德布洛特集不是曼德布洛特發(fā)明的，而是早在“曼德布洛特集”這個術語出現(xiàn)幾年以前就已經(jīng)明確地在數(shù)學文獻中出現(xiàn)了。4) Mandelbrot also suggested that even if Brooks and Matelskis publication had preceded his, they still could not be considered discoverers of the set, because they did not appreciate its s

41、ignificance.曼德布洛特同時也暗示即使布魯克斯和馬特爾斯基的論文先于他發(fā)表，但因為他們沒有領會到其價值，仍然不能將他們看作是曼德布洛特集的發(fā)現(xiàn)者。5). In response to Hubbard and Douadys charge that he is stingy in granting credit, Mandelbrot says he has also been accused of overcitation.對胡巴德和杜阿迪指責他對論文中材料來源的說明上做得非常少，曼德布洛特回應說也有人也指責過他過分引用別人的成果。4. Translate the sentences

42、 into English.1) 他的生活和工作過程正如使他成名的幾何學一樣，既不是線性的， 也不具備簡單的形狀。Like the geometry that made him famous, neither his life nor the course of his work was linear or simplistic in shape and form2) 曼德布洛特說在隨后的的兩年里他在多個領域中摸索，卻沒有明顯的相聯(lián)系的線索。Mandelbrot says he spent the next two years groping, exploring first one fiel

43、d and then another, without any clear sense of the connecting thread.3) 更奇怪的是，他發(fā)現(xiàn)噪音周期與清晰傳送周期的比率是恒定的，與用于繪制這個現(xiàn)象的時間大小無關。Stranger still, he found that the ratio of periods of noise to periods of clean transmission remained constant, regardless of the scale of time used to plot the phenomenon.4) 通過查詢一直到1

44、900年的記錄，他開始發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個令人驚異的模式，這個模式使他明白了他10年前有關線路噪聲的研究工作。Using records dating back to 1900, he began to perceive an astonishing pattern one that hearkened back to his work on line noise a decade earlier.5) 盡管就正常銷售而言，價格變化是無序的，而且沒有人能夠預測價格變化的準確數(shù)值，但變化本身卻遵循著與變化幅度相關的對稱模式。Although price changes were erratic in te

45、rms of normal distribution and no one could predict the exact amount of any particular price change, the changes themselves followed a symmetrical pattern with regards to scalingUnit 2 PhysicsSection A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1. What is qu

46、antum physics?Quantum physics is the study of the behavior of matter and energy at the molecular, atomic, nuclear, and even smaller microscopic levels. In the early 20th century, it was discovered that the laws that govern macroscopic objects do not function the same in such small realms./od/quantum

47、physics/p/quantumphysics.htm2. Do you know anything about dark matter?Dark matter is a hypothesized form of matter particle that does not reflect or emit electromagnetic radiation. The existence of dark matter is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, such as stars and galaxies.A sma

48、ll percentage of the gravitational effects observed are from visible matter (some estimates are as low as 4% of total gravitational effects). The remaining 96% is presumed to result from dark matter or dark energy, though these terms are somewhat indicative of our ignorance of the exact nature of th

49、ese unknown quantities, as they have never been directly observed.One possible candidate for dark matter are theoretical particles known as weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), which are being searched for by the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) experiment.3. What is dark energy?Dark ene

50、rgy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates space and exerts a negative pressure, which would have gravitational effects to account for the differences between the theoretical and observational results of gravitational effects on visible matter. Dark energy is not directly observed, but rath

51、er inferred from observations of gravitational interactions between astronomical objects, along with dark matter.The term dark energy was coined by the theoretical cosmologist Michael S. Turner.4. Have you ever heard of the big bang theory? Can you give an account of it?The Big Bang is the dominant

52、(and highly supported) theory of the origin of the universe. In essence, this theory states that the universe began from an initial point or singularity which has expanded over billions of years to form the universe as we now know it.In 1927, Roman Catholic priest and physicist Georges Lemaitre inde

53、pendently calculated the Friedman solution and again suggested that the universe must be expanding. This theory was supported by Hubble when, in 1929, he found that there was a correlation between the distance of the galaxies and the amount of redshift in that galaxys light. The distant galaxies wer

54、e moving away faster, which was exactly what was predicted by Lemaitres solutions.In 1931, Lemaitre went further with his predictions, extrapolating backwards in time find that the matter of the universe would reach an infinite density and temperature at a finite time in the past. This means the uni

55、verse must have begun in an incredibly small, dense point of matter - a primeval atom.5. How do you understand string theory?String theory is a mathematical theory that tries to explain certain phenomena which is not currently explainable under the standard model of quantum physics.String theory was

56、 initially developed in the 1970s in an attempt to explain some inconsistencies with the energy behavior of hadrons and other fundamental particles of physics.As with much of quantum physics, the mathematics that applies to string theory cannot be uniquely solved. Physicists must apply perturbation

57、theory to obtain a series of approximated solutions. Such solutions, of course, include assumptions which may or may not be true.The driving hope behind this work is that it will result in a theory of everything, including a solution to the problem of quantum gravity, to reconcile quantum physics wi

58、th general relativity, thus reconciling the fundamental forces of physics.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Paras. 1-3): Brief introduction to dark energyPara. 1: Dark energy is an unexplained force which

59、 tugs galaxies away from each other.Para. 2: Dark energy is somewhat like anti-gravity.Para. 3: Dark energy is scientists hypothetic form of energy to explain the universes expansion.Part 2 (Paras. 4-9): The discovery of dark energy: confounding expectationsPara. 4: The discovery of dark energy is a

60、 case of science confounding expectations.Para. 5: Experts expected that gravity had slowed down the universes rate of expansion.Para. 6: The universes rate of expansion was speeding up.Para. 7: The result was beyond experts expectations which caused much nervous laughter.Para. 8: The measurements o