澳大利亞的性格和種族問(wèn)題

1、Unit 3The Australian People共九十六頁(yè)Comparison between western and eastern characteristics共九十六頁(yè)What kind of national characters does this paragraph reflect?Australians are, I have found, ready to laugh at themselves if they think that the joke is funny and the humor not ill-directed. And the ability to

2、be self-deprecating is the mark of confidence; it is, as much as anything else, the yardstick by which a society measures how tolerant and self-assured is. -Soumya BhattacharyPRELUDE共九十六頁(yè)what kind of people do you think make Australia their home? “I live in Port Hedland, Western Australia, and have

3、lived in the Northern Territory, Queensland, and New South Wales. Australia is made up of many races, and generally we are a happy lot. Very laid-back and casual. I wouldnt live anywhere else in the world, (I have traveled the world too by the way), the people are fantastic, and I love it here. Come

4、 for a visit and see for yourself.”P(pán)RELUDE共九十六頁(yè)Traits of AustraliansBritish Characteristics: the leading factor of compositionSelf-deprecationGood sense of humorSport-loving peopleDeveloped social welfare system and one of greatest economic powersLaid-back raceBright and gay nationGamblersMusic-lovi

5、ng nationReading lovers (yellow-back variety)共九十六頁(yè)Short history freedom from restraints of conventionalismCrave for newness, new sensationsWant of veneration and contempt for ageNot cultured people, scorn politeness and etiquette and ridicule old-fashioned mannerisms and customsInfluence of squatter

6、sSelf-relianceClimatic and geographical influenceEnergetic; sport-loving; open-minded; generousTraits of Australians共九十六頁(yè)A Young and Unique NationAustralia is a nation in his infancy.The unique characteristics, tastes, and tendencies which the Australians possesses form the nucleus of their deep-roo

7、ted typical character. Para 1共九十六頁(yè)Inheritance and InnovationThe Australians have inherited from their British progenitors many old-world tastes and habits.They have added a multitude of new and unconsidered characteristics. Para 2共九十六頁(yè)A Free NationThere is no civilized country in the world whose inh

8、abitants enjoy greater freedom from the restraints of conventionalism than we fortunate denizens of Australia. Para 3共九十六頁(yè)The Climate Moulds HabitsClimatic influence is as great a factor in molding our habits, and customs, and tastesperhaps a greater factor than anything else. An abundance of open-a

9、ir exercise is essential to the bodily health and mental vigor.Para 4共九十六頁(yè)A sport-loving people; a nation of athletes Sports play an integral role in the lives of many Australians. Organized sports, including tennis, swimming, golf, basketball, and horse racing, flourish throughout the country. The

10、major summer sport is cricket. Para 5共九十六頁(yè)Which one of the following sports might not be very popular in Australia?ABDCPara 5共九十六頁(yè)Sports in Blue Mountains Bush Walking HikingTrekkingCanoeingHorse ridingRock ClimbingBlue MountainsPara 5共九十六頁(yè)Sports in the Great Barrier ReefScuba DivingSnorkeling Jet S

11、kiing (水上摩托艇運(yùn)動(dòng))Parasailing (帆傘運(yùn)動(dòng))Para 5共九十六頁(yè)A Gambling People They gamble from the pure, unadulterated love of the thing, for the love of the excitement it produces; and perhaps not the least powerful incentive is the hope of gaining unprecedented wealth without the pain of working for it. Para 6共九十

12、六頁(yè)A Gambling PeopleFrom racetracks to lotteries, gaming machines and casinos, gambling is one of the most distinctive aspects of Australian life. Australians are such enthusiastic gamblers. And Australian society is also characterized by an unusual degree of toleration of gambling. Para 6共九十六頁(yè)ManlyM

13、anly is one of Sydneys most popular seaside destinations. Full of attractions and exciting activities including Manly Beach, Ocean world, kayaking, swimming, tennis, golf, beach volleyball, roller blading, scenic and historical walks, art, parasailing, scuba diving, fishing, dining and so much more.

14、 Manly is the perfect destination for your next Sydney escape.Para 7共九十六頁(yè) A Music-Loving People The humblest cottage can boast a piano, and where that is a luxury in the regions of the unattainable. The mouth organ and concertina are indispensable on the occasion of a holiday outing. Para 8共九十六頁(yè)Mout

15、h organ and concertinamouth organPara 8concertina共九十六頁(yè)A Music-Loving PeopleIt is in the bloodand the warm, generous sunshine of our comparatively cloudless skies keeps our hearts, too, warm, and sends us singing in concert with the locust and the bird throughout our most uncongenial labors. Para 8共九

16、十六頁(yè)A Flower-Loving PeopleWe are, too, fond of flowers. The smallest child just learning to toddle has a rapidly developing taste in this direction. Of course, like many an older child, he has little thought beyond that of immediate possession, and is not in the least concerned about any ultimate res

17、ults. Para 9共九十六頁(yè)A Sensation-Loving PeopleWe are a sensation-loving people. We crave for newnessnew sensations, new crazes, new buildings, and anything and everything fresh.Old customs and traditions rapidly make way before the sturdy march of progress. For we are nothing if not progressive, and we

18、sadly lack the bump of veneration. Para 10共九十六頁(yè)No appreciation to the things old and customsWe are young, and that is the key-note to this lack of appreciation of things old and customs venerated by our fathers. We have no traditions to speak and point with any degree of pride and to provoke enthusi

19、asm in the way of old buildings and land-marks. We have not only a want of veneration, but a contempt for age. Para 11共九十六頁(yè)A Literary-Loving People We are a literary-loving people. That we are a reading people I grant. But what do we read? Mainly, novels of the yellow-back variety, sporting papers,

20、and publications of the “Ally Sloper” type. It is a good feature of the national character that we do readsomething. For it is only a question of time when we shall develop a literature of our own, pregnant with local color, and, there is no reason to doubt the ultimate elevation of the literary tas

21、tes of our people to, at least, that level, if no higher. Para 12共九十六頁(yè)“Ally Sloper”Alexander Ally Sloper is one of the earliest fictional comic strip characters. Red-nosed and blustery, an archetypal lazy schemer often found sloping through alleys to avoid his landlord and other creditors,Para 12共九十

22、六頁(yè)P(yáng)ara 12共九十六頁(yè)Not a Cultured PeopleBut we are not a cultured people. We scorn the first principles of politeness and etiquette. And there is nothing that bores your youthful know-all more than being compelled to be under the necessity of observing certain of the unwritten, though necessary, laws of

23、polite society. He prefers to create a system and a code of manners for himself, and merely regards as food to ridicule many old-fashioned mannerisms and customs. Para 13共九十六頁(yè)Establishing the national character on its own basisOut of this heterogeneous mass of habits and tastes and customs, it is no

24、t hard to determine what the national character will be when firmly established on its own basis and without the influences of old-world ideas. Para 14共九十六頁(yè)Literature in Australia共九十六頁(yè)Literature in Australia Background Information and Major Themes in Australian Literature Australian literature began

25、 soon after the settlement of the country by Europeans. Common themes include indigenous and settler identity, alienation, exile and relationship to place Diversified themes 共九十六頁(yè)Literature in Australia Patrick White- Patrick Victor Martindale White (28 May 1912 30 September 1990 from 1935 until his

26、 death, he published 12 novels, two short-story collections and eight plays. Whites fiction employs humor, florid prose, shifting narrative vantage points and a stream of consciousness technique. In 1973, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the only Australian to have been awarded the priz

27、e.共九十六頁(yè)P(yáng)atrick White共九十六頁(yè)Thomas Keneally i:Thomas Keneally, (born 7 October 1935) is an Australian novelist, playwright and author of non-fiction. He is best known for writing Schindlers Ark, the Booker Prize-winning novel of 1982 which was inspired by the efforts of Poldek Pfefferberg, a Holocaust

28、survivor. The book would later be adapted to Steven Spielbergs Schindlers List, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture.共九十六頁(yè)Thomas Keneally共九十六頁(yè)Text B The National Psyche共九十六頁(yè)bruschetta共九十六頁(yè)Macchiato共九十六頁(yè)Akubra共九十六頁(yè)Tanned共九十六頁(yè)共九十六頁(yè)crocwrestler共九十六頁(yè)brusche-and-macchiato共九十六頁(yè)The National Psyche1

29、.Hardship3.Humor4.Social interaction2.Modest5.A melting pot共九十六頁(yè)Despiteitssophisticatedlifestyles,theAustralianlandscapehasshapedanationalcharacterthatisusedtohardship.Livingwithadversityhasalsohelpedmouldananti-authoritarian,rebelliousnaturerootedinadown-troddenpast.MostAussiesprefertosupporttheund

30、erdogoversomeonewhohasbecometoosuccessful,toopopularor“toobigfortheirboots”. 共九十六頁(yè)Australiansalsotendtobemodestandnotcrowaboutsuccess.Boastingisanunforgivablesininasocietywhereegalitarianvaluesareheldinhighregard. 共九十六頁(yè)Humor共九十六頁(yè)Australiansoftenusehumorasasociallevelingtool.Forthosenotfamiliarwithit

31、suniquecharacter,afirstencounterwithAussiehumorcanbeaconfusing experience. Aussiekidsareinfusedwiththeessentialcharacteristicsofthelocalhumorself-deprecation,blackhumor,sarcasm,ironyandtheoccasionalobscenity.OneoftheworstsocialfauxpasinAustraliaisto takeyourselftooseriously,andyoungstersmustlearnhow

32、“totakeajoke”alongwithhowtowalkandtalk.共九十六頁(yè)Socialinteraction,particularlyatthepub,isoftenamixofjokes,amusinganecdotesandpersonalteasing.Visitorscanbeshockedtohearbestmatestradinginsults(“takingthepiss”)orlabelingeachothera“bastard”,untiltheyrealizeitismeantinthenicestpossibleway.Swearwordsareoftenu

33、sedastermsofaffection,andifyouarebeingteaseditusuallymeansthatarelikedandarebeingacceptedinthegroup 共九十六頁(yè)Melting pot共九十六頁(yè)Alongwithitsindigenouspopulation,asteadystreamofimmigrantscontinuestomakeitsimprintonAustralianculture,withlargepopulationsofBrits,Irish,NewZealanders,continentalEuropeansandAsian

34、sbringingtheirownuniquehistories,stories,foodandculturestothemeltingpot.Tomanymigrants,Australiaisalandofopportunity,aperfectplacetostartanewlife.SowhileonyourtravelsinAustraliayoumaystillhear“gday”fromanAkubra-wearing,laconic,sixth-generationbushlarrikin,buthisvoicewillbejustoneamongmany.共九十六頁(yè) 1.De

35、spite its sophisticated lifestyle , the Australian landscape has shaped a national character- ?hardship共九十六頁(yè)2.Australians often use ( ) as a social leveling tool.Humor 共九十六頁(yè) 3.One of the worst social faux pas in Australian is ( ),and youngsters must learn ( ) along with how to walk and talk.To take

36、yourself too seriouslyhow to take a joke 共九十六頁(yè)4.To many migrants, Australian is a land of ( ), a perfect place to ( ). opportunity start a new life 共九十六頁(yè)6.Living with adversity has also helped mould an anti-authoritarian, rebellious nature rooted in a down-trodden past.T共九十六頁(yè)7.Australian tend to be

37、modest and not crow about success.T共九十六頁(yè)8.Social interaction, particularly at the family, is often a mix of jokes, amusing anecdotes and personal teasing.F共九十六頁(yè)8.Swear words are often used as terms of affection , and if you are being teased it usually means that are being unaccepted in the group.F共九

38、十六頁(yè)Text C Australian Indigenous People: An OverviewEarly HistoryLocationLanguageSpiritualityArt and culture共九十六頁(yè)Early HistoryTime : spanned 40,000 to 45,000 years.Way: lived as nomads (游牧民，流浪者)and hunter-gatherers .Clothe: cloaks ;skirts; beltsSurvival: dependence on the land and their agriculture ;

39、learnt to adapt the changing climate conditions; constructed shelters and windbreaks.Tool: boomerangs回旋(huxun)鏢; spears; nets; fish hooks。共九十六頁(yè)Mungo Man蒙哥人Mungo Man, whose remains were discovered in 1974 near Lake Mungo in New South Wales, is the oldest human yet found in Australia. He is at least 4

40、0,000 years old. Stone tools also found at Lake Mungo, to be about 50,000 years old. 共九十六頁(yè)LocationNew South Wales or Queensland: lived more than half of Australias Indigenous population.Northern Territory: has the highest proportion of Indigenous people.共九十六頁(yè)Lake MungoSince Lake Mungo is in south-ea

41、stern Australia, many archaeologists have concluded that humans must have arrived in north-west Australia at least several thousand years earlier. Lake Mungo共九十六頁(yè)Language SpokenBefore Europeans arrived in Australia, about 250 diverse Indigenous languages were spoken. However, some of these have died

42、 out.In 2006, 55,695 percent of Indigenous people spoke an indigenous language at home.Indigenous languages were more likely to be spoken in the centre and north of Australia than in the southern cities.共九十六頁(yè)Before the dawn of the present age was the Dreaming, or the Alchera of the Aranda, a time wh

43、en the ancestors of the Aborigenes wandered over a featureless land. These ancestors were unlike people of today ; they possessed special powers and were so intimately associated with certain animals and plants that an ancestor of the kangaroo totem many sometimes be spoken of either as a man-kangar

44、oo or as a kangaroo-man. As the ancestors journeyed over the land, their actions gave if form, created the natural features such as rivers and ranges. The land they shaped is today occupied by their descendants. Dreamtime共九十六頁(yè)ArtThe earliest Indigenous art forms were paintings and engravings on boul

45、ders, rock shelters and cave walls, some of which date back 30,000 years.Body painting, tree carving, bark painting, weaving and sculpture are other traditional indigenous art forms.共九十六頁(yè)1.Traditonal Indigenous music was predominantly vocal, but musical instruments like didgeridoos were used as acco

46、mpaniments.2.Today, new styles of Indigenous music have developed and merged with other musical genres, like rock music.Music共九十六頁(yè)didgeridoo共九十六頁(yè)didgeridoo共九十六頁(yè)ceramicsfabric printing共九十六頁(yè)printmaking共九十六頁(yè)1.The first ancestors of Australia s Indigenous peoples arrived on the continent up to _ years a

47、go. A.80000B.65000 C.60000D.55000C共九十六頁(yè)2.Before _ arrived in Australia , about 250 diverse Indigenous language were spoken.A. AmericansB. Asians C. MartiansD. EuropeansD共九十六頁(yè)3.Most Indigenous belief systems centre on the _ or _ to explain life and the origin of the world .A. Dreaming , DreamtimeB. D

48、reaming , Dreamland C. Dreamtime , DreamlandD. Dreamer , DreamingA共九十六頁(yè)4.In what year did the European settlement of Australia start? A. 1829B. 1803 C. 1788D. 1606C共九十六頁(yè)5. What is Australias national language? A. Australia has no official national language B. Aboriginal C. AustralianD. EnglishD共九十六頁(yè)

49、6. What made Australias first European settlers unique? A. They were convictsB. They were AmericanC. They were EnglishD. They were supermen A共九十六頁(yè)7. How long have Indigenous Australians been living in Australia? A. Over 80,000 yearsB. Between 60,000 and 80,000 yearsC. Between 40,000 and 60,000 years

50、D. Between 20,000 and 40,000 yearsC共九十六頁(yè)8. Half of Australia s Indigenous population lives in either New Wales or Queensland.F more than half共九十六頁(yè)9. Australian Indigenous art is the oldest continuous art traditions in the world. F one of the oldest共九十六頁(yè)10. Modern Indigenous paintings are the most re

51、cent expression of this tradition , which is now acclaimed in Australia and internationally. T共九十六頁(yè)Text D Issues concerning Australian Indidenous People Today共九十六頁(yè)Stolen Generation共九十六頁(yè)EducationFewer Indigenous students attend and finish school than ono-Indigenous studentssecondary education(12years

52、)reading benchmarksnumeracy benchmarksIndigenous49 percent71 percent52 percentnon-Indigenous87 percent91 percent82 percent共九十六頁(yè)Health1.Indigenous have shorter life spectancy than non-Indigenous.2. also hopitalized at higher rates than non-Indigenous. In 2004 to 2005, 65 percent of Indigenous people

53、had at least one long term health condition, and have higher rate to get kidney disease and diabetes.time Indigenous non-Indigenous1996-2001womammanwomanman65598277共九十六頁(yè)HousingIndigenous people experience lower housing standerds than other Ausralians. Overcrowded is the main problems.共九十六頁(yè)The Austra

54、lian Government is committed to the process of reconciliation between Indigenous and a non-Indigenous Australian. The Australian Government takes a leading role in reconciliation through its pursuit of practicl and symbolic measures that have a positive effect on everyone lives of indigenous Austral

55、ians,共九十六頁(yè)politication 強(qiáng)制(qingzh)同化reason土著人的抗?fàn)幇拇罄麃喩鐣?huì)對(duì)土著勞動(dòng)力的需求(xqi)國(guó)際社會(huì)的壓力受到同聲譴責(zé)。一些非洲國(guó)家把澳大利亞說(shuō)成是“亞洲的南非”。名聲而影響與北方近鄰的交往”。這使澳大利亞的國(guó)際影響力也大打折扣共九十六頁(yè)實(shí)施(shsh)1931年土著種族(zhngz)保護(hù)協(xié)會(huì)的成立成為澳大利亞種族(zhngz)隔離政策向同化政策轉(zhuǎn)變的標(biāo)志二戰(zhàn)后,土著人問(wèn)題顯得更加緊迫,19481951年聯(lián)邦政府與各州政府的代表就土著人政策舉行了幾次會(huì)議,最終在1951年各州和聯(lián)邦政府代表舉行的一次協(xié)調(diào)會(huì)上,與會(huì)代表接受了同化原則,正式推行同化政策。1

56、972年,澳大利亞政府還廢除了教師手冊(cè)中關(guān)于學(xué)校和教師可以拒絕接受土著兒童上小學(xué)的條款。共九十六頁(yè)Australias Stolen GenerationFOR the pain, suffering and hurt of these stolen generations.we say sorry, said Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd in an official statement in Parliament last week. Lots of Australians have been waiting for the apology fo

57、r four decades.The Stolen Generation refers to Aboriginal children in Australia who were forcibly removed from their families to institutions run by the church or state between 1910 and 1970. Some of the children were adopted into white families. People have claimed that the government hoped to brin

58、g extinction to the Aborigines by this policy of assimilation.The policy was not fully recognized until a decade ago. The government was encouraged to apologize and make financial reparations. Former Prime Minister John Howard, however, refused to offer an apology. He argued that the current generation should not be blamed for past misdeeds and i