性別差異和性別歧視課件

1、 Gender Differences & Sexism 印睿 HBUTYinRui.2014-References1Fasold,R.The Sociolinguistics of Language M. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000. 2Hudson,R.A. SociolinguisticsM. Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.3李經(jīng)緯.語言性別差異及其原因解釋J.山東外語教學(xué)，1998（3）:12-15.4劉建達(dá).

2、語言中的性別歧視與解放J.山東外語教學(xué)，1998（1）:8-10.5潘世松，王艷. 漢語詞語的性別歧視論略J. 江西社會(huì)科學(xué), 2002（6）:68-70.6潘建. 英漢語言性別歧視的比較研究J. 外語與外語教學(xué) 2001（3）:14-16.7吳彬彬. 社會(huì)語言學(xué)的性別模式分析D.上海：上海師范大學(xué)，2006.8 西蒙娜德波伏娃. 第二性M. 陶鐵柱譯. 北京: 中國(guó)書籍出版社, 1998. 9于國(guó)棟，吳亞欣. 語言和性別：差異與共性并重 J.外語教學(xué)，2002（2）：24-28.10張寧嬌. 淺析言語行為的性別差異和性別歧視J.首都師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2008(6): 84-87.-Content

3、sIntroductionGender DifferencesSexismA Comparative Study between Chinese and English in Gender Differences and Sexism Summary -Introduction丹麥著名語言學(xué)家Jespersen在他的著作語言、本質(zhì)、發(fā)展及起源（1922）中介紹了女性語言諸種表現(xiàn)及特點(diǎn)。他率先從語言學(xué)角度研究“性別語言”。在談到男女交際時(shí)，語言學(xué)家Deborah Tannen就指出“不同的話語，不同的世界”。當(dāng)代有關(guān)男女語言差別的論著專門闡述了性別差異在語言里的種種表現(xiàn)，美國(guó)人類學(xué)家曾提出建立新

4、的語言學(xué)科-性別語言學(xué)，引起了廣泛關(guān)注。著名語言學(xué)家Lakoff（1975），Trudgill（1994）和Romaine（1994）等都在此領(lǐng)域有廣泛深入的研究。我國(guó)語言學(xué)界對(duì)性別語言的關(guān)注始于20世紀(jì)60年代。在社會(huì)語言學(xué)、社會(huì)心理語言學(xué)等領(lǐng)域有陳原的社會(huì)語言學(xué)(1983)，陳松岑的社會(huì)語言學(xué)教程(1985)，劉寧的語言學(xué)概論(1987)王德春的社會(huì)心理語言學(xué)(1995)白解紅性別語言文化與語用研究（2000）都不同程度地提出了性別語言研究問題。-國(guó)內(nèi)外性別研究的三個(gè)方面 The sexual discrimination of language to women and its inno

5、vation scheme 語言對(duì)女性的歧視The gender differences of language,which is the differences of language use between males and females 語言的性別差異The study of the factors that lead to sexual discrimination and broader differences in language use 語言性別歧視和差異的成因研究-Gender vs Sex Ronald Wardhaugh once said: “Sex is biol

6、ogical determined whereas gender is a social construct (but one heavily grounded in sex) involving the whole gamut of psychological, social, and cultural differences between males and females.In this view, gender roles rather than sex roles should be our concern in discussion”.Gender 社會(huì)性別具有后天性和可更改性。

7、通過社會(huì)化渠道傳承，表現(xiàn)在制度、觀念等領(lǐng)域，社會(huì)對(duì)兩性及兩性關(guān)系的規(guī)范、要求和評(píng)價(jià)。可以通過社會(huì)機(jī)制的運(yùn)作不斷改變或構(gòu)建。社會(huì)性別一旦形成就具有相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性。Sex 生理性別具有先天性是由生物遺傳因素決定的。它關(guān)乎基因、生殖腺以及荷爾蒙。性別一旦形成一般不會(huì)改變，除非技術(shù)介入。 Gender Differences- Gender Differences- Gender Differences the social regulations- Gender Differences the social regulations 堅(jiān)強(qiáng)勇敢 溫柔纖弱果斷干脆 優(yōu)柔寡斷男才 女貌 男性特點(diǎn) 女性特點(diǎn) -

8、Qualitative type of gender differences 絕對(duì)性別差異靜態(tài)*Quantitative type of gender differences 相對(duì)性別差異動(dòng)態(tài) Gender Differences the language forms- Gender Differences gender patternThe description A universal phenomenon shown up in most socialinguistic studies, can be put in this way: in any society where males

9、 and females have equal access to the standard form, femalesuse standard variants of any stable variable which is socially stratified for both sexes more often than males do.-The conceptsUniversal prestige and local prestigeOvert and Covert prestigeGender Differences gender pattern-The explanationTh

10、e status-conscious explanationThe social-network explanationThe verbal superiority explanation The symbolic value of variants explanationGender Differences gender pattern-Lakoffs 6 categories of language use that are sharply differentiated by the sex of the speaker: Lexical distinctions such as colo

11、r termsStrong versus weak expletivesWomens versus neutral adjectivesTag questionsQuestion intonation with statement syntaxStrength of directive speech actsGender Differences-In English: women use more ing pronunciations and fewerin/in/ pronunciations than men in words like swimming and typing. m:ome

12、 /h/ home f:homeIntonation patterns Women using certain patterns associated with surprise and politeness more often than men. Women may answer a question with a statement that employs the rising intonation pattern usually associated with a question rather than the falling intonation pattern associat

13、ed with making a firm statement. Gender Differences phonological level- Gender Differences lexical levelA. In English, women use color words like mauve, lavender and magenta.B. Adjectives such as adorable, charming, divine, lovely and sweet are also commonly used by women.C. Women are also said to h

14、ave their own vocabulary for emphasizing certain effects on them, words and expressions such as so good, such fun, exquisite and fantastic. -Gender Differences syntactical levelA. The use of interrogative sentences. Women often add tag questions to statement. B. The use of plural form.C. The validit

15、y of grammar- Gender Differences intention & attention Male FemaleIntention competition intimacy aggression connection teasing inclusive solving problems relationship rapport community problem novice listeningAttention business, legal matters feelings, daily life, economy, politics family,fashion sp

16、orts -It is suggested that women are more nurturing, supportive and cooperative than men.The characteristics of womens talk are collaboration, cooperation, balancing of speaking rights, symmetry and mutual support. It is argued that men and women come from different sociolinguistic subcultures. Gend

17、er Differences summary- Biological factors Social factors Gender Differences the factorsMen and women have different conversational norms as a result of interacting in single-sex peer groups as children. Different socialization patterns cause boys to be concerned with status and self-assertion, whil

18、e girls are more geared to involvement and understanding.- Sexism Frailty, thy name is woman! -William Shakespeare-Theassumptionthatonesexissuperiortotheotherandtheresultantdiscriminationpracticedagainstmembersofthesupposedinferiorsex,especially:bymenagainstwomen;alsoinconformitywiththetraditionalst

19、ereotypingofsocialrolesonthebasisofsex. -OxfordEnglishDictionary Sexism thedefinition- Sexism the types Male privilege:The idea that men benefit from certain rights and privileges not available to women. StereotypesLegal statusDomestic ViolenceEducationProfessionsMarginalization- The Princess -Alfre

20、d Tennyson Man for the field and woman for the hearth;Man for the sword and for the needle she.Man with the head and woman with the heart：Man to command and woman to obey. Sexism男人耕作女持家；男上戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)女紡紗。男人冷靜女猶柔；男施命令女聽話。- Sexism sexist language* Male terms precede female terms* Male terms used to refer to peo

21、ple in general* Feminine words formed from masculine words* Negtive meaning in feminine words-To sum up, Lakoff argues that a female speaker faces a double bind. If she doesnt learn to speak like a lady, she will be criticized or scolded. If, on the other hand, she doesnt learn to speak like a lady,she will be systematically denied access to power on the ground that she is not capable of holding it, with her linguistic behavior as partial evidence for that claim. Sexism summary -英漢語性別歧視現(xiàn)象比較研究 Thesis Analysis-Feminism is a major source of female experience and motivation for social theory an