英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法語(yǔ)法入門（沐風(fēng)書屋）

1、語(yǔ)法入門1教書育人What shall we do today?學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法的目的和方法英語(yǔ)10大詞類英語(yǔ)8大句子成分從句: 名詞性從句+定語(yǔ)從句+狀語(yǔ)從句2教書育人學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)法的目的和方法目的 ： 1）能懂：即，聽、讀英語(yǔ)時(shí)能分析句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，以正確理解。 2)能用：即，說(shuō)、寫英語(yǔ)時(shí)能知道用合適的語(yǔ)法來(lái)表達(dá)。方法：【現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(be doing)】 錯(cuò)誤的方法：死不想 正確的方法：懂用感知3教書育人錯(cuò)誤的方法：死不想1)死記規(guī)則 “現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)be doingbe doing 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)”2) 不馬上使用，平時(shí)也不用3)考試時(shí)，想規(guī)則，有人想起來(lái)，有人想不起來(lái)，有的人想起來(lái)了但不會(huì)用。 -翻譯：湯姆正在

2、讀一本關(guān)于動(dòng)物的書。 Tom read a book about animals. Tom reads a book about animals. Tom be doing read a book about animals. Tom be reading a book about animals. Tom are reading a book about animals.4) 考試后老師評(píng)講 有的同學(xué)聽懂了，改了過(guò)來(lái)；有的同學(xué)聽不懂(因?yàn)樵u(píng)講時(shí)老師一般講得簡(jiǎn)略)。下次考試，有人做對(duì)了，有人還是做錯(cuò)；做錯(cuò)的被老師罵想努力追上有的追上了，有的還是聽不懂慢慢不喜歡英語(yǔ)，認(rèn)為自己永遠(yuǎn)學(xué)不好。5) 典

3、型癥狀 會(huì)背規(guī)則，有的會(huì)做題，但是開口/提筆錯(cuò)誤很多。 4教書育人正確的方法：懂用感知1)讀懂 “現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成是be doingbe要隨人稱變化哦 這么回事”2) 馬上使用 I am studying English. My father am(“哦不對(duì)，應(yīng)該是 is ”)is watching TV. My mother is cooking. They are not study (“哦不對(duì)，應(yīng)該是 studying”) studying English.3)考試時(shí)，用語(yǔ)感+語(yǔ)法知識(shí)做題 -翻譯：湯姆正在讀一本關(guān)于動(dòng)物的書。 Tom is reading a book about an

4、imals.4) 平時(shí)遇到需要用英語(yǔ)時(shí)，也能正確用.5)長(zhǎng)期如此，此人被稱為“有語(yǔ)言天賦者”，“聰明，沒(méi)有辦法”6) 使用正確方法的好處 懂規(guī)則，會(huì)做題，開口/提筆可能有小錯(cuò)，但基本正確，多開口說(shuō)，多練筆后錯(cuò)誤越來(lái)越少。5教書育人正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法(續(xù))學(xué)單詞、詞組也要這樣 “懂-用-感知”。如：distress n. a state of dangerExamples:The lifeboat went out to rescue a ship in distress.Send out a distress signal. The ship is sinking！(然后仿造例子造句)rear v

5、. raise; lift upExamples:A lion suddenly reared its head from among the tall grass.The skyscraper rears above the neighboring buildings.(然后仿造例子造句)6教書育人英語(yǔ)10大詞類英語(yǔ)有兩種詞類：實(shí)詞和虛詞注意：有的詞可以兼類。如：fast（形、副） on(介、副）實(shí)詞虛詞代數(shù)名形副動(dòng)（袋鼠明星互動(dòng)）。介連冠嘆（接連官貪）7教書育人1 主謂賓Q老師喜歡數(shù)學(xué)。(主動(dòng)句)Mr. Q likes math.Q老師不喜歡數(shù)學(xué)。(主動(dòng)句)Mr. Q does not l

6、ike math.Q老師喜歡什么？What does Mr. Q like?主謂賓句型數(shù)學(xué)被Q老師喜歡。(被動(dòng)句)Math is liked by Mr. Q .數(shù)學(xué)被被Q老師喜歡。(被動(dòng)句)Math is not liked by Mr. Q .練習(xí):劃分句子成分Q老師玩麻將。Q老師玩什么？麻將被Q老師玩。8教書育人2 主系表Q老師是個(gè)好老師。他很好。他在樓頂。Mr. Q is a good teacher. He is very good. He is on the roof. (be)他可能變成壞老師。He might become a bad teacher. (become, get

7、, turn, grow)(因?yàn)?Q老師保持沉默。(because) He keeps silent. (keep, stay, remain)子曰：不在沉默中變壞，就在沉默中變態(tài)。Q老師經(jīng)證明已經(jīng)變態(tài)。Mr. Q proved BT-ed。(prove)Q老師看起來(lái)很善良。他的英語(yǔ)聽起來(lái)不錯(cuò)。他的皮膚摸起來(lái)很粗糙。他的飯嘗起來(lái)不錯(cuò)。He looks kind. His English sounds nice. He smells bad. His skin feels rough. His food tastes good.主系表句型記憶口訣：“（身材）經(jīng)證明變了，保持起來(lái)唄(=be)”注意

8、：系動(dòng)詞后用形容詞 He looks nice. (X) He looks nicely. His food tastes good. (X) His food tastes well.9教書育人3 修飾語(yǔ)(限制語(yǔ))：定語(yǔ)修飾限制語(yǔ)的作用：縮小某概念的范圍Q老師喜歡數(shù)學(xué)(不過(guò)) Q老師喜歡漂亮的女生too。 Mr. Q likes beautiful girls too. Q老師喜歡 教室里的 3個(gè) 年齡為31歲的 漂亮 女生。 Mr. Q likes 3 31-year-old beautiful girls in the classroom.Q老師喜歡 3個(gè) 教室里的 年齡為31歲的 漂亮

9、 女生。(兩種意思)Mr. Q likes 31-year-old beautiful girls in 3 classrooms.Mr. Q likes 3 31-year-old beautiful girls in the classroom.注意：有時(shí)候句子本身會(huì)有模糊性，分析時(shí)要用常識(shí)，找出最符合邏輯和常理的意思。定義：名詞的修飾語(yǔ)叫定語(yǔ)。10教書育人修飾語(yǔ)(限制語(yǔ))：狀語(yǔ)Q老師很/十分喜歡女生。Mr. Q likes beautiful girls very much/a a lot.Q老師無(wú)可救藥地喜歡女生。Mr. Q likes beautiful girls hopeless

10、ly.Q老師無(wú)可救藥地喜歡十分漂亮的女生。Mr. Q likes very beautiful girls hopelessly.Q老師完全無(wú)可救藥地喜歡十分漂亮的女生。Mr. Q likes very beautiful girls completely hopelessl y.定義：修飾“形副動(dòng)”詞的成分叫狀語(yǔ)。練習(xí)：請(qǐng)問(wèn)劃線部分是什么成分？英俊瀟灑的 Q老師 于2004年 在西南財(cái)大的校園里 完全 無(wú)可救藥地 愛(ài)上了一位 如仙女般 漂亮的 女生。11教書育人練習(xí)練習(xí)：請(qǐng)問(wèn)劃線部分是什么成分？The handsome Mr. Q fell completely hopelessly in

11、love with a girl, who was as beautiful as a princess, on the campus of SWUFE in 2004.Americas first black president plays basketball, which is a very active sport, extremely well.12教書育人4：補(bǔ)語(yǔ)(首先)Q老師讓她很高興。 Mr. Q made her very happy.(然后)Q老師讓她(成為了)已婚婦女。 Mr. Q made her a married woman.與此類似 Americans elect

12、ed him President of America.注意兩個(gè)被動(dòng)句 She was made very happy. She was made a married woman He was elected President of America.定義：補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的成分叫補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。分別叫賓補(bǔ)和主補(bǔ)。13教書育人5：同位語(yǔ)Q老師，一位人稱風(fēng)流倜儻英俊瀟灑誠(chéng)實(shí)可靠小郎君的小伙子，于2004年，一個(gè)大雪來(lái)的有點(diǎn)晚的年度，在西南財(cái)大，一所位坐落于天府之國(guó)成都的高等學(xué)府，完全無(wú)可救藥地地喜歡上了H小姐，一位膚若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的女生。定義：說(shuō)明前面的名詞的身份、地位等的成分。可代替被修

13、飾詞做相應(yīng)的句子成分。例如一位人稱風(fēng)流倜儻英俊瀟灑誠(chéng)實(shí)可靠小郎君的小伙子，于一個(gè)大雪來(lái)的有點(diǎn)晚的年度，在一所位坐落于天府之國(guó)成都的高等學(xué)府，完全無(wú)可救藥地地喜歡上了一位膚若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的女生。練習(xí)：分析劃線部分的成分。Mr. Q, a handsome and reliable young man, fell in love with Miss H, a girl of great beauty, on the campus of SWUFE, a famous university in Chengdu, in 2004, a year with late snows.14教書

14、育人注意以下兩句的區(qū)別1）Q老師，一位人稱風(fēng)流倜儻英俊瀟灑誠(chéng)實(shí)可靠小郎君的小伙子，于2004年，一個(gè)大雪來(lái)的有點(diǎn)晚的年度，在西南財(cái)大，一所位坐落于天府之國(guó)成都的高等學(xué)府，完全無(wú)可救藥地地喜歡上了H小姐，一位膚若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的女生。2）人稱風(fēng)流倜儻英俊瀟灑誠(chéng)實(shí)可靠小郎君的Q老師，于大雪來(lái)的有點(diǎn)晚的2004年，在坐落于天府之國(guó)成都的西南財(cái)大，完全無(wú)可救藥地地喜歡上了膚若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的H小姐。說(shuō)明： 1)的劃線部分是同位語(yǔ)被修飾詞后，說(shuō)明其身份地位或內(nèi)容； 2)的劃線部分是定語(yǔ)在漢語(yǔ)中是在被修飾詞前(英語(yǔ)中在其后)，說(shuō)明其特征。例如：He is against the i

15、dea which was mentioned at the meeting. (定) He is against the idea that we should spend more money. (同) He is my teacher, who is very honest and kind. (定) He is my teacher, a man who is honest and kind. (同)15教書育人句子成分總結(jié)及練習(xí)主謂賓表 定狀補(bǔ)同練習(xí)：分析劃線部分的成分Q老師，一位人稱風(fēng)流倜儻英俊瀟灑誠(chéng)實(shí)可靠小郎君的小伙子，于2004年，一個(gè)大雪來(lái)的有點(diǎn)晚的年度，在西南財(cái)大，一所位坐

16、落于天府之國(guó)成都的高等學(xué)府，完全 無(wú)可救藥地喜歡上了H小姐，一位膚若凝脂吹可破、貌如天仙美若玉的女生。Mr. Q, a handsome and reliable young man who is known as the man of supreme virtue, fell in love with Miss H, a girl of unparalleled beauty with a most delicate complexion, on the campus of SWUFE, a famous university situated in Chengdu, the famed L

17、and of Heavenly Abundance, in 2004, a year when the snows came a bit too late.16教書育人5）從句： 主語(yǔ)從句Q老師喜歡數(shù)學(xué)讓我感到奇怪。That Mr. Q likes math surprises me.= It surprises me that Mr. Q likes math.Q老師喜歡數(shù)學(xué)是為大家所知的。That Mr. Q likes math is known to all.= It is known to all that Mr. Q likes math.注意that 有沒(méi)有意義？在從句中作不作成

18、分？ (無(wú)意義。不做成分)Q老師喜不喜歡數(shù)學(xué)(Q老師喜歡數(shù)學(xué)與否)不關(guān)我事。 Whether Mr. Q likes math does not interest me.= Whether or not Mr. Q likes math does not interest me.= Whether Mr. Q likes math or not does not interest me.= It does not interest me whether (or not) Mr. Q likes math (or not).= It does not interest me if Mr. Q l

19、ikes math (or not) .注意whether 有沒(méi)有意義？在從句中作不作成分？ (有意義。不做成分)17教書育人5）從句： 主語(yǔ)從句Q老師喜歡什么不重要。What Mr. Q likes is not important.Q老師喜歡哪位Q師娘很重要。Which Mrs. Q Mr. Q likes is important.誰(shuí)喜歡Q老師不重要。Who likes Mr. Q is not important.Q老師喜歡誰(shuí)不重要。Whom（who） Mr. Q likes is not important.Q老師喜歡誰(shuí)的女朋友很重要。Whose girlfriend Mr. Q l

20、ikes is important.注意著色詞有沒(méi)有意義？在從句中作不作成分？(有意義。作“主賓定”)注意：引導(dǎo)詞要提前，但從句是陳述語(yǔ)序。18教書育人5）從句： 主語(yǔ)從句Q老師哪里遇到Q師娘不重要。Where Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q is not important.Q老師何時(shí)遇到了Q師娘不重要。When Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q is not important.Q老師怎樣遇到了Q師娘不重要。How Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q is not important.Q老師何時(shí)何地怎樣遇到了Q師娘也不關(guān)我事。When, where, and

21、how Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q is not important.Q老師何時(shí)何地怎樣遇到了哪位Q師娘很重要。When, where, how Mr. Q met with which Mrs. Q is important.注意著色詞有沒(méi)有意義？在從句中作不作成分？(有意義。作狀語(yǔ))注意：引導(dǎo)詞要提前，但從句是陳述語(yǔ)序。19教書育人主語(yǔ)從句總結(jié)由下列詞引導(dǎo) that whether (二者經(jīng)常用it作形式主語(yǔ)) what, which, who (whom), whose when, where, why ，how (含 how many/much/far/long 等 )

22、20教書育人6 從句：賓語(yǔ)從句我不知道Q老師喜歡數(shù)學(xué)。I dont know that Mr. Q likes math.我不知道Q老師喜不喜歡數(shù)學(xué)(Q老師喜歡數(shù)學(xué)與否)。I dont know whether Mr. Q likes math我不關(guān)心Q老師喜歡什么。I dont care what Mr. Q likes 我不關(guān)心Q老師哪里遇到Q師娘。I dont care where Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q我不關(guān)心Q老師何時(shí)遇到了Q師娘。I dont care when Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q我不關(guān)心Q老師怎樣遇到了Q師娘。I dont care h

23、ow Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q我不關(guān)心Q老師何時(shí)何地怎樣遇到了Q師娘。I dont care when, where, and how Mr. Q met with Mrs. Q.我不關(guān)心Q老師遇到了多少Q(mào)師娘。I dont care how many Mrs. Qs Mr. Q met with.21教書育人賓語(yǔ)從句續(xù)The story implies(暗示) that love cannot be separated from responsibility. 這個(gè)故事表明，愛(ài)情和責(zé)任是不可分的。Scientists think that losing leaves hel

24、p some trees to conserve water in the winter. 科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為，落葉有助于樹木在冬季保持水分。從句作雙賓語(yǔ)中的直接賓語(yǔ) She assured(讓放心) me that everything would be all right. 她讓我放心，一切都不會(huì)有問(wèn)題。 We persuaded him that it would be best to wait. 我們勸他最好等一下。 Nick told me when the contact would be effective. 尼克告訴我合同何時(shí)將生效。22教書育人賓語(yǔ)從句續(xù)It可作形式賓語(yǔ)I thou

25、ght it a false idea that old age brings wisdom. 我覺(jué)得年老會(huì)令人聰明是一種錯(cuò)誤的看法。He has made it clear that he wouldnt take over the job. 他已經(jīng)明確表示不愿意接管這項(xiàng)工作。He hasnt made it clear why he had failed. 他沒(méi)有說(shuō)清楚自己為什么失敗了。23教書育人賓語(yǔ)從句續(xù)以that 引導(dǎo)的從句作單賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有很多，常見(jiàn)的有：accept, acknowledge, admit, advise, agree, announce, answer, anti

26、cipate, argue, ask, assume, believe, boast, complain, conclude, confess, confirm, consider, decide, declare, deem, demand, demonstrate, deny, emphasize, estimate, imply, insist, judge, maintain, notice, promise等等24教書育人賓語(yǔ)從句總結(jié)由下列詞引導(dǎo) that whether what, which, who (whom), whose when, where, why， how (含

27、how many/much/far/long 等 )(可用it作形式主語(yǔ))25教書育人7 從句：表語(yǔ)從句實(shí)際情況是他和他的學(xué)生們都筋疲力盡了。 The fact is that both he and his students are exhausted.我的印象是他贊成這個(gè)計(jì)劃。My impression is that he is in favor of the plan.問(wèn)題是誰(shuí)付款。The problem is who will pay.我感興趣的事情是他們是否訂婚了。What I am interested in is whether they have been engaged t

28、o each other.使他們傷腦筋的事情是到哪兒找向?qū)?。What was troubling them was where they could find a guide.26教書育人表語(yǔ)從句：The place is no longer what it was ten years ago. 這個(gè)地方已經(jīng)不是十年前的樣子了。 I am who you are looking for. 我就是你所找的人。 The car is where you parked it . 汽車在你原先停放的地方。 This is why I returned their invitation. 這就是我謝絕他

29、們邀請(qǐng)的理由。27教書育人表語(yǔ)從句：as if /as though 以及 as /because I felt as though my head were splitting. 我覺(jué)得頭好像要裂開似的。 The milk smells as if it is sour. 這牛奶聞起來(lái)好像酸了。Things are not as they seem to be. 事物并不像它們表面上看起來(lái)那樣。 It may be because he is too young. 這可能是因?yàn)樗贻p了28教書育人8 從句：同位語(yǔ)從句我們必須面對(duì)我們已經(jīng)把所有的錢都花完了這一事實(shí)。We must face

30、the fact that we have spent all our money.情況會(huì)有好轉(zhuǎn)的設(shè)想是沒(méi)有根據(jù)的。The assumption(設(shè)想) that things will improve is groundless.與同位語(yǔ)從句同位的名詞是一些具有一定內(nèi)容含義的抽象名詞，常見(jiàn)的有： answer, belief, conclusion, decision, discovery, fact, hint, hope, idea, information, impression, news, report, opinion, order, possibility, problem,

31、promise, question, rumor, sign, statement, truth等。例如：The impression that English is very difficult is completely wrong. 29教書育人同位語(yǔ)從句續(xù)2. 疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句 The question, why you are so interested in music, has not been answered yet. 你還沒(méi)有回答“你為什么對(duì)音樂(lè)這么感興趣？”這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 My problem that is ,whether I should invite him w

32、as solved when I received news of his illness. 我的問(wèn)題 我是否應(yīng)該邀請(qǐng)他 在我得到他生病的消息后就解決了。 30教書育人總結(jié)：名詞性從句主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)從句在大句子中, 像名詞一樣，分別做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)，所以統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句。 I dont know English. I dont know who will come tomorrow.由下列詞引導(dǎo) that （無(wú)意義，在從句中不做成分） whether （有意義，在從句中不做成分） what, which, who (whom), whose when, where, why

33、， how (含 how many/much/far/long 等 )有時(shí)可用it作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)。31教書育人定語(yǔ)從句一位男生站在教室里面。這位男生看起來(lái)很帥。合二為一 一位看起來(lái)很帥的男生站在教室里面。那位站在教室里面的男生看起來(lái)很帥。兩句分別著重表達(dá)什么？這樣合二為一的好處是什么？注意區(qū)別一位站在教室里面的男生看起來(lái)很帥。32教書育人定語(yǔ)從句翻譯： 一位男生站在教室里面。 A boy is standing in the classroom.這位男生看起來(lái)很帥。 The boy looks very handsome.一位看起來(lái)很帥的男生站在教室里面。 A boy who/that

34、looks very handsome is standing in the classroom.那位站在教室里面的男生看起來(lái)很帥。 The boy who/that is standing in the classroom looks very handsome.33教書育人定語(yǔ)從句翻譯一位美女站在教室里面。 A beautiful girl is standing in the classroom.我喜歡這位美女。 I like this beautiful girl.我喜歡這位站在教室里的美女。 I like the beautiful girl who/that is standing

35、 in the classroom.我喜歡的這位美女站在教室里面。The girl whom/who/that I like is standing in the classroom.he woman who/whom I wanted to see was away on holiday. 請(qǐng)問(wèn) 標(biāo)紅的詞在從句中作什么成分？賓語(yǔ)（可以省略）34教書育人定語(yǔ)從句合句The woman-she lives next door-is a doctor - The woman who lives next door is a doctor. we know a lot of people-they

36、live in London - We know a lot of people who live in London. Exercise : find the relative clause(定語(yǔ)從句).* An architect is someone who designs buildings. * What was the name of the man who lent you the money? * Anyone who wants to do the exam must enter before next Friday. 35教書育人定語(yǔ)從句relative clauseB:

37、When we are talking about things, we use that or which in a relative clause。 * I dont like stories that have unhappy endings. (or . stories which have .) * Barbara works for a company that makes washing machines. (or . a company which makes.) * The machine that broke down has now been repaired. (or

38、The machine which broke down .) 36教書育人定語(yǔ)從句relative clauseHave you found the keys that you lost? The dress that Ann bought doesnt fit her very well. Is there anything that I can do? 請(qǐng)問(wèn) 標(biāo)紅的詞在從句中作什么成分？賓語(yǔ)（可以省略）37教書育人定語(yǔ)從句relative clause注意介詞的位置do you know the woman?-Tom is talking to her - Do you know the

39、 woman (who/that) Tom is talking to? - Do you know the woman to whom Tom is talking the bed-I slept in it last night - wasnt very comfortable - The bed (that/which) I slept in last night wasnt very comfortable. - The bed in which I slept last night wasnt very comfortable. * The woman (who/that) he fell in love with left him after a few weeks. The woman with whom he fell in love left him after a few weeks. * The m