大學(xué)英語考試考前輔導(dǎo)課件(PPT 55頁)

1、大學(xué)英語（B）考試考前輔導(dǎo)南京大學(xué)張 潔第1頁，共55頁。作 文大綱要求：考生應(yīng)能在30分鐘內(nèi)寫出長度不少于80詞的常見應(yīng)用文及一般的敘述文、說明文和議論文，能夠：用較正確的語法、詞匯、拼寫、標(biāo)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行表達(dá)；（語言） 基本做到內(nèi)容切題，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，條理清楚；（內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)） 根據(jù)不同的寫作目的進(jìn)行有針對(duì)性的寫作。（按要求寫作） 好作文的特點(diǎn)：內(nèi)容：主題明確，內(nèi)容完整；結(jié)構(gòu)：自然連貫，條理清晰；語言：用詞準(zhǔn)確，語句通順，無重大語法錯(cuò)誤；格式：合乎規(guī)范，標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確。第2頁，共55頁。書信格式 書信或e-mail私人信件日期、稱呼、正文、結(jié)尾。日期與右邊線對(duì)齊日月年 月日，年Feb. 11, 200612

2、Oct 2006January Jan.February Feb.March Mar.April Apr.MayJune Jun.July Jul.August Aug.September Sept.October Oct.November Nov.December Dec. 第3頁，共55頁。稱呼與左邊線對(duì)齊，后用逗號(hào)或冒號(hào)可直呼收信人的名字，稱呼前可加DearDear Mr. Lee,Dear Ms. Richards,Dear Professor/ Prof. Smith,Dear Dr. Stein,Dear Mum,Dear Jack,Cathy,正文正確、順暢、自然、簡潔要點(diǎn)全部寫

3、出，不要跑題第4頁，共55頁。書信正文的常用開頭語：How are you？ Hows everything with you？How are you getting along / on these days? How have you been recently？I hope everything is all right with you. I am very glad to receive your letter of October 10th. Thank you for writing to me. Thank you for answering my letter so quic

4、kly. Its a long time since I got your last letter.I am so sorry for not having written to you for such a long time.Im sorry it has taken me so long to reply to your last letter.How nice it was to hear from you at last!How glad I was to get a letter from you after all this time!I am very happy / sorr

5、y to hear that 第5頁，共55頁。書信正文的常用結(jié)束語：Best wishes to you.With my best wishes.Please remember me to .Please give my love / regards / best wishes to .Please write to me as soon as possible.Please write to me when you have time.Thank you for an early reply.Im looking forward to hearing from you soon.第6頁，共

6、55頁。結(jié)尾致敬語和簽名Yours truly, Sincerely yours,Yours sincerely, Yours, Love,With love, Lots of love,As ever, Fondly,Affectionately,第7頁，共55頁?？荚嚰记蓵r(shí)間安排15分鐘：審題、構(gòu)思；625分鐘：寫作；最后5分鐘：修改、定稿。格式正確內(nèi)容扣題條理清晰語言通順第8頁，共55頁。模擬題分析 Test 1: Sports (p. 148, 202)時(shí)態(tài)：要點(diǎn)1：現(xiàn)在時(shí)要點(diǎn)2：過去時(shí)要點(diǎn)3：現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過去時(shí)重點(diǎn)：要點(diǎn)3 “運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)你有什么益處”兩至三個(gè)分要點(diǎn)，注意之間的過渡：First

7、, Second, Last but not leastTo begin with, Secondly, Furthermore / Moreover, Test 2: Water and Life (p. 158, 208)時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主消亡：extinct (adj.)節(jié)約用水：save water, use water economically 第9頁，共55頁。Test 3: A Get-together on May 1st (p. 168, 213)書信格式了解對(duì)方情況How is everything getting along with you?Hows everything

8、 with you？How are you doing now?What have you been doing all these years?通知對(duì)方五一將有同學(xué)聚會(huì)。We are going to get together on May Day holiday.We are going to meet on May Day holiday.邀請(qǐng)對(duì)方參加。I hope you can come when the day is due.Would you come on that day?Please come if you have time.Come if you are free on

9、 that day.第10頁，共55頁。Test 4: Help Me to Buy a Spoken English Book (p. 178, 217)書信格式請(qǐng)對(duì)方幫你購買英語口語書。Would you please buy some books on spoken English for me?Can you help me buy some books on spoken English?歡迎他方便時(shí)來訪。I hope you can come to see me when you are free.Would you come over to my house when you a

10、re free?第11頁，共55頁。Test 5: Bad Manners in Public (p.188, 224)時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在時(shí)；重點(diǎn)是要點(diǎn)1；僅對(duì)一種不良現(xiàn)象陳述看法。Test 6 My opinion on Cell Phones (p. 198, 230)表達(dá)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)：I think In my opinion, To my mind, As far as Im concerned, 第12頁，共55頁。詞匯與語法結(jié)構(gòu)大綱要求：語法：考生應(yīng)掌握基本的英語語法知識(shí)，并能在語言活動(dòng)中較正確地加以運(yùn)用。詞匯：考生應(yīng)認(rèn)知3000個(gè)單詞，并熟練掌握其中的1800個(gè)單詞及其基本的搭配。第13頁，

11、共55頁。時(shí)態(tài)一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完成時(shí)態(tài)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)現(xiàn)在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)write / writes現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am / are / is writing現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have / has written現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have / has been writing過去一般過去時(shí)wrote過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was writing過去完成時(shí)had written過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)had been writing將來一般將來時(shí)shall / will write將來進(jìn)行時(shí)shall / will be writing將來完成時(shí)shall / will have written將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)shall / will have

12、been writing過去將來一般過去將來時(shí)should / would write過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)should / would be writing過去將來完成時(shí)should / would have written過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)should / would have been writing第14頁，共55頁。一般過去將來時(shí)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻看來將來要發(fā)生的事情He said he would raise the question at the meeting.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。What were you doing at nine last night? 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)將

13、來某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作I wont be free on Friday morning. Ill be seeing a friend off.過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻看，將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻將正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作I didnt expect that you would be waiting here.第15頁，共55頁。過去完成時(shí)過去某個(gè)時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況By the end of last June they had treated 30, 000 patients.when，as soon as，before，after，untilHe had pressed the button b

14、efore we could stop him. 將來完成時(shí)將來某個(gè)時(shí)間會(huì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情I shall have finished my homework before lunch.過去將來完成時(shí)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻看，將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻會(huì)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。She hoped that we would have finished the plan by six oclock.第16頁，共55頁?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在以前一段時(shí)間里一直在進(jìn)行的一個(gè)動(dòng)作Ive been sitting here all afternoon.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)過去某個(gè)時(shí)間以前一直在進(jìn)行的一個(gè)動(dòng)作At last they got the

15、 telegram they had been expecting.將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作By next summer, well have been working here for twenty years.過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)從過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻看來，將來某個(gè)時(shí)刻前會(huì)一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years.第17頁，共55頁。幾點(diǎn)注意時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)。Return the book i

16、mmediately to the library as soon as you finish it. Please be sure to telephone me the next time you come. “This / It is the first time”后從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。This is the first time that I have met Jane. “It/This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+名詞”后從句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。This is one of the best books that have ever been written on the subject. 第1

17、8頁，共55頁?！癐t is/has been時(shí)間段since”后用過去時(shí)。It has been twenty years since I left my hometown.“no soonerthan”和“hardly when”，主句用過去完成時(shí)，從句用過去時(shí)。I had no sooner returned than he called. We had hardly begun when we were told to stop. “It is (high) time”后從句中用過去時(shí)。It is time that we had a rest. 第19頁，共55頁。從句定語從句、狀語

18、從句，賓語從句和主語從句定語從句限制性定語從句由who, whom, whose, which, that等關(guān)系代詞或when, why, where等關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)不用逗號(hào)把主句和從句分開。非限制性定語從句不出現(xiàn)that，要用逗號(hào)把主句和從句分開第20頁，共55頁。An old friend from abroad, _ I was expecting, telephoned me from the airport. A. that B. whom C. who D. whichB 非限制性定語從句The United States is composed of fifty states, t

19、wo of _ are separated from the others by land or water.A. them B. that C. which D. thoseC 非限制性定語從句第21頁，共55頁。狀語從句讓步狀語從句though, although, even if, even though, whetheror, no matter wh-(或how), whatever, whoever, whichever_, you must show your ticket to go into the cinema. A. No matter whomever you are

20、B. In whomever you are C. Whoever you are D. No matter who are youCYoung _ he is, he knows what is a right thing to do. A. that B. as C. although D. howeverB 第22頁，共55頁。賓語從句由that，if, whether及what引導(dǎo)可以設(shè)it為形式賓語I always take it for granted that I am far more intelligent than he is.主語從句what, that, who, wh

21、y, where, whenIt is a pity that It is an honor that It is a shame that It is a good thing that It is a fact that It is a surprise that It is strange that It is surprising that It is true that It is fortunate that It is necessary that It is possible(impossible)that 第23頁，共55頁。It is desirable that he _

22、. A. gives up trying B. give up trying C. would give up trying D. is going to give up tryingBIt is desirable+虛擬語氣。 _ I saw was two men crossing the street.A. What B. Whom C. Who D. ThatA第24頁，共55頁。Test 1 (p. 145)26. Professor Smith promised to look _ my paper, that is, to read it carefully before the

23、 defence.A. after B. over C. on D. into Blook after 照顧；look over 查看，檢查；look on as 把看作；look into調(diào)查 史密斯教授答應(yīng)檢查我的論文，也就是說，在我答辯前仔細(xì)閱讀。 27. Our house is about a mile from the railway station and there are not many houses _. A. in between B. far apart C. among them D. from each otherAin between在中間；far apart離

24、得很遠(yuǎn)我們的房子和火車站之間相隔一英里，之間沒有多少房子。 第25頁，共55頁。28. As the bus came round the corner, it ran _ a big tree by the roadside. A. into B. on C. over D. up Arun into 撞上；run on 以為主題，圍繞；run over撞到并碾壓，快速閱讀（或練習(xí)）run up積欠（帳款、債務(wù)等），累積；趕制（衣服）公共汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎的時(shí)候，撞上了路邊的一棵大樹。29. On average, a successful lawyer has to talk to several

25、_ a day.A. customers B. supporters C. guests D. clientsDcustomer消費(fèi)者；supporter支持者；guest客人；client客戶，委托人 成功的律師平均每天得接待幾個(gè)客戶。 第26頁，共55頁。30. What is the train _ to Birmingham?A. fee B. tip C. fare D. costCfee費(fèi)用（會(huì)費(fèi)、學(xué)費(fèi)等）tip小費(fèi)fare（火車、汽車等）車費(fèi)，船費(fèi)，飛機(jī)票價(jià)cost成本，價(jià)錢，代價(jià)去伯明翰的火車票多少錢？31. The students were all entertained

26、in a Mexican restaurant, at Professor Brians _.A. money B. payC. expense D. lossCat someones expense花某人的錢，由某人掏錢所有的學(xué)生在墨西哥餐館都很開心，花的是布萊恩教授的錢。第27頁，共55頁。32. Tom, what did you do with my documents? I have never seen a _ and disorder!A. mass B. mess C. guess D. busBmass質(zhì)量，大量；mess混亂，臟亂；guess猜測(cè)；bus公共汽車湯姆，你怎么

27、動(dòng)我的文件的？我從來沒有見過這么亂！33. If she wants to stay thin, she must make a _ in her diet.A. change B. turn C. run D. goAmake a change轉(zhuǎn)變；make a turn轉(zhuǎn)彎；make a go of sth.在方面成功（或有所成就）如果她想保持苗條，就必須改變飲食。第28頁，共55頁。34. _ the War of Independence, the United States was an English colony.A. Before B. At C. In D. BetweenA

28、獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)前，美國是英國的殖民地。35. You shouldnt _ your time like that, Bob; you have to finish your school work.A. cut B. do C. kill D. kickCkill time消磨時(shí)間你不應(yīng)該那樣消磨時(shí)間，鮑勃；你得完成學(xué)校的作業(yè)。 第29頁，共55頁。36. When Lily came home at 5 p.m. yesterday, her mother _ dinner in the kitchen.A. cooked B. was cooking C. cooks D. has cooke

29、dB過去進(jìn)行時(shí)（過去某個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)正在發(fā)生的事情）當(dāng)莉莉5點(diǎn)鐘回到家時(shí)，她的母親正在廚房做晚飯。37. Did you notice the guy _ head looked like a big potato?A. who B. which C. whose D. whomC 定語從句你注意到那個(gè)頭長得像顆大土豆的人了嗎？第30頁，共55頁。38. Both the kids and their parents _ English, I think. I know it from their accent.A. is B. been C. are D. wasCboth and 做主語是復(fù)數(shù)我

30、認(rèn)為孩子們和他們的父母都是英格蘭人。我是從他們口音聽出來的。39. Never before _ see such a terrible car accident on the road. A. I have B. have I C. I did D. did I DNever在句首，句子倒裝。Never before have I seen such a terrible car accident on the road.我從來沒有在馬路上看到如此可怕的車禍。 第31頁，共55頁。40. Johns father _ mathematics in this school ever since

31、 he graduated from Harvard University.A. taught B. teaches C. has taught D. is teachingC現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)也可：has been teaching約翰的父親從哈佛大學(xué)畢業(yè)以來一直在這所學(xué)校教數(shù)學(xué)。41. Every year thousands of lives _ in road accidents because of careless driving.A. lose B. lost C. have lost D. are lostD被動(dòng)語態(tài)因?yàn)轳{駛疏忽，每年有數(shù)以千計(jì)的人喪生于車禍。第32頁，共

32、55頁。42. The young lady coming over to us _ our English teacher; the way she walks tells us that.A. must be B. can beC. would be D. could beAmust, can, could都可表示猜測(cè)；must比較確定那個(gè)朝我們這邊過來的年輕女子是我們英語老師，從她走路的樣子我們就能看出來。43. Had you come five minutes earlier, you _ the train to Birmingham. But now you missed it.

33、A. would catch B. would have caught C. could catch D. should catchB虛擬語氣，對(duì)過去發(fā)生事情的虛擬。Had you come five minutes earlier是倒裝句。如果你早來五分鐘，你就能趕上去伯明翰的火車了?，F(xiàn)在你誤了車。第33頁，共55頁。44. Eggs, though rich in nourishments, have _ of fat.A. a large number B. the large numberC. a large amount D. the large amountCa large num

34、ber of 大量的（可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)）the large number巨大的數(shù)字a large amount of 大量的（不可數(shù)名詞）the large amount巨大的量雞蛋，雖然營養(yǎng)豐富，脂肪含量很大。45. No matter _, the little sisters managed to round the sheep up and drive them back home safely.A. it was snowing hard B. hard it was snowingC. how it was snowing hard D. how hard it was snowing

35、DNo matter （無論）后接疑問詞。不管下著多大的雪，小姐妹成功地將羊群聚攏，安全地趕回了家。第34頁，共55頁。Test 2 (p. 155)26. I dont know the park, but its _ to be quite beautiful.A. said B. told C. spoken D. talked A據(jù)說（僅用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)） be said to be It is said that it is said that the park is beautiful.我不認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)公園，但據(jù)說很漂亮。 27. Mike is better than Peter _ s

36、wimming. A. for B. at C. on D. inBbetter是good的比較級(jí)形式。be good at 擅長于 邁克比皮特游泳游得好。 第35頁，共55頁。28. The baby is hungry, but theres _ milk in the bottle. A. little B. a little C. few D. a few Aa little, a few 少量的little, few 幾乎沒有l(wèi)ittle, a little用在不可數(shù)名詞前few, a few用在可數(shù)名詞前嬰兒餓了，可是瓶子里幾乎沒有牛奶了。29. Nancy is _ girl.A

37、. a eighteen-year-old B. an eighteen-years-oldC. a eighteen-years-old D. an eighteen-year-oldDeighteen-year-old （18歲的）復(fù)合形容詞，做定語，year不用復(fù)數(shù)。eighteen元音開頭，不定冠詞是an 南茜是個(gè)18歲的女孩。 第36頁，共55頁。30. Harry, who had failed in the final exam, had a great worry _ his mind.A. on B. inC. with D. atAon ones mind掛在心上，惦念in

38、 ones mind記住哈里期末考試不及格，心里很擔(dān)心。31. Do you know the man _ under the apple tree?A. lay B. lainC. lying D. layingClie (lay, lain, lying) 平躺，位于lie (lied, lied, lying) 說謊lay (laid, laid, laying) 放置，下蛋the man lying under the apple tree 現(xiàn)在分詞短語作后置定語你認(rèn)識(shí)躺在蘋果樹下的那個(gè)男子嗎？第37頁，共55頁。32. -Is the library _ now? -No, its

39、_.A. open, close B. opening, closing C. open, closed D. opened, closedCopen開放的，開業(yè)的；closed 關(guān)閉的-圖書館現(xiàn)在開放嗎？-不，現(xiàn)在關(guān)閉。33. -When shall we meet again? -_ it any date you like. Its all the same to me.A. Do B. Get C. Meet D. MakeDmake it 用來約時(shí)間-我們什么時(shí)候再見面？- 你想哪天見面都行。對(duì)我都一樣。第38頁，共55頁。34. _ girl dressed _ black is

40、her sister Rose.A. A; in B. A; on C. The; on D. The; inDgirl后有關(guān)于女孩特征的描述，是確指，用定冠詞the。dressed in black穿著黑色衣服的那個(gè)穿著黑色衣服的女孩是她姐妹羅斯。35. Although he did not know London well, he made his way _ to the airport.A. easy enough B. enough C. easily enough D. enough easilyCmake ones way to 前往某地enough修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)要后置。e

41、asily enough修飾made his way盡管他對(duì)倫敦不熟悉，但他還是不費(fèi)力氣地來到了機(jī)場(chǎng)。 第39頁，共55頁。36. Two thousand dollars _ enough for the car.A. being B. were C. are D. isD錢、時(shí)間、重量等作主語時(shí)看作單數(shù)。兩千美元足夠買這輛車。37. They have learned about _ in recent years.A. several hundreds English wordsB. hundreds of English wordsC. hundred of English words

42、D. several hundred English wordB several hundred English wordsseveral hundreds of English wordshundreds of English words最近年他們已經(jīng)學(xué)了幾百個(gè)英語單詞。第40頁，共55頁。38. With his work completed, the manager stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased _ he was a man of action.A. which B. that C. what D. whetherB賓語從句經(jīng)理完成了

43、工作，走回座位，為自己是實(shí)干家感到欣慰。39. -_? -Shes our history teacher. A. Whats she B. Where does the woman work C. Who is she D. How is the womenC-What is she? 她的職業(yè)是什么？-She is a (history) teacher.-她是誰？-她是我們歷史老師。 第41頁，共55頁。40. Todays weather is _ worse than yesterdays.A. very B. much C. very much D. much tooBvery,

44、much too修飾形容詞原級(jí)much 修飾形容詞比較級(jí)very much修飾動(dòng)詞今天的天氣比昨天差多了。41. It is said that _ boys in your school like playing football in their spare time.A. quite a lot B. quite a few C. quite a bit D. quite a littleBquite a bit, quite a little修飾不可數(shù)名詞quite a few修飾可數(shù)名詞，相當(dāng)多的quite a lot修飾動(dòng)詞；quite a lot of修飾可數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞；相

45、當(dāng)多的據(jù)說你們學(xué)校有相當(dāng)多的男生喜歡業(yè)余時(shí)間踢足球。 第42頁，共55頁。42. Whats his mother like?-_.A. She is very happy B. Shes at homeC. She likes watching TV D. Shes tall and thin.DWhats sb. like?詢問長相、性格-她母親長什么樣？-她又高又瘦。43. The new order means _ overtime.A. works B. worked C. to work D. workingDmean doing sth.意味著做某事mean to do sth.

46、打算做某事新命令意味著要超時(shí)工作。第43頁，共55頁。44. She has two best friends. _ of them is in the country.A. All B. Both C. No one D. NeitherDAll of them, Both of them 復(fù)數(shù)Neither of them單數(shù)No one單數(shù)她有兩個(gè)最要好的朋友，都不在鄉(xiāng)下。45. I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I _ to half a dozen other groups before.A.

47、was giving B. am givingC. had given D. have givenC句中to half a dozen other groups比I was giving a talk to a large group of people早，用過去完成時(shí)。我正在給一大批人演講，這個(gè)演講我以前給另外五六批人做過。第44頁，共55頁。Test 3 (p. 165)26. When the railway is completed, we _ get to town much easily.A. must B. would C. are able to D. will be able

48、 to D火車站建好后，我們進(jìn)城會(huì)容易得多。 27. You _ buy some reference books when you go to college. A. could B. will have to C. must to D. mightB上大學(xué)后，你會(huì)不得不買些參考書。 第45頁，共55頁。28. He didnt pass the final examination. He _ it. A. must have prepared for B. ought to have prepared forC. ought to have prepared for D. ought to

49、 prepare for Cought to / should have done sth.過去本該做而沒有做某事ought to / should do sth.本該做而沒做某事他考試沒及格。他本應(yīng)該復(fù)習(xí)的。29. The atmosphere _ certain gases mixed together in definite proportions.A. composes of B. is made upC. consists of D. makes up ofCbe made up of, be composed of, consist of 由組成大氣由幾種氣體按一定比例混合而成。

50、第46頁，共55頁。30. Neither John _ his father was able to wake up early enough to catch the morning train.A. nor B. or C. but D. andANeither nor 兩者都不約翰和他的父親都沒能早起趕上早班火車。31. You dont mind _ you Xiao Li, do you?A. call B. to call C. to calling D. my callingDmind (someones) doing sth. 介意（某人）做某事你不介意我叫你小麗，是吧？第4

51、7頁，共55頁。32. The girl is _ of a film star.A. somebody B. something C. anybody D. anyoneBsomething of 有點(diǎn)像這個(gè)女孩有點(diǎn)像電影明星。33. Charles regretted _ the TV set last year. The price has now come down.A. buying B. to buy C. of D. fromAregret doing sth.后悔做某事查爾斯后悔去年買了電視機(jī)?，F(xiàn)在降價(jià)了。第48頁，共55頁。34. I have the complacent feeling _ Im highly intelligent.A. what B. which C. that D. thisC同位語從句我自滿地感到我非常聰明。35. It was on the beach _ Miss White found the kid lying dead.A. that B. this C. it D. whichAIt is / was that 強(qiáng)調(diào)句懷特小姐是在海灘上發(fā)現(xiàn)小孩躺在那兒死了。 第49頁，共55頁。36. We all thought _ pity that you were unable to attend ou