虛擬語氣與特殊用法習題與詳細講解

1、. .14/14虛擬語氣語氣 (mood)是一種動詞形式，用以表示說話者的意圖或態(tài)度。英語中的語氣有三種：述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。直語氣(indicative mood),表示所說的話是事實。祈使語氣 (imperative mood),表示所說的話是請求或命令。虛擬語氣(subjunctive mood),表示說的話不是事實，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實相反的假設等。一. 虛擬語氣在條件句中的應用學習虛擬語氣在條件句中的用法之前我們必須清楚條件句的種類：條件句有真實條件句與非真實條件句(或稱虛擬條件句)兩種。真實條件句所表的假設是可能發(fā)生或實現的，句中的條件從句與結

2、果主句都用述語氣。如：If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will go for a picnic. 假若明天不下雨，我就去野餐。Oil floats if you pour it on water. 你如把油倒在水里，油就浮起來。虛擬條件句所表的假設則是不可能或不大可能發(fā)生或實現的，句中的條件從句與結果主句皆須用虛擬語氣。 條件從句主句與現在事實相反If 主語 +動詞過去式（be的過去式用were）should （would, might， could）+動詞原形 與過去事實相反If 主語 +had+過去分詞should （ would, might， could）+

3、 have 過去分詞 與將來事實可能相反If 主語 +動詞過去式（be的過去式用were）； should動詞原形；were to動詞原形should （would, might， could）+動詞原形1. 與現在事實相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式 (be的過去式用were), 主句的謂語用should （would, might， could）+動詞原形。如：If it were not raining, we should go for a picnic.如果現在不下雨的話，我們就出去野餐了。（事實是：天在下雨，我們不能出去野餐。表示愿望。）If he came here

4、, he might be able to help you. 如果他來這，他就能夠幫助你了。（事實是：他沒來這，他不可能幫助你。表示對他的良好印象。）2. 與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語用had+過去分詞，主句的謂語用should （ would, might， could）+ have 過去分詞。如：She would have gone to the party if she had been invited.要是當初她被邀請的話，她就會去參加這次聚會了。（事實是：當時沒有人邀請她，因此，她沒有來參加聚會。表示后悔。）If she hadnt called me, I wou

5、ld have overslept this morning.今天早上，她要是不叫我的話，我就會睡過頭了。（事實是：她今天早上叫我了，我沒有睡過頭。表示感激。）3. 與將來事實可能相反的虛擬條件句，條件從句的謂語用動詞的過去式(be的過去式用were)； should動詞原形；were to動詞原形，主句用should （would, might， could）+動詞原形。如：If I were to be twenty years old next year, I would take the course of French.明年我要是二十歲，我就會學法語。（事實是：我現在已經老了，明年我

6、學不了法語了。）If it should fail, I would try again.要是失敗了，我會再試一次。（事實是：有可能失敗，可我會再試。表示未知。）虛擬過去式有時并不表示“不大可能實現的假設”，而是表示一種希望或不希望發(fā)生的動作。如：If we caught the early train, wed get there by lunch time.假如我們趕上早班火車，到午飯時間我們就會到達那里了。(表希望)If we missed the train, we should have to wait an hour at the station.假如我們趕不上這班火車，我們就得在

7、車站等一小時。（表不希望）4. 混合型的條件句當條件從句與主句所表的時間不一致時，虛擬語氣的形式應作相應的調整。主句和從句的謂語動詞并不相互呼應，這種條件句叫混合條件句。較多見的混合型條件句是從句用過去完成時（指過去行為），而主句用一般時（指目前狀態(tài)）。He would pass the test if he had taken my advice如果他聽了我的勸告，他現在會通過考試。If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now. 假如昨天我對他說了，現在我就知道該怎么辦了。You would be much be

8、tter now if you had taken my advice. 假如你接受了我的意見，你現在就會好得多。如條件從句用if I were.，主句則可用表任何時間的虛擬形式。如：If I were not busy, I would have come.假如我不忙，我就會去了。(were表過去)If I were you, I would go.假如我是你，我會去的。(were表現在)二. 連詞if的省略如果虛擬條件句的謂語部分有were，had和should時，可省略if，把were，had和should放到從句主語前面去，多見于書面語。Had you not helped me， I

9、 should have failed.要是沒有你的幫助，我就失敗了。Were you in my position, you would do the same. 假如你處在我的地位，你也會這樣干的。Should they attack us, well wipe them out completely. 假如他們進攻我們，我們就把他們徹底消滅干凈。三. 含蓄條件句虛擬條件句中的條件從句有時不表出來，只暗含在上下文中，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句。含蓄條件句大體有三種情況。1) 條件暗含在短語中。如：But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in th

10、e experiment. 如果沒有你的幫助，我們的實驗是不會成功的。(暗含在分詞短詞but for your help)What would I have done without you? 如沒有你，我會怎么辦呢？(條件暗含在介詞短語without you 中)It would be easier to do it this way. 這樣做會比較容易。(條件暗含在不定式短語 to do it this way中)He must have the strength of a hippo, or he never could have vanquished that great beast.

11、 他一定是力大如河馬，否則他絕不會擊敗那只龐大的野獸。(暗含條件是連詞or)Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是單獨一人，他是會感到害怕的。(暗含條件是alone)2) 條件暗含在上下文中。如：You might stay here forever. 你可以永遠待在這兒。(可能暗含if you wanted to)We would have succeeded. 我們本來是會成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名譽會敗壞的。(可能暗含 if you shou

12、ld accept it)3) 在不少情況下，虛擬式已變成習慣說法，很難找出其暗含的條件。如：You wouldnt know. 你不會知道。I would like to come. 我愿意來。四. 不用if引導的條件從句虛擬條件句中的條件從句除用if引外，還可用when, unless, lest, suppose, as if, for fear, in case, on condition 等詞語來引導。如：The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. 農民已準備在這座城市解放后供給糧食。Lest you

13、 should not have heard all, I shall begin at the beginning. 我怕你沒有聽全，所以我再從頭開始講一遍。Unless I were well, I wouldnt be at school. 除非我好了，否則我不會上學。Suppose you were given a chance to study in America , would you accept? 假如給你一個到美國學習的機會，你會接受嗎？（suppose 或 supposing =what if）Supposing it were so？（=Supposing it wer

14、e so，what would happen？）要是這樣的話，會怎么樣呢？He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow. 如果明天能還回來，他就可以借用這輛自行車。In case I forget , please remind me of my promise 如果我忘了，請?zhí)嵝盐业闹Z言。Susan is walking slowly ,as if she were tired. 珊走得很慢，就像是累了似的。與if一樣，上述詞語所引導的條件從句亦可用直語氣，表可能實現或發(fā)生的事。虛擬語氣補充講解虛擬

15、語氣除主要用于條件句（也就是狀語從句）外，還可用于主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、定語從句等。1. 虛擬語氣在主語從句中的應用“常用在It is (was)+形容詞 / 過去分詞+that引導的主語從句”的句型中的主語從句要用虛擬語氣。主語從句的謂語用should+動詞原形(或should+have+過去分詞)或只用動詞原形(尤其是美國英語)。should在此是助動詞，本身并無實義，這種主語從句中的should有時有感情色彩。Its important that we（should）work out a plan. （帶有“要求”的含義）Its better that he go at once

16、. （帶有“建議”的意思）用于本句型的形容詞并不多，常見形容詞有：necessary，important，best, right, impossible，preferable，desirable, imperative, advisable，essential，reserved，urgent，等。It is necessary that he（should）be sent there at onceIts strange that he should say so.I was glad that he should go.It is important that we should speak

17、 politely. It is a pity that she should fare so badly.Its right that you should think that way. 用于本句型中的過去分詞就是表示提議要求、命令等動詞的過去分詞，如suggested，settled, required，requested，demanded，urged，decided, proposed，ordered，desired，advised等。It is requested that Professor Liu（should）give us a lectureIt is desired tha

18、t we（should）get everything ready by tonightIm ashamed you should have done such a thing. It has been suggested that the meeting（should）be put off有人建議推遲會議。It is settled that you leave us, then?注意：這種句型中的主語從句也可用述語氣，如：It was important that he made an explicit statement on this score last week. 他上個星期對于這一

19、方面做了明確的說明，這是很重要的。2. 虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的應用1). 賓語從句在表示提議、要求、命令、意志等動詞后，其謂語用should+動詞原形或只用動詞原形的虛擬語氣，作為suggest，request，demand，urge，propose，prefer，advise，insist，require，order，command，maintain，ask，object, arrange, desire等動詞的賓語。如：The doctor suggested that he not go there醫(yī)生建議他不要去那里。He suggested that we should leave

20、early. 他建議我們早點動身。The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 法官命令被告還押。2). wish的賓語的從句，表示愿望，常省去連詞that。從句的謂語動詞可用過去式，表示現在的愿望（與現在事實相反），雖實現的可能性不大，但仍有實現的可能。 I wish it were true我但愿這是真的。從句的謂語動詞還可用“could（would，might）+動詞原形”用來表示將來的愿望 I wish you would stay a little longer.我希望你再待一會兒。表示無能為力的過去愿望（與過去事實相

21、反），可用“had +過去分詞”或“could（would，might）+have+過去分詞”I wish you had called yesterday我希望你昨天來過。We wish you had come to our New Years party.我們真希望你來參加了我們的新年聯歡會。3). would rather, would sooner等表示愿望，其賓語從句常用虛擬過去式。表示與現在和將來含義事實相反的虛擬語氣要用動詞的過去式用過去完成式(had + 過去分詞)表示過去事實相反的含義I would rather you came tomorrow.我寧愿你明天來。Id s

22、ooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我寧愿她把重活留給別人。4). 有些動詞，如think, expect, believe,其否定式的賓語從句亦可用should+動詞原形。如：I never thought he should refuse.我萬沒有想到他會拒絕。She did not expect that you should come.她沒有預料你會來。3. 虛擬語氣在表語從句中的應用名詞suggestion，proposal，order，advice，demand等作主語，其后的表語從句中的謂語動詞一般使

23、用虛擬語氣，用should +動詞原形或省略should。My suggestion is that we (should) send a few soldiers to help them.我的建議是我們應派幾個戰(zhàn)士去增援他們。My advice is that you (should) treat her well.我的忠告是你應該善待她。He makes the demand that she (should) leave the place at once.他提出一個要求，要求她立刻離開這個地方。My suggestion is that we should tell him.我的建議

24、是我們應該告訴他。Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.我們唯一的請求就是盡快解決這個問題。注意：虛擬語氣也可以用于同位語從句。如：There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一項建議是布朗應該離隊。4. 虛擬語氣在定語從句中的應用常用在It is time (that)句型中，定語從句常用虛擬過去式It is time the children went to bed.孩子們早該上床睡覺了。（表示催促）It

25、s high time that he began to think how to deal with money.他早該開始考慮如何與錢打交道。It is time we left.我們該走了。It is time we went to bed.我們該去睡覺了。5. 虛擬式動詞原形亦常用在獨立句中，表愿望Long live the Communist Party of China！中國共產黨萬歲！God bless you! 上帝保佑你。God damn it! 該死的！The devil take you! 見鬼去吧！So be it then. 就那樣吧。6. 虛擬時態(tài)與謂語動詞時態(tài)的關

26、系：從句中的虛擬時態(tài)往往不受全句謂語時態(tài)的影響。1) 用于主語從句。試比較：It is important that he should know about this.他必須知道此事。It was important that he should know about this.他必須知道此事。2) 用于賓語從句。試比較：I suggest that we should go tomorrow.我建議我們明天走。I suggested that we should go the next day.我建議我們第二天走。She said, “If I were a boy I would joi

27、n the army.”她說，“我如是男孩，就參軍?！盨he said that if she were a boy, she would join the army.她說她如是男孩就參軍。但強調現在時刻的虛擬式在間接引語中需要遵守時態(tài)一致的原則。試比較：“If I knew how it worked, I could tell you what to do,” he said.“假如我知道它是如何運行的話，我就會告訴你該怎么辦，”他說道。He said that if he had known how it worked he could have told me what to do.他

28、說假如他知道它是如何運行的話，他就會告訴我該怎么辦?！癐f I knew the answer to all your questions Id be a genius,” he said.“我如知道你所有問題的答案，我就是天才了。”他說道。He said that if he knew the answer to all my questions, hed be a genius.他說他如知道我所有問題的答案，他就是天才了。但如果全句謂語是虛擬語氣，其后從句的時態(tài)則多受其影響，現在時態(tài)應隨之而變?yōu)檫^去時態(tài)。如：I would think he was wrong.我看他是錯了。(須用was,

29、試比較：I think he is wrong)It would seem that she was right. 她似乎是對的。(須用was,試比較：It seems that she is right)專項練習1：1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _ the book from which it was made.A. have read B. had readC. should have read D. are reading2.You are late. If you _ a few minutes earlier, you _ him

30、.A. come; would meetB. had come; would have metC. come; will meet D. had come; would meet3.The two students talked as if they _ friends for years.A. should be B. would beC. have been D. had been4.It is important that I _ with Mr. Williams immediately.A. speakB. spokeC. will speak D. to speak5.He loo

31、ked as if he _ ill for a long time.A. was B. Were C. has been D. had been6.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _.A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hoursC. have lied there for two hoursD. have lain there for two hourslie lay- lain 躺lie lied lied 說謊l

32、ay- laid laid 下蛋7.I wish that I _ with you last night.A. wentB. could goC. have goneD. could have gone8.Lets say you could go there again, how _ feel?A. will youB. should youC. would you D. do you9.I cant stand him. He always talks as though he _ everything.A. knew B. knowsC. has knownD. had known10

33、._ the fog, we should have reached our school.A. Because ofB. In spite ofC. In case of D. But for11.If you had told me in advance, I _ him at the airport.A. would meet B. would had metC. would have met D. would have meet12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish

34、he_ me how.A. teaches B. will teachC. has taught D. would teach13.I would have told him the answer, had it been possible, but I _ so busy then.A. had beenB. wereC. was D. would be14.Hes working hard for fear that he _.A. should fall behindB. fell behindC. may fall behind D. would fallen behind15.If

35、it _ another ten minutes, the game would have been called off.A. had rainedB. would have rainedC. have seen D. rained16.He suggested that they _ use a trick instead of fighting.A. should B. wouldC. do D. had17.My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _ there.A. not went B. wont

36、 goC. not go D. not to go18.I would have gone to the meeting if I _ time.A. had had B. have hadC. had D. would have had19.Would you rather I _ buying a new bike? would rather sb. did sth.A. decided againstB. will decide againstC. have decided D. shall decide against20.You look so tired tonight. It i

37、s time you _.A. go to sleepB. went to sleepC. go to bed D. went to bed21.Why didnt you buy a new car? I would have bought one if I _ enough money.A. had B. have hadC. would have D. had had22.If she could sew, _.A. she make a dress B. she would have made a shirtC. she will make a shirt D. she would h

38、ad made a coat23._ today, he would get there by Friday.A. Would he leave？ B. Was he leavingC. Were he to leave D. If he leaves24.His doctor suggested that he _ a short trip abroad.A. will takeB. would takeC. takeD. took25.The Bakers arrived last night. If theyd only let us know earlier,_ at the stat

39、ion.A. wed meet them B. well meet themC. wed have met them D. weve met them26.If I _ you, I _ more attention to English idioms and phrases.A. was; shall payB. am; will payC. would be; would pay D. were; would pay27.We might have failed if you _ us a helping hand.A. have not givenB. would not giveC.

40、had not given D. did not give28.The law requires that everyone _ his car checked at least once a year.A. has B. hadC. have D. will have29.It is strange that he _ so.A. would say B. would speakC. should sayD. will speak30.Had I known her name, _A. or does she know mine?B. and where does she live?C. s

41、he would be beautiful. D. I would have invited her to lunch.31.He has just arrived, but he talks as if he _ all about that.A. know B. knowsC. known D. knew32.If I _ the money, I would have bought a much bigger car.A. possessed B. ownedC. had D. had had33.He was very busy yesterday; otherwise, he _ t

42、o the meeting.A. would comeB. cameC. would have comeD. will come34.The librarian insists that John _ no more books from the library before he returns all the books he has borrowed.A. will take B. tookC. takeD. takes35.I left very early last night, but I wish I _ so early.A. didnt leave B. hadnt left

43、C. havent left D. couldnt leave36.I do not have a job. I would find one but I _ no time.A. hadB. didnt haveC. had had D. have37.I wish that you _ such a bad headache because Im sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.A. hadnt B. didnt have hadC. hadnt hadD. hadnt have38.He insisted that we all

44、_ in his office at one oclock.A. be B. to beC. would be D. shall be39.Helen couldnt go to France after all. Thats too bad. Im sure she would have enjoyed it if _.A. shes gone B. shell goC. shed gone D. shed go專項練習2：1His doctor suggested that he _ a short leave of absenceAwill take Bwould take Ctake

45、Dtook2The job would require that _ at 7 oclock every morningAhe will be at the factory Bhe be at the factoryChe was at the factoryDhe has been at the factory3Your advice that she _ till next week is reasonableAwill wait Bis going to wait Cwaits Dwait4The housemaster was strictHe requested that we _

46、television on week nightsAnot watch Bmust not to watchCnot be watchingDhave not watched5It is necessary that a worker _ his work on timeAaccomplishes Bcan accomplishCaccomplish Dhas accomplished6It is important that he _ his decision before FridayAwill make Bmakes Cmake Dmust make7You look so tired.

47、 Its time you _ Ago to sleepBwent to sleepCgo to bedDwent to bed8Id rather you _ anything about it for the time beingAdo Bdidnt do Cdont Ddidnt9But for water，it _ impossible to live in the desertAis Bwas Cwere Dwouldnt be10 _ it_ for your help，I couldnt have made any progressAHad；not been BShould；no

48、t beenCDid；not been DNot；be11Long _ the Party！Alives Blive Cwill live Dshould live12Mary insisted that Tom _ her the ring backAgives Bgive Cgiven Dhave given13My suggestion was that the meeting _ off till next weekAto put Bbe putCshould put Dbe putting14Mother suggested that I _ my homework first be

49、fore watching TVAdid Bdo Cshall doDhave done15He insisted that nothing _ till he arrived. Amust be started Bought to be started Ccould be started Dshould be started 16Tom suggests that Ann _ the house. Acan sell Bsells Csell Dsold 17Its better that he _ it from you. All hear Bhears Cshould hear Dhea

50、rd 18It was necessary that he _ about what had happened. Abe told Bwas told Cshould tell Dtell 19Its astonishing that she _ sad at news that it has nothing to do with her. Afelt Bshould feel Cll feel Dwould feel 20It was strange that we _ short of water in the country where it was always raining. Aa

51、re Bbe Cshould be Dboth B and C 21It is strange that she _ marry such an ugly man. Awould Bshould Cshall Dmust22Its not right that the meeting _ off till tomorrow. Amust be put Bmust put Cwill be put Dbe put 23It was impossible that he _ the train, for he had started out very early. Acould have miss

52、ed Bmust have missed Cshould have missed Dshould miss 24Its a pity that he _ such a good chance. Ashould miss Bshould have missed Chas missed Dall the above25He tried to find some excuse for the debt, but I insisted that he _ it off at once. Amust pay Bought to pay Cpaid Dpay 26Mr. Ford insisted tha

53、t he _ right, though the others didnt think so. Ashould do Bshould have done Chad done Ddid 27His pale face suggested that he _ the sad news. Ashould be told Bshould have been told Cwas told Dhad been told 28He suggested that we _ here at once. Ashould leave Bmust leave Cleft Dought to leave 29My or

54、der is that everyone _ their own work in time. Amust complete Bcompleted Ccompletes Dcomplete 30Weve made the decision that we _ at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. Awill gather Bare about to gather Cwould gather Dshould gather 31Ill be waiting for you at home. _ I were busy and couldnt come?A

55、What if BWhat when C How if DHow when 32After he was praised for what he had done, he said，“I _ even better under harder conditions. ”Awould do Bwould have done Cdid Dhad done 33It has been raining for a day, but even though it _ , we _ there by tomorrow. Ahadnt rained, couldnt get Bhadnt rained, ca

56、nt get Cdidnt rain, couldnt get Ddidnt rain, cant get 34We could not have succeeded _ your help. Abut for Bwithout Cif it had not been for Dall the above 35I dare say he is not your true friend, because a true friend _ differently when you were in trouble. Aacted Bhad acted Cwould act Dwould have ac

57、ted專項練習1：15 BBDAD 610 DDCAD 1115 CDCAA1620 ACAAD2125 DBCCC 2630 DCCCD 3135 DDCCB 3639 DCAC解析：1.wish后面用虛擬語氣，表示與過去事實相反用過去完成時。2.條件句表示與過去事實相反，主句用過去將來完成時，從句用過去完成時。3.as if后面如果表示真實情況就不用虛擬。4.It is important that是主語從句的虛擬語氣，從句用sb. should do的形式。5.as if后面是真實情況，不虛擬。6.lain是lie的過去分詞，表示“躺”。7.could have done表示“本來可以”

58、。8.與將來相反的虛擬語氣，主句用過去將來時。9.as if表示不可能發(fā)生的事情時用虛擬語氣。10.but for表示“要不是的話”，通常與虛擬語氣搭配使用。11.in advance表示“事先”，表示與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣。12.wish的賓語從句表示發(fā)生在將來的愿望用過去將來時。13.but的并列句表示真實情況，不用虛擬語氣。14.for fear that后面的狀語從句用sb. should do的形式。15.表示與過去事實相反，主句用過去將來完成時，從句用過去完成時。16.suggest后面的賓語從句用sb. should do的形式。17.suggest后面的從句用sb. shou

59、ld do的形式，should可以省略。18.表示與過去事實相反，從句用過去完成時。19.would rather的賓語從句用sb. did的形式。20.It is time后面的定語從句用sb. did的形式。21.第一個had是過去完成時，第二個had表示“有”。22.would have done是過去將來完成時，表示與過去相反的虛擬語氣。23.這是虛擬語氣的倒裝形式，把if去掉，助動詞提前。24.suggest后面的從句用sb. should do的形式，should可以省略。25.表示與過去事實相反，主句用過去將來完成時。26.在虛擬語氣中，不管什么人稱，be動詞都要用were的形式

60、。27.表示與過去事實相反，從句用過去完成時。28.require后面的從句用sb. should do的形式，should可以省略。29.It is strange that是主語從句的虛擬語氣，從句用sb. should do的形式。30.had I known是與過去相反的虛擬語氣的倒裝形式。31.as if表示不可能發(fā)生的事情時用虛擬語氣。32.第一個had是過去完成時，第二個had表示“有”。33.otherwise經常可以搭配虛擬語氣，表示與過去事實相反。34.當insist表示“堅持認為”時不用虛擬形式。35.wish后面用虛擬語氣，表示與過去事實相反用過去完成時。36.but的