英漢對(duì)比(4)語(yǔ)序解析課件

1、漢英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序特征比較語(yǔ)序的概念：語(yǔ)序是一種重要的語(yǔ)法形式或語(yǔ)法手段,它不僅是表示語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的語(yǔ)法意義的形式,也是語(yǔ)言表達(dá)或修辭的手段。語(yǔ)序的實(shí)質(zhì)是語(yǔ)言成分按語(yǔ)法關(guān)系進(jìn)行的線性的、橫向的組合性序列。第1頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。一、漢英語(yǔ)序?qū)Ρ鹊膹?fù)雜性第一,多層次性。語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)多層次結(jié)構(gòu),從語(yǔ)素、詞、詞組、句子到語(yǔ)篇都有一個(gè)線性組合次序問(wèn)題。詞組以下的線性次序?yàn)槲⒂^語(yǔ)序,句子以上的語(yǔ)序?yàn)楹暧^語(yǔ)序。在實(shí)際描述中,很難做到微觀、宏觀面面俱到。第二,多面性。語(yǔ)言的組合和排列不僅有固定語(yǔ)序的一面,還有靈活性的一面,只不過(guò)其中一面更為突出一些。在對(duì)比兩種語(yǔ)言時(shí),只能對(duì)各自突出的一面作典型描寫。第2頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。漢英句子語(yǔ)

2、序的擴(kuò)展機(jī)制不同。這里的“擴(kuò)展”指基本結(jié)構(gòu)隨著思維的發(fā)展而呈現(xiàn)的線性延伸。句子有兩種線性延伸:一是從左到右的順線性延伸,稱為L(zhǎng)R延伸;二是從右到左的逆線性延伸,稱為RL延伸。漢語(yǔ)句子的擴(kuò)展呈RL型延伸,句首開(kāi)放,句尾收縮。如:手表不見(jiàn)了瑞士手表不見(jiàn)了上周買的瑞士手表不見(jiàn)了湯姆上周買的瑞士手表不見(jiàn)了。第3頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。英語(yǔ)句子的擴(kuò)展呈LR型延伸,句尾開(kāi)放。如: This is the dog.This is the dog that caught the chiefThis is the dog that caught the chief who stole thewoods. This is

3、the dog that caught the chief who stole theWoods which were reserved for the railway construction.可以看出,漢語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)只能前置,句子只能作RL延伸,且不能過(guò)長(zhǎng),句尾收縮。英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)能后置,句子作LR延伸,可以很長(zhǎng),句尾開(kāi)放,但結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。第4頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。漢語(yǔ)有嚴(yán)格的時(shí)序要求,即先發(fā)生的行為或事件在前,后發(fā)生的在后。漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)素結(jié)合是內(nèi)在的、邏輯的,是巧妙而簡(jiǎn)約的思維過(guò)程或客觀事理的反映,各個(gè)層次都有時(shí)序的表現(xiàn)。詞匯層:閱讀-先“閱”才能“讀”;拘留-先“拘”才能“留”;詞組層:汗流浹背-先“汗

4、流”(原因)而后“浹背”(結(jié)果);基本句層:他收了款就走了(He collected the money and went off)。第5頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。漢語(yǔ)的信息分布是按發(fā)生時(shí)間依次出現(xiàn)的,一般以動(dòng)詞為核心,依時(shí)序按意念連詞成句表達(dá)邏輯思維;漢語(yǔ)對(duì)有關(guān)行為、事實(shí)、狀況、情勢(shì)的描寫大體都是遵循次序法則。由于英語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)可以取逆序,語(yǔ)序具有靈活性,所以,英語(yǔ)并不嚴(yán)格遵守時(shí)序法則,除非屬于并列式連續(xù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序可以用動(dòng)詞某種形態(tài)表示后置的前行動(dòng)作。The plan was difficult but we had pulled off a tougher one before.第6頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)

5、。在時(shí)空范圍的大小、寬窄、遠(yuǎn)近方面,語(yǔ)序的排列法則是,漢語(yǔ)傾向于大范圍、大范疇事物在前,小范圍、小范疇事物在后;英語(yǔ)則與漢語(yǔ)大體相反。1999年初春5月某日清晨, in the morning on some day inMay of the early spring in 1999;中國(guó)河南省焦作市解放區(qū), Jiefang District JiaozuoHenan Province China;中國(guó)北京西郊二里溝20號(hào), 20 Erligou Xijiao Beijingthe Peoples Republic ofChina;河南師范大學(xué)英語(yǔ)系1993級(jí), class 1993 Engl

6、ishDepartmentHenan NormalUniversity.第7頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序一般都遵照主體、施事在前,客體、受事在后的法則,其中“主”指說(shuō)話者主體,“客”指被描述的客體。同時(shí),漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序遵守由表及里的描述法則,即表象的詞在前、本質(zhì)的在后。就英語(yǔ)而言,體現(xiàn)在表示說(shuō)話者主體認(rèn)識(shí)或觀察的形容詞距中心詞較遠(yuǎn),表示事物固有特性的形容詞距中心詞較近,這里的固有特性指質(zhì)地、種族、國(guó)籍、品質(zhì),等等,handsome young man(漂亮的年輕男子)體現(xiàn)了“主體觀察(外在特征)+客體本質(zhì)(內(nèi)在特征)+中心詞”。第8頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。英漢互譯時(shí)還應(yīng)該注意信息重心。一般來(lái)說(shuō),句子通常由已知信息和

7、新信息構(gòu)成,而句子的信息重心通常落在新的信息上,因?yàn)樗切畔l(fā)出者想要信息接受者了解的信息。除了各自表示信息重心特殊手段之外,英漢兩種語(yǔ)言還可以通過(guò)語(yǔ)序的安排來(lái)標(biāo)明信息的重心。英語(yǔ)句子的信息重心通常在句末或靠近句末的位置,而漢語(yǔ)句子則比較靈活。因此,為了重視句子的信息重心,翻譯時(shí)往往需要改變語(yǔ)序,將原語(yǔ)句子中的某個(gè)成分前置或是后置。第9頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。It was partly as are result of those economies that many of our most important new projects in other fields become possible.

8、我們?cè)谄渌矫嬖S多最主要的新工程得以實(shí)施，部分地是由于采取了這些節(jié)約措施。第10頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。 It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.凡是有錢的單身漢，總想娶位太太，這是一條舉世公認(rèn)的真理。第11頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。No one will deny that what we have been able to do in the past five years is especially striking in

9、 view of the crisis that we inherited from the previous government.考慮到上屆政府遺留下來(lái)的危機(jī)，我們?cè)谶^(guò)去的五年里所能夠取得的成就就尤其顯著，這一點(diǎn)是沒(méi)有人可以否認(rèn)的。第12頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。A lot of the people that are angry with you because they think you are unscathed would feel differently if they know how close Dickinson came to killing you很多人在生你的氣，因?yàn)樗麄円詾槟?/p>

10、沒(méi)有受傷，如果知道迪肯森差一點(diǎn)就打死你，他們的感覺(jué)會(huì)不一樣的。第13頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。He had flown in just the day before from Georgia when he had spent his vacation basking in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in in the South.他本來(lái)在南方從事一項(xiàng)建筑工程,任務(wù)完成之后,他就上格魯吉亞去度假,享受高加索的陽(yáng)光,昨天才飛回來(lái)。(自然語(yǔ)序)第14頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。(1)H

11、e stood up, took the umbrella and went away. (自然語(yǔ)序)他起身拿起雨傘就走了。(自然語(yǔ)序)(2)As soon as the storm commenced, the boat upset. (自然語(yǔ)序)暴風(fēng)雨一開(kāi)始,小船翻了。(自然語(yǔ)序)第15頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。她從北京坐火車經(jīng)過(guò)鄭州來(lái)到武漢。He came to Wuhan from Beijing through Zheng zhou by train.(特異語(yǔ)序)第16頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。如蒙早日寄來(lái)樣品或產(chǎn)品冊(cè),不勝感激。如蒙早日寄來(lái)樣品或產(chǎn)品冊(cè),(敘事部分)不勝感激。(表態(tài)部分)It would

12、be appreciated表態(tài)部分If samples and /or brochure could be soon forwarded.敘事部分第17頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。駕車經(jīng)過(guò)這一地區(qū)真是太危險(xiǎn)了。(敘事部分_表態(tài)部分)It is dangerous表態(tài)部分to drive through this area.敘事部分第18頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。他在上海紡織品進(jìn)出口公司人事部工作。(從大到小)He works at the Personnel Department of Shanghai Textile Import and Export Corporation. (從小到大)10月28日上午9點(diǎn)鐘飛

13、機(jī)開(kāi)始返回紐約。(月、日、鐘點(diǎn))The flight flies back to New York at nine o clock on the morning of October 28.第19頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。He would be a rash man if he should venture to forecast the results of this event. (后置)如果他敢預(yù)言此事的后果,那他一定是個(gè)魯莽之徒。(前置)第20頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occ

14、upy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.吹噓能在幾個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)就占領(lǐng)戰(zhàn)略要地的敵人，受到了頑強(qiáng)抵抗，甚至連邊沿地帶也未能突破，這一事實(shí)使我增強(qiáng)了信心。第21頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said when I spoke to him, th

15、at he was very hungry, because he had no food for two days. 那個(gè)男孩哭得似乎心都碎了，我問(wèn)他的時(shí)候，他說(shuō)他已經(jīng)有兩天沒(méi)心吃東西了，他實(shí)在是餓極了。第22頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect eating an

16、imals.假如沒(méi)有那些以昆蟲(chóng)為食的動(dòng)物保護(hù)我們，昆蟲(chóng)會(huì)吞噬我們的莊稼，害死我們的牛羊家畜，使我們不能生存于世。第23頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。Here you can find beautiful pots and bowls engraved with delicate and intricate traditional designs, or the simple, everyday kitchen ware used in this country. pleasing in form，but undecorated and strictly functional.第24頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。She is

17、a pretty girl with an oval face, deep dark eyes and long heavy clinging tresses.這姑娘長(zhǎng)得漂亮,鵝蛋形臉,兩眼又深又黑,披著又長(zhǎng)又密的頭發(fā)。第25頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)?？紤]到上屆政府遺留下來(lái)的危機(jī)，我們?cè)谶^(guò)去七年的時(shí)間里所取得的成績(jī)也就尤為顯著，這是沒(méi)有人可以否認(rèn)的。No one will deny than we have been able to do in the past seven years is especially striking in the view of crisis which we inheri

18、ted from the previous government .第26頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。Every morning he read his news paper while sitting in the bus.每天早上乘車時(shí)他都在看報(bào)。At the seaside children played happily from morning till night.孩子們從早到晚在海邊玩得很高興。第27頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。Japan is our close neighbor separated only by a narrow strip of water.日本和我們是一衣帶水的鄰邦。第28頁(yè)，共40

19、頁(yè)。The train, which takes only two hours to get there, quicker than the bus, which takes three.火車到那兒只要兩個(gè)小時(shí),比公共汽車快,公共汽車到那兒要三個(gè)小時(shí)。第29頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。As of May 2004, when the new members formally take their seats, Britain will no longer be isolated in its ties to Washington.到2004年5月,當(dāng)這些新成員正式加入歐盟的時(shí)候,英國(guó)和華盛頓的關(guān)系將不再孤立

20、。第30頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。My father must have felt a glow of satisfaction when in themid-1920s he won first prize in a prestigious amateur art exhibition held in London. 20世紀(jì)20年代中期,我父親在倫敦舉行的一次享有盛名的業(yè)余畫展中獲得了一等獎(jiǎng),當(dāng)時(shí)他一定頗為得意。第31頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。在1998年簽署的中日共同聲明中,中國(guó)已同日本達(dá)成了建立“致力于和平與發(fā)展的友好合作的伙伴關(guān)系”的共識(shí)。Both countries have reached a cons

21、ensus on establishing “a friendly co - operative partnership” devoted to peace and development”, which was demonstrated in their join statement signed in 1998.第32頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。Hes right, though not in the way he intended.他說(shuō)對(duì)了,盡管事情的發(fā)展與他的預(yù)計(jì)并不一樣。第33頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。我國(guó)農(nóng)村人口超過(guò)9億。雖然他們的收入遠(yuǎn)比城鎮(zhèn)居民要低,抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的能力更差,但是長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),他們卻不能向城鎮(zhèn)居民一

22、樣享受基本的醫(yī)療保障。China has a farmer population of over900 million, who were not entitled, for very long period of time, to the basic medical insurance as urban people were, although they were more vulnerable because their far lower income than urbanities.第34頁(yè)，共40頁(yè)。The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.由于距離遠(yuǎn),又缺乏交通工具,使農(nóng)村社會(huì)與外