起重機的安全使用

1、 * IPMT Site Safety PracticeHSE DOCUMENT健康、安全和環(huán)保文件*公司* Team*項目*地點Document Title文件名Safe Use of Cranes起重機的安全使用A00Approved 審批P02For Review 供審核MJT01/07/02P01For IPMT Review 供IPMT審核12/04/02LYB01/05/02P00For Review 供審核P.G19/03/02LYB12/04/02Issue RevIssue or Revision DescriptionOrigin byDateCheck byDateApp

2、rovebyDateApprove byDateThis Document is Owned by Michael Tousignant IPMT AuthoritySite Safety Practice現(xiàn)場安全慣例forSafe Use of Cranes起重機的安全使用INDEX目錄1 SCOPE AND GENERAL范圍和綜述2 PLANNING計劃3 SELECTION OF CRANES起重機的選擇4 PLACEMENT/LOCATION布置/定位5 PERSONNEL人員6 ERECTION AND DISMANTLING安裝和拆除7 OPERATION操作8 MAINTENA

3、NCE, INSPECTION AND REPAIR維護、檢查和修理9 ROPES, HOOKS吊索和吊鉤10 ATTACHMENTS附件1. SCOPE AND GENERAL范圍和綜述1.1 SCOPE This Standard specifies the general requirements for cranes, hoists and winches.范圍 - 本標準規(guī)定了吊車、絞車和卷揚機的總體要求。NOTE: Where this Standard uses the word crane it shall be taken to mean hoist or winch as

4、applicable.注：本標準中所使用的吊車“Cranes”這個字包括了適用范圍內(nèi)的絞車和卷揚機。1.2 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this safety practice.定義 - 僅適用于本安全規(guī)定1.2.1 Competent person a person who by reasons of qualifications and experience has the knowledge and skill necessary to perform the duties with respect to which the expression is

5、used. All of these people will possess the required certification of special trade as issued by local authority.合格的人員 - 一個有資質(zhì)和經(jīng)驗，對執(zhí)行所描述的工作有知識和技能的人。所有的這些人員具有當?shù)毓俜筋C發(fā)的特殊工種證。1.2.2 Management persons responsible for the direction of all activities associated with the operation of a crane.管理 - 人員，對與操作吊車有關(guān)的

6、所有的工作負責1.2.3 Managements instructions shall include the manufacturers latest instructions, recommendations and specifications. Where any of these instructions, recommendations and specifications are not available from the manufacturer, they shall be drawn-up by a competent person.管理指令 - 應(yīng)包括制造商最新的指令、

7、建議和規(guī)格。在沒有制造商的指令、建議和規(guī)格時，應(yīng)從合格的人員那里獲得。1.2.4 Shall indicates that a statement is mandatory.必須 - 是指必須執(zhí)行的一個聲明。1.2.5 Should indicates a recommendation.應(yīng)該 - 是指一種建議。2. PLANNING計劃MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED At appropriate stages during planning, the following matters shall be considered, where applicable:要考慮的事宜

8、- 在制訂施工計劃時要考慮下列事宜：(a) Establishment of a management plan.確立管理計劃(b) Selection of cranes (see Section 3).選擇吊車（見第3節(jié)）(c) Obtaining authorizations.獲得授權(quán)(d) Requirements of regulatory authorities.法規(guī)當局的要求(e) Site access and crane sitting.現(xiàn)場進入和吊車就位(f) Protection and safety of public.公眾的保護和安全(g) Proximity of

9、power lines and other services.接近電源線和其它輔助服務(wù)(h) Procedures for the setting up and dismantling of the crane and the method of lift.吊車設(shè)定和拆除的程序和起吊方法(i) Make up of the crane crew, which may include 吊車班組人員的組成，可以包括 - (i) Erection crew; 安裝人員(ii) Crane operator; 吊車操作員(iii) dogmen and crane chasers; 套鉤員和吊車解索員

10、(iv) Spotters; 觀察員(v) Riggers; 套索員(vi) Power line observers; and 電源線觀察員，和(vii) Persons under training or instruction. 接受培訓或指令的人員(j) Communication system.溝通系統(tǒng)(k) Weather conditions.氣候條件(l) Ground conditions.地面條件(m) Proximity of excavations.接近挖掘體(n) Selection of lifting gear.起吊傳動裝置的選擇(o) Personal safe

11、ty equipment.個人安全用品(p) Emergency procedures.應(yīng)急程序(q) Inspection, maintenance, and repair.檢查、維護和修理(r) Lightning protection.閃電保護(s) The documentation of work procedures where the lifting operation is not of a routine type, e.g. multiple crane lifting.非日常工作（例如多個吊車起吊）型起吊操作的工作程序文件(t) Consultation and coor

12、dination with other groups working in the area.有其它班組在該區(qū)域工作時的咨詢和協(xié)調(diào)(u) Night operations.夜間操作3. SELECTION OF CRANES選擇GENERAL Before selecting a crane for a particular operation, the following information shall be ascertained:綜述 - 在為特定操作選擇吊車前，必須明確下列信息：(a) The mass of the load to be lifted.起吊負荷質(zhì)量(b) The

13、nature of the load to be lifted.起吊負荷性質(zhì)(c) The speed and frequency of operation.操作速度和頻率(d) The maximum load that will be imposed on the crane.吊車的最大承受負荷(e) The nature of the rigging or slinging to be used.所使用吊索具的性質(zhì)(f) The position from which the load is to be lifted.起吊負荷吊起的位置(g) The position to which

14、the load is to be placed.負荷放下的位置(h) The movement limitations of the crane and the load.吊車和負荷的運動限制(i) Other limitations of the crane.對吊車的其它限制(j) Where multiple crane lifting is involved 使用多個吊車起吊的地方 - (i) how the load is to be proportioned;負荷如何被分擔(ii) how the load proportioning is to be maintained;如何維

15、持分擔的負荷(iii) whether the cranes have the appropriate additional capacity over the proportioned load to be lifted; and對于起吊分擔負荷，吊車是否有合適的額外能力(iv) the operating characteristics of the crane, e.g. speed of hoisting.吊車的操作特性，例如卷揚速度(k) The environmental factors.環(huán)境因數(shù)The danger of instability due to loss of in

16、flation of a tyre should be considered. For example, foam-filled tyres should be used for rough terrain.應(yīng)該考慮輪胎泄氣所造成的不穩(wěn)定性危險。例如，對粗糙地形，應(yīng)使用發(fā)泡材料填充的輪胎。4. PLACEMENT/LOCATION放置和定位4.1 GENERAL Where applicable, particular attention shall be give to the following factors:綜述 - 在適用時，必須特別注意下列因數(shù)：(a) Crane standing

17、 (see Clause 4.2).吊車穩(wěn)定支撐（見4.2條）(b) Proximity hazards and visibility (see Clause 4.3).附近危害物和可見度（見4.3條）(c) Environmental factors, e.g. noise and noxious fumes (see clause 4.4).環(huán)境因數(shù)，例如，噪音和有害煙霧（見4.4條）(d) Clearances (see Clause 4.5).安全距離（見4.5條）4.2 CRANE STANDING吊車穩(wěn)定支撐4.2.1 General The analysis of the for

18、ces imposed by a crane on the crane standing is a vitally important factor. The crane standing shall conform to the crane manufactures recommendations and shall be of sufficient strength to withstand both the in-service conditions and the out-of-service conditions.綜述 - 對吊車施加在吊車支撐上的受力分析是至關(guān)重要的因數(shù)。吊車支撐必

19、須與吊車制造商的建議相符合，必須有足夠的強度來支撐在服務(wù)時的條件和不在服務(wù)時的條件。Where a crane is to be supported on, or tied to, a permanent or temporary structure, the design of the structure shall be checked to confirm that it is capable of withstanding the forces likely to be imposed by the crane. In the assessment of the surface-bea

20、ring capacity, seasonal variations shall be considered.在吊車的支撐地或聯(lián)系地，永久的或臨時的結(jié)構(gòu)、結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計必須被檢查，以確認它能夠承受可能加在吊車的力。在表面承載能力評估時，必須考慮季節(jié)變化因數(shù)。NOTE: Guidance on outrigger safe-bearing capacity on soils should be provided by the competent person.注：應(yīng)該由合格的人員提供土壤對支腿承載能力的指導。4.2.2 Wind force The wind forces on cranes may

21、 have a considerable influence on the stability and strength requirements of the supports and foundations. Therefore, care is necessary in the installation of holding-down devices, rail clamps, temporary connections and anchorages.Where there is a likelihood of the maximum wind speed specified by th

22、e manufacturer being exceeded, the managements operating instructions shall include positive directions to ensure that the crane is stowed in a safe position, and not operated during the period when the wind speed exceeds the manufacturers specifications.風力 - 風力會成為吊車支撐和基礎(chǔ)穩(wěn)定性和強度要求的一個需要考慮的因數(shù)。因此，在安裝抑制設(shè)

23、備、道軌夾、臨時連接和錨定時必須注意這點。在風力可能會超過制造商規(guī)定的最大速度時，制造商的操作指南必須有明確的說明，以保證吊車被安裝在一個安全的地方，并在風速超過制造商規(guī)定的數(shù)值時，不要操作吊車。4.2.3 In-service conditions During in-service conditions, the loads imposed on the crane standing are usually due to the combined effects of the following:在服務(wù)時的條件 - 在服務(wù)期間，施加在吊車支撐上的負荷通常是由于下列綜合因數(shù)給出的：(a) M

24、ass of the crane including the counterweight.包括壓重的吊車質(zhì)量(b) Mass of the load and attachments.負荷和附件的質(zhì)量(c) Dynamic forces caused by the crane and load movements during operation.操作期間由吊車和負荷運動所造成的動態(tài)力(d) Wind forces, resulting from operation in wind speed up to the maximum permitted for in-service conditio

25、ns, acting in any direction on the crane and load.風力，即由風速對操作造成的力量，它可高達在服務(wù)時的條件所允許的最大速度，可以從任何方向作用在吊車和負荷上。4.2.4 Out-of-service conditions When the crane is in an out-of-service condition, the loads expected to be imposed on the crane standing are usually due to the combined effects of the following:不在服

26、務(wù)時的條件 - 當?shù)踯嚥辉诠ぷ鲿r，施加在吊車支撐上的負荷預計是由于下列綜合因數(shù)給出的：(a) Mass of the crane including the counterweight.包括壓重的吊車質(zhì)量(b) Wind forces, acting in any direction on the crane, due to the maximum wind speeds expected on the particular site.風力，由于在特定現(xiàn)場預計所有的最大的風速，從任何方向作用在吊車和負荷上。4.2.5 Underground services Where a check rev

27、eals the existence of underground services, adequate precautions shall be taken to ensure the stability of the crane and to prevent damage to the underground services.地下服務(wù)設(shè)施 - 當檢查到有地下服務(wù)設(shè)施時，必須采取足夠的預防措施，保證吊車的穩(wěn)定性和不損壞地下設(shè)施。4.2.6 Stability on crane standing Where a crane is required to work in the vicinit

28、y of an excavation or an embankment, particular care and appropriate precautions shall be taken. The mass of the crane and the load may affect the excavation or the embankment, and a slip may occur causing the crane to tip.吊車支撐的穩(wěn)定性 - 當?shù)踯囆枰谕诰蝮w或堤壩附近工作時，要特別當心，并采取適當?shù)念A防措施。吊車和負荷質(zhì)量會影響挖掘體或堤壩，并造成塌方，使吊車傾倒。4.

29、2.7 Uphill / downhill travel If cranes are to travel uphill or downhill, the following methods must be adopted:上升/下降移動 - 如果吊車要上升或下降，要采取下列方法：(a) Ensure the crane manufacturers specifications are strictly adhered to regarding gradients.保證吊車在傾斜度上嚴格遵守制造商的規(guī)定。(b) Spotters must be used and are to be on the

30、 uphill side of the crane and in full view of the crane driver at all times.必須使用觀察員，觀察員須處于吊車的上升一側(cè)，始終能被吊車駕駛員完全看得見。(c) Before commencing all personnel in the radius zone are to be moved clear.在開始前，須撤走工作半徑內(nèi)的所有人員。4.3 PROXIMITY HAZARDS AND VISIBILITY附近的危害物和能見度4.3.1 Proximity hazards Consideration shall b

31、e given to the presence of proximity hazards such as 附近的危害物 - 要考慮附近是否存在危害物，諸如(a) overhead power lines;高空電源線(b) nearby built structures or other cranes; and附近的構(gòu)筑物或其它吊車，和(c) public access areas including roadways, railways, rivers and aircraft flight paths.公眾進入通道地區(qū)，包括道路、鐵路和飛機飛行道路In some situations, ai

32、rcraft warning lights are required to be fitted to the top of cranes and the jib and the boom sections are required to be painted specific colors. The recommended colors for maximum visibility are alternating bands of international orange and white.在有些情況下，要求在吊車的頂部安裝飛機警示燈，起重臂和吊桿涂上特別的色彩。能提供最大能見度的建議色彩是

33、國際通用的橙色和白色的相間條紋。4.3.2 Visibility The crane should be sited in such a way that the crane driver always has optimum visibility.能見度 - 吊車所坐落的位置應(yīng)該使吊車司機始終具有最好的能見度。4.4 CLEARANCES When setting up a crane, the clearance for persons between moving parts of the crane and fixed structures or other natural or bu

34、ilt objects shall be as follows:安全距離 - 在設(shè)定一臺吊車時，吊車移動物件和固定結(jié)構(gòu)或其它自然或建筑物和人員之間的距離必須如下：(a) Clear width .not less than 500 mm.凈寬 不小于500毫米(b) Vertical clearance not less than 2000 mm.垂直距離 不小于2000毫米Where these clearances cannot be maintained, then suitable provisions shall be made to exclude persons from any

35、 potential trapping spaces.在這些安全距離不能滿足的地方，必須制定合適的規(guī)定，以避免使人員陷于可能的危險空間之中。Clearance between two or more cranes working within a site, or sharing the same air space shall be included in a procedure to ensure contact between parts of the cranes does not occur. Agreement shall be reached on adjoining sites

36、.在同一個現(xiàn)場工作或使用相同空間的兩個或兩個以上吊車之間的安全距離必須在程序中規(guī)定，以保證吊車之間的物件不互相碰撞。必須與臨近的現(xiàn)場達成協(xié)議。5. PERSONNEL人員5.1 CRANE OPERATORS吊車操作5.1.1 Qualifications The qualifications of crane operators shall confirm to the requirements of the applicable regulatory authority.資質(zhì) - 吊車操作員必須符合國家有關(guān)管理機構(gòu)的要求。5.1.2 Authorization Each crane ope

37、rator shall be in possession of a certificate of competency where applicable, and be authorized by a responsible representative of the crane user or hiring contractor to operate the particular crane.授權(quán) - 每個吊車操作員必須擁有適用的操作合格證書，獲得吊車使用方或操作該特定吊車的雇傭承包商責任代表的授權(quán)。5.1.3 Physical and mental fitness of crane ope

38、rator The crane operator shall not operate a crane unless he or she is physically and mentally capable, medically fit, with particular regard to eyesight, hearing and reflexes. In the event of a crane operator becoming unwell when in control of a crane, the operator shall render the crane out-of-ser

39、vice and report the matter to the supervisor. When the operator is in the control cabin of a crane and is too incapacitated to descend safely from the crane, the operator should indicate his or her condition and wait in the crane cabin for help to arrive.吊車操作員體力和智力的合格性 - 吊車操作員必須在體力和智力上合格，身體健康、視力、聽力良

40、好、反應(yīng)能力強，否則不能操作吊車。萬一吊車駕駛員在控制吊車時不舒服，操作員必須使吊車處于停止工作狀態(tài)，并向主管報告此事。當操作員在駕駛艙內(nèi)時，無法從吊車上安全地下來時，操作員應(yīng)該指示以說明狀況，在駕駛艙內(nèi)等待救援。5.2 CRANE CHASERS AND DOGMEN吊車解索員和套鉤員5.2.1 Qualifications The qualifications of the crane chasers and the dogmen shall comply with the requirements for certification of the applicable regulator

41、y authority.資質(zhì) - 吊車解索員和套鉤員的資質(zhì)必須符合國家適用法規(guī)授權(quán)的規(guī)定。5.2.2 Authorization Each crane chaser and dogman shall be in possession of an appropriate certificate of competency and be authorized by a responsible representative of the crane user or hiring contractor to work with the particular crane.授權(quán) - 每個吊車解索員和套鉤員

42、必須擁有適用的操作合格證書，獲得吊車使用方或操作該特定吊車的雇傭承包商的責任代表的授權(quán)。5.2.3 Identification The person directing the crane movement (crane chasers and dogmen) should be readily identifiable to the crane operator.識別 - 指引吊車移動的人員（吊車解索員和套鉤員）應(yīng)該容易地被吊車操作員所識別。6. ERECTION AND DISMANTLING安裝和拆卸6.1 IDENTIFICATION OF CRANE COMPONENTS Wher

43、e necessary, components of cranes subject to frequent erection and dismantling shall be clearly marked to prevent incorrect site assembly. Any component with a mass greater than 250 kg should be marked with its mass.吊車元件的識別 - 在必要時，根據(jù)安裝和拆卸的頻率，必須清晰地標刷吊車的元件，以防現(xiàn)場安裝錯誤。任何質(zhì)量大于250公斤的元件必須標刷其質(zhì)量。The materials

44、of construction of the major components and special fasteners involved in site assembly shall be recorded. Where practicable, this information should be marked on the components.必須記錄現(xiàn)場安裝的主要元件的施工材料和特別緊固件。在條件許可時，這些信息應(yīng)該標刷在元件上。6.2 INSTRUCTIONS (see Clause 7.1) Managements instructions shall be strictly

45、followed. Any departure from the specified procedures may impose excessive loading on structural and mechanical parts. Adherence to the following is required:指令（見7.1條） - 管理指令必須被嚴格遵守。任何偏離規(guī)定的程序可能會對結(jié)構(gòu)物和機械零件施加過度的負荷。要求遵循下列規(guī)定：(a) Managements instruction book shall be available to the erection staff.安裝員工必須

46、擁有管理指導書。(b) The erection or dismantling operation shall be supervised by a competent person.必須由合格人員監(jiān)督安裝或拆卸工作。(c) The prescribed procedures for the assembly of components shall be followed in the correct sequence, using the correct equipment and tools.元件安裝的規(guī)定程序必須被按照正確的程序被遵守，使用正確的設(shè)備和要求。(d) Only parts

47、and components meeting the manufacturers performance and strength requirements shall be used.只能使用滿足制造商性能和強度要求的零件和元件。(e) It is recommended that jib or boom jointing pins be assembled so that they can be removed by a person standing on the outside of the jib or boom. Jibs and booms may collapse if inc

48、orrectly assembled.建議必須將起重臂或吊桿的連接銷安裝好，這樣，它們就能由站在起重臂或吊桿外面的人員來拆除。如果連接錯誤，起重臂和吊桿會倒塌。6.3 CORRECT FUNCTION OF SAFETY DEVICES During erection and dismantling operations, it is sometimes necessary to disconnect or bypass load moment systems, overload cutouts or motion limit switches. Before the crane is put

49、 into service, the person supervising erection of the crane shall ensure that all safety devices are functioning correctly.安全設(shè)備的正確功能 - 在安裝和拆卸操作期間，有時必須解脫或旁通負荷力矩系統(tǒng)、超載終止或運動限位開關(guān)。在將吊車投入運行前，監(jiān)督吊車安裝的人員必須保證所有的安全設(shè)備運行功能正常。7. OPERATION操作7.1 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS The employers operating instructions for each cr

50、ane shall incorporate the manufacturers latest recommendations and be clearly identified to the crane by reference to the manufacturers serial number, or the owners plant number, or by a clear description, which identifies the crane. Where the manufacturers operating instructions are not available,

51、then suitable operating instructions shall be compiled by a competent person. The operating instructions manual shall be readily available to the operator.操作指令 - 每個吊車的雇傭方操作指令必須包括制造商最新的建議，并與吊車制造商的制造系列號、或與業(yè)主的裝置編號、或與一個明確的說明相符合，這些都說明了吊車的身份。在沒有明確的制造商操作指令的地方，則應(yīng)該由合格的人員編寫合適的操作指導。操作員應(yīng)該擁有操作指導手冊。7.2 PRE-OPERAT

52、ION CHECKS Before commencing operations, the crane operator or other authorized person shall carry out routine checks in accordance with the operating instructions which shall be sufficient to ensure the safe operation of the crane.預操作檢查 - 在開始操作前，吊車操作員或其他合格的人員必須根據(jù)合適的操作指令對吊車進行例行檢查，保證吊車的安全操作。NOTE: A t

53、ypical checklist is given in the Attachments. 注：附件中給出了典型的檢查清單。Before placing a crane in service, the crane operator shall review the logbook and be satisfied about 在將一臺吊車投入使用前，吊車操作員必須審核記錄本，是否對下列情況滿意 -(a) The absence of all unauthorized personnel on the crane, e.g. maintenance personnel;吊車上沒有未經(jīng)授權(quán)的人員，

54、例如維修人員。(b) The safe working condition of the crane;吊車的安全工作條件(c) The safe operation of each motion of the crane; and吊車每個動作的安全操作，和(d) The satisfactory condition and inflation of tyres, where applicable.滿意的條件和輪胎沖氣，在適用的地方。Where any adjustments or alterations are necessary to ensure the safe operation an

55、d functional operation of the crane, these shall be carried out by authorized personnel.在需要做任何調(diào)整或變更時，必須保證吊車的安全操作和功能正常，這些必須由已有授權(quán)的人員執(zhí)行。7.3 COMMUNICATION OF IRREGULARITIES When going off duty any operator shall communicate and enter into the logbook all pertinent details of the cranes performance, particularly any irregularities concerning the operation of the crane and of all incidences concerning the safe operation of the crane in any way whatsoever.不正常情況的溝通 - 任何操作員離開崗位后，應(yīng)該溝通并在記錄本上記錄任何吊車性能的相關(guān)細節(jié)、特別是任何吊車操作不正常的狀況以及任何與吊車安全操作相關(guān)的事件。7.4 LEAVING THE CRANE UNATTENDED A crane shall not be