中國(guó)哲學(xué)與宗教-Chinese-Philosophy-and-Religion課件

1、Chinese Philosophy and ReligionUnits 12 & 13I. Confucianism 儒家Confucius ( Kong Zi) (551-479BC)Mencius ( Meng Zi) (372-289BC)Xun Zi ( Xun Kuang; Xun Qing; Sun Qing) (310-230BC)-He declared that human nature is originally evil because human desires inevitably lead to greed and strife if left untrained

2、.-Everything should be in its proper order, and every man should be true to his name and act accordingly.-There is government, when the prince is prince, and the minister is minister; when the father is father, and the son is son. -People are on the top of priority, with state following, then comes

3、the monarch.(民為貴，社稷次之，君為輕）Confucius ( Kong Zi) Mencius ( Meng Zi) Xun ZiThe development of confucianismThe development of ConfucianismThe development of ConfucianismII. Taoism(or Daoism ) 道家Lao Tzu (Lao Zi) (around 571-471 BC)Zhuang Zi (around 369-286/275 BC)-Each thing or everyone should nourish, f

4、ollow and develop its or his own nature which is the virtue obtained from the Way, and thus finds the due happiness and freedom.- He searched a way to avoid the constant feudal warfare and other social conflict during his time-He emphasized individual freedom and condemned all laws, morals, institut

5、ions, and governments, which were created to establish uniformity and suppress difference.Zhuang Zi Lao ZiIII. Mohism 墨家Mo Zi (around 476/480-390/420 BC）IV. Legalism/the legalists 法家Han Fei （around 280-233 BC)2022/7/24-He advocated universal love to replace partiality (graded love).-He exalted fruga

6、lity and opposed all forms of extravagance.-He insisted all men acted from motives of selfishness and self-profit, and so showed caiculating minds toward one another.-He condemned agressive warfare.-He firmly believed in the existence of the spirits.-Humanity means different grades of love.-Humanity

7、 should be practised within the strict boundary of rites.Mo Zi Han FeiConfuciusThe Origin of BuddhismBudh (Indian Sanskrit language): to wake up, to know Buddha: the awaken or enlightened oneThe founder of Buddhism: Sakymuni (Siddhartha Gautama 悉達(dá)多 喬達(dá)摩)Two Schools of Buddhism:The Mahayana - China, K

8、orea, Japan and Vietnam, etc.The Theravada (Hinayana) - Sri Lanka and southeast AsiaBuddhismThe story of the origin of BuddhismBuddhism originated in India in the 6th century BC. Sakyamuni (Siddhartha Gautama) is said to be the founder of Buddhism. As the story goes, he was a prince. When he was you

9、ng, he sadly saw that people suffered from poverty, pain, sickness and death. Around the age of 29, he chose to abandon the material world and searched for the enlightenment. Sakyamuni came to a bodhi tree (菩提樹) and sat down, falling into a deep meditation (冥想). Afterwards he achieved enlightenment

10、and became a Buddha.The theory of Buddhism is based on the theory of samsara (輪回), meaning that living beings orbit around the six spheres of heaven, hell and earth(天道、人道、修羅（神）道、傍生道、鬼道、地獄道 ), just like an ever-turning wheel. The path of a Buddhist is to achieve enlightenment. The Theory of BuddhismO

11、ne Buddhist doctrine is that everything in the world is changing, transient (暫時(shí)的) and unreal. The cornerstone (基本觀點(diǎn)) of Buddhist philosophy is the view that all life is suffering.The doctrine of Four Noble Truths (四諦): life is suffering, the cause of suffering is sin, sin can be exterminated, and su

12、ffering can be alleviated by the right path of understanding, meditation and endeavour (following the Eight Right Ways八正道).The Theory of BuddhismThe Ten Grave Precepts of Buddhismp. 137It is commonly believed that Buddhism was first introduced into China in the first century. During the Sui and Tang

13、 dynasties, Buddhism entered its golden age. Abundant Buddhist temples were built nationwide. In India Buddhism was declining at that time, so China became the center of the Buddhist world.Buddhism has always co-existed with Confucianism and Daoism.Buddhism in ChinaXuan Zangs contribution to the dev

14、elopment of Chinese BuddhismAfter many hardships, Xuan Zang finished his pilgrimage journey from Changan to India in order to study Buddhist classics and learn the Buddhist doctrines from Indian monk scholars. He returned with volumes of precious Buddhist scriptures, and together with many other mon

15、ks and scholars.Xuan Zang devoted himself to translating the scriptures into Chinese. Xuan Zangs achievements greatly promoted the development of Chinese Buddhism and enriched Chinese culture. On Chinese language The translation of Buddhism scripts brings new grammars, which accelerate the changes o

16、f Chinese grammatical systems. Buddhism also brings a number of new terms and phrases into Chinese vocabulary, many of which still exist in modern Chinese language. For example, “world (世界)”, “actuality (實(shí)際)”, “equality (平等)”, “relatively (相對(duì))”, and so on.Influence of Buddhism on Chinese CultureInfl

17、uence of Buddhism on Chinese CultureOn Chinese literatureNew literature styles, such as the interfusion of prose and verse narratives are brought into Chinese Literature. The ideas, such as impermanence and suffering, karma業(yè) and rebirth, paradises and hells, emptiness and reality, bondage and libera

18、tion, are all essential to the development of Chinese literary thoughts.The Buddhism emphasizes on systematic personal cultivation of mind provided Chinese writers with a new and subjective world, one that merged with the love of nature in Chinese traditional poetry to reach far beyond this society and life, thus enriching the imaginative powers of Chinese literature. On Chinese science Together with the spread of Buddhism, science and technology like astronomy, medicine is also brought into China. There are more than a dozen of the prescriptions and books about me