英漢對比(4)語序解析課件

1、漢英語語序特征比較語序的概念：語序是一種重要的語法形式或語法手段,它不僅是表示語法結(jié)構(gòu)的語法意義的形式,也是語言表達(dá)或修辭的手段。語序的實質(zhì)是語言成分按語法關(guān)系進(jìn)行的線性的、橫向的組合性序列。第1頁，共40頁。一、漢英語序?qū)Ρ鹊膹?fù)雜性第一,多層次性。語言是一個多層次結(jié)構(gòu),從語素、詞、詞組、句子到語篇都有一個線性組合次序問題。詞組以下的線性次序為微觀語序,句子以上的語序為宏觀語序。在實際描述中,很難做到微觀、宏觀面面俱到。第二,多面性。語言的組合和排列不僅有固定語序的一面,還有靈活性的一面,只不過其中一面更為突出一些。在對比兩種語言時,只能對各自突出的一面作典型描寫。第2頁，共40頁。漢英句子語

2、序的擴(kuò)展機(jī)制不同。這里的“擴(kuò)展”指基本結(jié)構(gòu)隨著思維的發(fā)展而呈現(xiàn)的線性延伸。句子有兩種線性延伸:一是從左到右的順線性延伸,稱為LR延伸;二是從右到左的逆線性延伸,稱為RL延伸。漢語句子的擴(kuò)展呈RL型延伸,句首開放,句尾收縮。如:手表不見了瑞士手表不見了上周買的瑞士手表不見了湯姆上周買的瑞士手表不見了。第3頁，共40頁。英語句子的擴(kuò)展呈LR型延伸,句尾開放。如: This is the dog.This is the dog that caught the chiefThis is the dog that caught the chief who stole thewoods. This is

3、the dog that caught the chief who stole theWoods which were reserved for the railway construction.可以看出,漢語定語修飾語只能前置,句子只能作RL延伸,且不能過長,句尾收縮。英語定語修飾語能后置,句子作LR延伸,可以很長,句尾開放,但結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。第4頁，共40頁。漢語有嚴(yán)格的時序要求,即先發(fā)生的行為或事件在前,后發(fā)生的在后。漢語語素結(jié)合是內(nèi)在的、邏輯的,是巧妙而簡約的思維過程或客觀事理的反映,各個層次都有時序的表現(xiàn)。詞匯層:閱讀-先“閱”才能“讀”;拘留-先“拘”才能“留”;詞組層:汗流浹背-先“汗

4、流”(原因)而后“浹背”(結(jié)果);基本句層:他收了款就走了(He collected the money and went off)。第5頁，共40頁。漢語的信息分布是按發(fā)生時間依次出現(xiàn)的,一般以動詞為核心,依時序按意念連詞成句表達(dá)邏輯思維;漢語對有關(guān)行為、事實、狀況、情勢的描寫大體都是遵循次序法則。由于英語修飾語可以取逆序,語序具有靈活性,所以,英語并不嚴(yán)格遵守時序法則,除非屬于并列式連續(xù)發(fā)生的動作。英語語序可以用動詞某種形態(tài)表示后置的前行動作。The plan was difficult but we had pulled off a tougher one before.第6頁，共40頁

5、。在時空范圍的大小、寬窄、遠(yuǎn)近方面,語序的排列法則是,漢語傾向于大范圍、大范疇事物在前,小范圍、小范疇事物在后;英語則與漢語大體相反。1999年初春5月某日清晨, in the morning on some day inMay of the early spring in 1999;中國河南省焦作市解放區(qū), Jiefang District JiaozuoHenan Province China;中國北京西郊二里溝20號, 20 Erligou Xijiao Beijingthe Peoples Republic ofChina;河南師范大學(xué)英語系1993級, class 1993 Engl

6、ishDepartmentHenan NormalUniversity.第7頁，共40頁。英語語序一般都遵照主體、施事在前,客體、受事在后的法則,其中“主”指說話者主體,“客”指被描述的客體。同時,漢語語序遵守由表及里的描述法則,即表象的詞在前、本質(zhì)的在后。就英語而言,體現(xiàn)在表示說話者主體認(rèn)識或觀察的形容詞距中心詞較遠(yuǎn),表示事物固有特性的形容詞距中心詞較近,這里的固有特性指質(zhì)地、種族、國籍、品質(zhì),等等,handsome young man(漂亮的年輕男子)體現(xiàn)了“主體觀察(外在特征)+客體本質(zhì)(內(nèi)在特征)+中心詞”。第8頁，共40頁。英漢互譯時還應(yīng)該注意信息重心。一般來說,句子通常由已知信息和

7、新信息構(gòu)成,而句子的信息重心通常落在新的信息上,因為它是信息發(fā)出者想要信息接受者了解的信息。除了各自表示信息重心特殊手段之外,英漢兩種語言還可以通過語序的安排來標(biāo)明信息的重心。英語句子的信息重心通常在句末或靠近句末的位置,而漢語句子則比較靈活。因此,為了重視句子的信息重心,翻譯時往往需要改變語序,將原語句子中的某個成分前置或是后置。第9頁，共40頁。It was partly as are result of those economies that many of our most important new projects in other fields become possible.

8、我們在其他方面許多最主要的新工程得以實施，部分地是由于采取了這些節(jié)約措施。第10頁，共40頁。 It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.凡是有錢的單身漢，總想娶位太太，這是一條舉世公認(rèn)的真理。第11頁，共40頁。No one will deny that what we have been able to do in the past five years is especially striking in

9、 view of the crisis that we inherited from the previous government.考慮到上屆政府遺留下來的危機(jī)，我們在過去的五年里所能夠取得的成就就尤其顯著，這一點是沒有人可以否認(rèn)的。第12頁，共40頁。A lot of the people that are angry with you because they think you are unscathed would feel differently if they know how close Dickinson came to killing you很多人在生你的氣，因為他們以為你

10、沒有受傷，如果知道迪肯森差一點就打死你，他們的感覺會不一樣的。第13頁，共40頁。He had flown in just the day before from Georgia when he had spent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in in the South.他本來在南方從事一項建筑工程,任務(wù)完成之后,他就上格魯吉亞去度假,享受高加索的陽光,昨天才飛回來。(自然語序)第14頁，共40頁。(1)H

11、e stood up, took the umbrella and went away. (自然語序)他起身拿起雨傘就走了。(自然語序)(2)As soon as the storm commenced, the boat upset. (自然語序)暴風(fēng)雨一開始,小船翻了。(自然語序)第15頁，共40頁。她從北京坐火車經(jīng)過鄭州來到武漢。He came to Wuhan from Beijing through Zheng zhou by train.(特異語序)第16頁，共40頁。如蒙早日寄來樣品或產(chǎn)品冊,不勝感激。如蒙早日寄來樣品或產(chǎn)品冊,(敘事部分)不勝感激。(表態(tài)部分)It would

12、be appreciated表態(tài)部分If samples and /or brochure could be soon forwarded.敘事部分第17頁，共40頁。駕車經(jīng)過這一地區(qū)真是太危險了。(敘事部分_表態(tài)部分)It is dangerous表態(tài)部分to drive through this area.敘事部分第18頁，共40頁。他在上海紡織品進(jìn)出口公司人事部工作。(從大到小)He works at the Personnel Department of Shanghai Textile Import and Export Corporation. (從小到大)10月28日上午9點鐘飛

13、機(jī)開始返回紐約。(月、日、鐘點)The flight flies back to New York at nine o clock on the morning of October 28.第19頁，共40頁。He would be a rash man if he should venture to forecast the results of this event. (后置)如果他敢預(yù)言此事的后果,那他一定是個魯莽之徒。(前置)第20頁，共40頁。I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occ

14、upy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.吹噓能在幾個小時內(nèi)就占領(lǐng)戰(zhàn)略要地的敵人，受到了頑強(qiáng)抵抗，甚至連邊沿地帶也未能突破，這一事實使我增強(qiáng)了信心。第21頁，共40頁。The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said when I spoke to him, th

15、at he was very hungry, because he had no food for two days. 那個男孩哭得似乎心都碎了，我問他的時候，他說他已經(jīng)有兩天沒心吃東西了，他實在是餓極了。第22頁，共40頁。Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect eating an

16、imals.假如沒有那些以昆蟲為食的動物保護(hù)我們，昆蟲會吞噬我們的莊稼，害死我們的牛羊家畜，使我們不能生存于世。第23頁，共40頁。Here you can find beautiful pots and bowls engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs, or the simple, everyday kitchen ware used in this country. pleasing in form，but undecorated and strictly functional.第24頁，共40頁。She is

17、a pretty girl with an oval face, deep dark eyes and long heavy clinging tresses.這姑娘長得漂亮,鵝蛋形臉,兩眼又深又黑,披著又長又密的頭發(fā)。第25頁，共40頁?？紤]到上屆政府遺留下來的危機(jī)，我們在過去七年的時間里所取得的成績也就尤為顯著，這是沒有人可以否認(rèn)的。No one will deny than we have been able to do in the past seven years is especially striking in the view of crisis which we inheri

18、ted from the previous government .第26頁，共40頁。Every morning he read his news paper while sitting in the bus.每天早上乘車時他都在看報。At the seaside children played happily from morning till night.孩子們從早到晚在海邊玩得很高興。第27頁，共40頁。Japan is our close neighbor separated only by a narrow strip of water.日本和我們是一衣帶水的鄰邦。第28頁，共40

19、頁。The train, which takes only two hours to get there, quicker than the bus, which takes three.火車到那兒只要兩個小時,比公共汽車快,公共汽車到那兒要三個小時。第29頁，共40頁。As of May 2004, when the new members formally take their seats, Britain will no longer be isolated in its ties to Washington.到2004年5月,當(dāng)這些新成員正式加入歐盟的時候,英國和華盛頓的關(guān)系將不再孤立

20、。第30頁，共40頁。My father must have felt a glow of satisfaction when in themid-1920s he won first prize in a prestigious amateur art exhibition held in London. 20世紀(jì)20年代中期,我父親在倫敦舉行的一次享有盛名的業(yè)余畫展中獲得了一等獎,當(dāng)時他一定頗為得意。第31頁，共40頁。在1998年簽署的中日共同聲明中,中國已同日本達(dá)成了建立“致力于和平與發(fā)展的友好合作的伙伴關(guān)系”的共識。Both countries have reached a cons

21、ensus on establishing “a friendly co - operative partnership” devoted to peace and development”, which was demonstrated in their join statement signed in 1998.第32頁，共40頁。Hes right, though not in the way he intended.他說對了,盡管事情的發(fā)展與他的預(yù)計并不一樣。第33頁，共40頁。我國農(nóng)村人口超過9億。雖然他們的收入遠(yuǎn)比城鎮(zhèn)居民要低,抗風(fēng)險的能力更差,但是長期以來,他們卻不能向城鎮(zhèn)居民一

22、樣享受基本的醫(yī)療保障。China has a farmer population of over900 million, who were not entitled, for very long period of time, to the basic medical insurance as urban people were, although they were more vulnerable because their far lower income than urbanities.第34頁，共40頁。The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.由于距離遠(yuǎn),又缺乏交通工具,使農(nóng)村社會與外