汽車專業(yè)英語1automotivebasics匯編

1、汽車(qch)專業(yè)英語 Specialty English for Automobile劉永剛E-mail: Tel:三十八頁BodyBrakingEngineSuspensionSteeringPowertrainElectrical systemChassisChapter 1 Automotive BasicsWhats the main parts of an automobile?共三十八頁Todays average car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must wor

2、k together. These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical system。現(xiàn)在(xinzi)的車輛一般都由15000多個分散、獨立且相互配合的零部件組成。這些零部件主要分為四類：車身、發(fā)動機、底盤和電氣系統(tǒng)。Chassis：the base frame of a motor vehicle, carriage, or other wheeled conveyanceEngine：a machine with moving parts that co

3、nverts power into motion共三十八頁1.1 BodyAn automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers and cargo. 汽車車身是一個包含窗子、車門(chmn)、一個發(fā)動機罩、一個行李箱蓋的金屬薄殼。汽車車身為發(fā)動機、乘員和貨物提供了保護。Hood：發(fā)動機罩Trunk deck：行李箱蓋 Trun

4、k ：行李箱 Baggage：行李(xng li) luggageCargo：貨物 goods共三十八頁The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, moderns appearance for the vehicle.汽車車身的設(shè)計(shj)還應(yīng)該保證乘員的安全舒適。車身的造型（款式）使得汽車看起來漂亮迷人、色彩斑斕、時尚前衛(wèi)。共三十八頁Three points seatbelt in a carFive poin

5、ts harness in a racing car鎧甲(kiji) 甲胄Airbag 共三十八頁A sedan has an enclosed body with a maximum of 4 doors to allow access to the passenger compartment. The design also allows for storage of luggage or other goods. A sedan can also be referred to as a saloon and traditionally has a fixed roof. There ar

6、e soft-top versions of the same body design except for having 2 doors, and these are commonly referred to as convertibles. 轎車車身為封閉式，轎車最多有4個車門，乘員通過車門進出。另外(ln wi)車身的設(shè)計還應(yīng)考慮行李和貨物的存放。傳統(tǒng)的轎車都是硬頂車身?；铐敵擞密嚕ǔㄅ褴嚕┑能図斒擒涰敚嚿碓O(shè)計與普通轎車類似，但只有兩個車門。行李箱行李(xng li) =？發(fā)動機/發(fā)動機罩Trunk/bootLuggage/baggageEngine / hook共三十八頁The ut

7、ility or pick-up carries goods. Usually it has stronger chassis components and suspension than a sedan to support greater gross vehicle mass.皮卡一般(ybn)用來運載貨物。為能承載更大的總質(zhì)量，皮卡的底盤部件和懸架比轎車更結(jié)實。utility / pick-up: 皮卡Gross vehicle mass：車輛總質(zhì)量Curb weight 汽車(qch)整備重量共三十八頁Light vehicle vans can be based on common

8、sedan designs or redesigns so that maximum cargo space is available.輕型貨車一般是基于普通轎車設(shè)計的，或是重新設(shè)計使可用載貨(zi hu)空間最大化。A van is a kind of vehicle used for transporting goods or groups of people. It is usually a box-shaped vehicle on four wheels, about the same width and length as a large automobile, but talle

9、r and usually higher off the ground, also referred to as a light commercial vehicle or LCV. However, in North America, the term may be used to refer to any truck with a rigid cargo body fixed to the cab, even up to large sizes.共三十八頁The body of commercial vehicles that transport goods are designed fo

10、r that specific purpose. Tankers transport fluids, tippers carry earth or bulk grains, flatbeds and vans are used for general goods transport.用于運輸貨物(huw)的商用車車身必須滿足具體要求，例如運輸液體的油罐車、運輸泥土或散裝谷物的自卸車、運輸一般貨物(huw)的平板車或貨車。no sides or roof共三十八頁Buses and coaches are usually 4-wheel rigid vehicles, but a large n

11、umber of wheels and axles can be used. Sometimes articulated buses are used to increase capacity. Buses and coaches can be single-deck or double-deck. Buses are commonly used in cities as commuter transports while coaches are more luxurious used for long distances.客車和長途汽車一般是有4個車輪的整體式車輛，也能配備更多的車輪和車橋。

12、為了增加客車的載客量往往使用由鉸鏈連接(linji)的客車。公共汽車和長途汽車有單層和雙層兩種。公共汽車一般用城市內(nèi)公共交通，而長途汽車一般用于長距離的旅行。共三十八頁single-deck busdouble-deckerArticulated busCoach共三十八頁1.2 Engine共三十八頁The engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine

13、cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline (also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel (also called a compression-ignition engine). Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to

14、rotate a shaft connected to the power train.發(fā)動機 / 內(nèi)燃機 / 汽油 （點燃式）/柴油（壓燃式）/熱力發(fā)動機/動力(dngl)傳動系發(fā)動機作為動力設(shè)備，常見的類型是內(nèi)燃機，其原理是通過發(fā)動機缸內(nèi)的液體燃料燃燒而產(chǎn)生能量。發(fā)動機可分為兩類：汽油機（點燃式）和柴油機（壓燃式），都屬于熱力發(fā)動機。燃料燃燒產(chǎn)生熱量使缸內(nèi)氣體氣壓上升，從而(cng r)產(chǎn)生能量，驅(qū)動與動力傳動系相連接的軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。共三十八頁The way engine cylinders are arranged is called engine configuration. In-line

15、 engines have the cylinders in a line. The design creates a simply cast engine block. In vehicles applications, the number of cylinders is normally from 2 up to 6. Usually, the cylinders are vertical. As the number of the cylinders increase, the length of the block and crankshaft can become a proble

16、m. One way to avoid this is with a V configuration. The design makes the engines block and crankshaft shorter and more rigid.發(fā)動機的布置即發(fā)動機氣缸的排列方式。 發(fā)動機缸體按直線(zhxin)排列的即直列式，這種布置使得發(fā)動機缸體結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。汽車發(fā)動機一般為26缸，通常氣缸是垂直放置的，但氣缸數(shù)量的增加會導(dǎo)致缸體和曲軸的長度過大，解決問題的措施之一就是采用V型布置，這種布置方式可以使發(fā)動機缸體和曲軸長度尺寸更短，從而大大增加剛度。The four basic cylind

17、er arrangements of a diesel or gas-burning engine are: cylinder-in-line; V-arrangement and Flat.共三十八頁An engine located at the front can be mounted longitudinally and can drive either the front or the rear wheels. Rear engine vehicles have the engine mounted behind the rear wheels. The engine can be

18、transverse or longitudinal and usually drive the rear wheels only.前置發(fā)動機可以縱向布置，能夠驅(qū)動前輪或后輪。后置發(fā)動機布置在后輪后側(cè)，發(fā)動機即可縱向布置又可橫向(hn xin)布置，一般只能驅(qū)動后輪。共三十八頁Internal combustion engine: 內(nèi)燃機、外燃機Cylinder: 汽缸 圓柱體Gasoline/diesel：汽油 柴油(chiyu) Ignition：點燃 igniteShaft / Crankshaft: 軸 曲軸TransmissionConfigurationLongitudinal：

19、縱向Transverse：橫向共三十八頁車身轎車車廂發(fā)動機罩鉸接式客車皮卡內(nèi)燃機行李箱蓋造型(zoxng)、外形貨物發(fā)動機bodySedan / salooncompartmentHood / bonnetArticulated busPick-up / utilityInternal combustion engineTrunk deck / lid stylingcargoengine共三十八頁1.3 Chassis Power train system: conveys the drive to the wheelsSteering system: controls the direct

20、ion of movementSuspension system (running gear): absorbs the road shocksBraking system: slows down the vehicle底盤總成是由作為汽車主要運行部分的各系統(tǒng)(xtng)組成，包括動力傳動系、轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)(xtng)、懸架和制動系統(tǒng)(xtng)。共三十八頁共三十八頁1.3.1 Power train system: Clutch (torque converter / fluid coupling) 離合器（液力變矩器） Transmission 變速箱 Manual/ automaticDriv

21、eshaft 傳動軸 final drive 主減速器 differential gear 差速器齒輪driving axle 驅(qū)動軸Transaxle: an integral driving axle and differential gear in motor vehicle 變速器驅(qū)動橋Diaphragm spring膜片彈簧(tnhung)Release bearing分離軸承共三十八頁Top and side view of a typical manual transmission, in this case a Ford Toploader, used in cars with

22、 typical external gear shifter. driveshaftFinal drive / DifferentialDriving axles共三十八頁 傳動系把發(fā)動機輸出的扭矩傳遞(chund)給驅(qū)動輪。傳動系包括離合器（對應(yīng)機械變速器）或液力變矩器（對應(yīng)液力自動變速器）、變速器、驅(qū)動軸、主減速器、差速器和驅(qū)動橋。另外有些傳動系采用由變速器、主減速器和差速器組成的一體式的變速驅(qū)動橋。（或者采用一個獨立的變速驅(qū)動橋，即變速器在同一個箱體內(nèi)。） 對于采用機械(jxi)變速器的汽車，其發(fā)動機扭矩由離合器傳遞給變速器或變速驅(qū)動橋，并通過離合器來控制發(fā)動機和傳動系的嚙合或分離。變速

23、器包含了不同傳動比的齒輪副，能夠增加或減小扭矩。選擇的齒輪速比越小，傳遞的扭矩最大。汽車起步時需要較大的扭矩，一旦起動后，僅需要較小的扭矩就可維持速度，此時應(yīng)該換用較高的檔位，以降低發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速。 傳統(tǒng)的汽車采用前置發(fā)動機、后輪驅(qū)動，因此需要傳動軸把動力從變速器傳遞給主減速器。 主減速器的作用就是在把動力傳遞給驅(qū)動輪之前，降低轉(zhuǎn)速并增加扭矩。對于前置后驅(qū)的汽車，主減速器還將驅(qū)動的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向改變了90度。主減速器內(nèi)的差速器齒輪副，把動力分給兩個驅(qū)動軸，并允許兩邊車輪在轉(zhuǎn)向時具有不同的轉(zhuǎn)速。動力最終由驅(qū)動軸傳遞給車輪。后輪驅(qū)動汽車的驅(qū)動橋應(yīng)能滿足懸架的運動，可以是剛性的或包含運動副。為滿足懸架和轉(zhuǎn)向的

24、要求，前輪驅(qū)動汽車驅(qū)動軸上需安裝萬向節(jié)。 自動變速器或自動變速驅(qū)動橋的功能和機械式基本類似，區(qū)別在于檔位的選擇是液力或電力控制的。液力自動變速器采用液力變矩（耦合）器作為連接器以傳遞動力。共三十八頁1.3.2 Steering system: 轉(zhuǎn)向(zhunxing)系統(tǒng)The direction motion of vehicle is controlled by a steering system. A basic steering system has 3 main parts: a steering box connected to the steering wheel, the li

25、nkage connecting the steering box to the wheel assembly at the front wheels and front suspension parts to let the wheel assemblies pivot. When the driver turns the steering wheel, a shaft from the steering column turns the steering gear. The steering gear moves tie-rods that connect to the front whe

26、els. The tie-rods move the front wheels to turn the vehicle right or left.轉(zhuǎn)向(zhunxing)系控制汽車行駛方向，一般由三部分組成：與轉(zhuǎn)向(zhunxing)盤相連的轉(zhuǎn)向(zhunxing)器、連接車輪和轉(zhuǎn)向(zhunxing)器的傳動結(jié)構(gòu)、允許車輪轉(zhuǎn)動的前懸架部件。當(dāng)駕駛員轉(zhuǎn)動方向盤時，轉(zhuǎn)向(zhunxing)柱內(nèi)的軸帶動轉(zhuǎn)向(zhunxing)器運動，然后通過轉(zhuǎn)向(zhunxing)傳動機構(gòu)來轉(zhuǎn)動車輪，從而使得汽車向左或向右行駛。（轉(zhuǎn)向(zhunxing)拉桿）共三十八頁SparkCompressionCombu

27、stionMount/mountingClutchFluid couplingTransmissionGearLinkage/rodSteering box/column/wheelTorque/work/power/effortEngage/disengage氣缸(q n)車橋曲軸車輪底盤制動器總成部件客車車身共三十八頁1.3.3 suspension system: 懸架系統(tǒng)緩沖(hunchng)減震 傳力導(dǎo)向Ford model T suspension MacPherson structure 麥弗遜式獨立(dl)懸架共三十八頁整個懸架系統(tǒng)的作用是隔離來自路面的沖擊和振動對車身的影響，

28、防止傳遞給乘員和貨物。另外不論路面如何，懸架系統(tǒng)都應(yīng)該(ynggi)保持輪胎和路面接觸。懸架系統(tǒng)的基本組成包括彈性元件、車橋、減震器、桿系（臂、桿）和球副組成的導(dǎo)向機構(gòu)（球形接頭）。The purpose of the complete suspension system is to isolate the vehicle body from road shocks and vibrations, which will otherwise be transferred to the passengers and load. It must also keep the tires in cont

29、act with the road regardless of road surface. A basic suspension system consists of springs, axles, shock absorbers, arms, rods and ball joints.共三十八頁 彈簧是懸架的彈性元件，常見的彈簧類型有：鋼板彈簧、螺旋彈簧和扭桿彈簧。現(xiàn)代汽車大多采用(ciyng)小的螺旋彈簧，輕型商用車常采用(ciyng)的螺旋彈簧比一般乘用車的大得多，或者前懸架采用(ciyng)螺旋彈簧，后懸架采用(ciyng)鋼板彈簧。重型商用車則通常采用(ciyng)鋼板彈簧或空氣彈簧

30、。 車輪必須能支撐整車重量，并能承受正常工況下的載荷。同時(tngsh)車輪必須盡可能地輕，有助于最小化簧下質(zhì)量。 車輪可采用雙面鋼化板壓制而成，也可采用鑄造的鋁合金材料。除了外觀漂亮之外，鋁合金比鋼更輕，因此鋁合金車輪應(yīng)用較廣。另外鋁合金導(dǎo)熱性更好，因此相比鋼制車輪，制動器和車輪產(chǎn)生的熱量更容易被鋁合金車輪散發(fā)。 輪胎在汽車和路面之間起緩沖作用，能減小路面沖擊。同時輪胎也提供了車輪正常行駛所需的摩擦力。輪胎是由多種材料加工而成，橡膠多是人工合成的。最常見的輪胎類型是子午線輪胎和斜交輪胎?，F(xiàn)在大部分乘用車都采用子午線輪胎，在四輪驅(qū)動和商用車上，子午線輪胎也正在取代斜交胎。 有內(nèi)胎的輪胎用內(nèi)胎來

31、密封內(nèi)部氣體。無內(nèi)胎的輪胎則要求車輪和輪胎具有很好的密封性，這就需要專用的密封件，可以緊固在輪緣上，也可用螺釘和密封圈來固定。共三十八頁Leaf springCoil springTorsion spring共三十八頁1.3.4 Braking system: 制動系統(tǒng)機械 液壓 氣壓 ABS：控制制動強度(qingd)，防止車輪鎖死共三十八頁Drum brakes 鼓式制動器Disc brakes 盤式制動器共三十八頁Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake

32、shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub is clenched between two brake pads. 鼓式制動器的制動鼓和輪轂連接，制動蹄張開壓緊制動鼓內(nèi)側(cè)從而產(chǎn)生制動。在盤式制動器上，連著輪轂的制動盤被緊緊夾在兩個制動塊之間。輕型汽車上都采用液壓制動系統(tǒng)，制動踏板(t bn)控制制動主缸，通過液壓管路與車輪上的制動輪缸相連?，F(xiàn)在輕型汽車上的制動器，前輪采用盤式，后輪采用鼓式，或全部采用盤式。相比鼓式制動器，盤式制動器需要更大的

33、作用力。在制動時采用增壓器輔助駕駛員提高施加在主缸上的制動力。Hub: the central part of a wheel, rotating on or with the axle, and from which the spokes radiate共三十八頁 重型商用車多采用氣壓制動系統(tǒng)，壓縮氣體作用在直徑較大的膜片上時能為制動總成提供較大的制動力。氣壓制動系統(tǒng)靠空氣壓縮機把氣體吸入儲氣罐。駕駛員控制閥門(f mn)開啟，使壓縮氣體進入車輪制動氣室進行制動。在鉸接車輛的拖車上采用繼動閥和單獨的儲氣罐，以減小拖車制動系統(tǒng)的時間延遲，這種布置方式還可以在拖車失去動力時制動拖車。 所有汽車必須安裝至少兩套獨立的制動(zh dn)系統(tǒng)，即行車制動(zh dn)系統(tǒng)與緊急制動(