howtoreadafinancialreport怎樣閱讀財務(wù)報告課件

1、HOW TO READ A FINANCIAL REPORTThe Purpose of this presentation is to help you better understand the data included in financial reports and how to analyze it.Learn more about companies that offer employment or provided investment opportunities.COMPONENTS OF AN ANNUAL REPORTThe Letter to Shareholders:

2、 This gives a broad overview of the companys business and financial performance.The Business Review: This summarizes a companys recent developments, trends and objectives.The Financial Review: This presents a companys business performance in $.COMPONENTS OF AN ANNUAL REPORTThe Financial ReviewManage

3、ments Discussion and Analysis: This section explains all significant changes from year to year in the financial statements. It also includes charts and graphs highlighting the year to year changes.Audited Financial Statements: Consists of the balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes equ

4、ity, and cash flow.THE BALANCE SHEETThe balance sheet portrays the financial position of the company by showing what the company owns and what it owes at the report date. It is a snapshot, since it reports the companys financial position at a specific point in time. The Income StatementThe Income St

5、atement can be thought of more like a motion picture, since it reports on how a company performed during the period(s) presented and shows whether that companys operations have resulted in a profit or loss.The Statement of Changes in Shareholders EquityThe statement of changes in shareholders equity

6、 reconciles the activity in the equity section of the balance sheet from period to period.Changes in shareholders equity result for company profits or losses, dividends and/or stock issuances.Statement of Cash FlowsThe statement of cash flows reports on the companys cash movements during the period(

7、s) separating them by operating, investing and financing activities.The FootnotesThe footnotes provide more detailed information about the financial statements.A Model Company Called “Typical”To provide a framework for illustration, a fictional public company will be used.A public company will be us

8、ed because it is required to provide the most extensive amount of information in its annual reports.The requirements and standards for financial reporting are set by both governmental and nongovernmental bodies.This fictional company will represent a typical corporation with the most commonly used a

9、ccounting and reporting practices. Thus, the model company will be called Typical Manufacturing Company, Inc. (“Typical”, for short.)A Model Company Called “Typical”Before examining the financial statement in depth, the following points should be kept in mind:Financial statement in certain specializ

10、ed industries would look some what different from those of Typicals.A Model Company Called “Typical”Rather than presenting a complete set of footnotes specific to Typical, we will see a listing of appropriate generic footnote data for which a reader of financial statements should look.To simplify ma

11、tters, the statements shown do not illustrate every SEC financial reporting rule and regulation.A Model Company Called “Typical”The goal of this presentation is to provide readers with a better understanding of the core or basic financial statements in an annual report.The following slides are the c

12、onsolidated financial statements for Typical Manufacturing Company, Inc.A Model Company Called “Typical”Consolidated Balance Sheets, AssetsConsolidated Balance Sheets, Property, Plant and EquipmentConsolidated Balance Sheets, Other AssetsConsolidated Balance Sheets, LiabilitiesConsolidated Balance S

13、heets, Shareholders EquityConsolidated Income StatementConsolidated Income Statement, continuedConsolidated Statement of Changes in Shareholders EquityConsolidated Statement of Cash FlowsConsolidated Statement of Cash Flows, continuedThe Balance SheetThe balance sheet represents the financial pictur

14、e for Typical Manufacturing as it stood at the end of one particular day, Dec. 31, 19X9, as though the company were momentarily at a standstill. Typicals balance sheet for the previous year end is also presented. This makes it possible to compare the composition of the balance sheets on those dates.

15、The balance sheet is divided into two halves:Assets, always presented firstLiabilities and Shareholders EquityIn the standard accounting model, the formula of Assets=Liabilities + Shareholders Equity applies. Both halves are always in balance.The Balance Sheet, continuedThey are also in balance beca

16、use, form an economic viewpoint, each dollar of assets must be “funded” by a dollar of liabilities or equity. Hence, the name balance sheet.Reported assets, liabilities, and shareholders equity are subdivided into line items or groups of similar “accounts” having a dollar amount or “balance.”The Bal

17、ance Sheet, continuedThe Assets section includes all the goods and property owned by the company, and uncollected amounts due (receivables) to the company from others.The Liabilities section includes all debts and amounts owed (payables) to outside parties.The Balance Sheet, continuedThe Shareholder

18、s Equity section represents the shareholders ownership interest in the company-what the companys assets would be worth after all claims upon those assets were paid.To make it easier to understand the composition of the balance sheet, each of its sections and the related line items within them will b

19、e examined one-by-one.The Balance Sheet, continuedCurrent Assets include cash and those assets that, in the normal course of business, will be turned into cash within a year from the balance sheet date.Cash and Cash Equivalents is money on deposit in the bank, cash on hand and highly liquid securiti

20、es such as Treasury bills. The Balance Sheet, Assets, Current and Equivalents1 Cash and cash equivalents $19,500Marketable Securities - Excess or idle cash that is not needed immediately may be invested in marketable securities.These are short-term securities that are readily salable and usually hav

21、e quoted prices.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Marketable SecuritiesThese may include:Trading securities - debt and equity securities, bought and sold frequently, primarily to generate short-term profits and which are carried at fair market value. Any changes in such values are included in earnings.The

22、Balance Sheet, Assets, Marketable Securities, cont.Held-to-maturity securities- debt securities that the company has the ability and intent to hold to maturity. These securities are reported at amortized cost.Debt Amortization is the practice of adjusting the original cost of a debt instrument as pr

23、incipal payments are received and writing off any purchase discount or premium to income over its life.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Marketable Securities, cont.Available-for-sale securities - debt or equity securities not classified as either trading or held-to-maturity. They are recorded at fair valu

24、e with unrealized changes in their value, net of taxes, reported in stockholders equity.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Marketable Securities, cont.In Typicals case, it owns short-term, high-grade commercial paper, classified as trading securities and preferred stock, classified as available-for-sale. Ty

25、pical however, has no short-term held-to-maturity securities.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Marketable Securities, cont.2 Marketable securities: Trading securities $46,100 Available-for-sale 200 $46,300Accounts Receivable are the amounts due form customers that havent been collected yet. When goods are

26、shipped to customers before payment or collection, an account receivable is recorded. Customers are usually given 30, 60, or 90 days in which to pay. The total amount due from customers is $158,375.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Accounts ReceivableWhen customers fail to pay their bills it gives rise to

27、accounts of doubtful collectibility.In order to show the accounts receivable balance at a figure representing expected receipts, an allowance for doubtful accounts is deducted from the total amount recorded.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Accounts Receivable, cont.This year end, the allowance for doubtfu

28、l accounts was $2,375.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Accounts Receivable, cont.3 Accounts receivable $158,375 Less: allowance for doubtful accounts (2,375) $156,000Inventory for a manufacturing company consists of:Raw materials items to be used in making a product.Work-in-process partially completed goo

29、ds in the process of manufacture.Finished goods completed items ready for shipment to customers.The Balance Sheet, Assets, InventoryGenerally, the amount of each of the above types of inventory would be disclosed either on the face of the balance sheet or in the footnotes.For Typical, inventory the

30、cost of items on hand that were purchased and/or manufactured for sale to customers.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Inventory, continuedIn valuing inventories, the lower of cost or market rule or method is used.This rule values inventory at its cost or market price, whichever is lower.Market value is the

31、 current cost of replacing the inventory by purchase or manufacture.The Balance Sheet, Assets , Inventory, continuedThe market rule provides a conservative figure.The value for balance sheet purposes under this method usually will be cost.Where deterioration, obsolescence, a decline in prices or oth

32、er factors are expected to result in the selling or disposing of inventories below cost, the lower market price would be used.The Balance Sheet, Assets , Inventory, continuedA manufacturers inventories consist of quantities of physical products assembled form various materials.Inventory valuation in

33、cludes the direct costs of purchasing the various materials used to produce the companys products and an allocation of the production expenses to make those products.The Balance Sheet, Assets , Inventory, continuedManufacturers use cost accounting systems to allocate such expenses.When the individua

34、l costs for inventory are added up, they comprise the inventory valuation.The Balance Sheet, Assets , Inventory, continued4 Inventories $180,000During the year, Typical paid fire insurance premiums and advertising charges for periods after the balance sheet date.Since Typical has the contractual rig

35、ht to that insurance and advertising service after the balance sheet date, it has an asset, which will be used after year end.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Prepaid ExpensesTypical has simply “prepaid” (paid in advance) for the right to use this service.If these payments had not been made, the company w

36、ould have more cash in the bank.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Prepaid Expenses, continuedPayments made for which the company had not yet received benefits, but for which it will receive benefits within the year, are current assets as prepaid expenses.The Balance Sheet, Assets , Prepaid Expenses, contin

37、ued5 Prepaid expenses and other current assets $4,000To Summarize the total Current assets item includes:CashMarketable SecuritiesAccounts receivableInventoriesPrepaid ExpensesThe Balance Sheet, Assets, Total Current Assets6 Total Current Assets $405,800These assets are working assets in the sense t

38、hat they are liquid meaning they can and will, in the near term, be converted into cash for other business purposes or consumed in the business.Inventories, when sold, become accounts receivable; receivables, upon collection, become cash; and the cash can then be used to pay the companys debts and o

39、perating expenses.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Total Current Assets, cont.Property, plant and equipment consists of assets not intended for sale that are used to manufacture, display, warehouse and transport the companys products and house it employees.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Property, Plant and Eq

40、uipmentThe Balance Sheet, Assets, Property, Plant and EquipmentThis category includes:LandBuildingMachineryEquipmentFurnitureAutomobilesThe Balance Sheet, Assets, Property, Plant and EquipmentThe generally accepted method for reporting fixed assets is cost minus the depreciation accumulated through

41、the date of the balance sheet. Property, Plant and Equipment: Land $30,000 Buildings 125,000 Machinery 200,000 Leasehold improvements 15,000 Furniture, fixtures, etc. 15,0007 Total property, plant and equipment $385,000 The Balance Sheet, Assets, Property, Plant and EquipmentThe figure displayed is

42、not intended to reflect present market value or replacement cost, since there is no intent to sell or replace these assets in the near term.The cost to ultimately replace plant and equipment at some future date might, and probably will, be higher.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Depreciation, cont.This is

43、 the practice of charging to, or expensing against, income the cost of a fixed asset over its estimated useful life.Depreciation has been defined for accounting purposes as the decline in useful value of a fixed asset due to “wear and tear” from use and the passage of time.The Balance Sheet, Assets,

44、 Depreciation, cont.The cost of acquired property, plant and equipment must be allocated over its expected useful life, taking into consideration the factors discussed.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Depreciation, cont. For example, suppose a delivery truck costs $10,000 and is expected to last five year

45、s.Using the straight-line method of depreciation (equal periodic depreciation charges over the life of the asset), $2,000 of the trucks cost is charged or expensed to each years income statement.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Depreciation, cont.The balance sheet at the end of one year would show:Truck (

46、cost) $10,000 Less: Accumulated depreciation (2,000)Net depreciated cost $ 8,000The Balance Sheet, Assets, Depreciation, cont.At the end of the second year it would show:Truck (cost) $10,000 Less: Accumulated depreciation (4,000)Net depreciated cost $ 6,000The Balance Sheet, Assets, Depreciation, co

47、nt.In Typicals balance sheet, an amount is shown for accumulated depreciation. This amount is the total of accumulated depreciation for buildings, machinery, leasehold improvements and furniture and fixtures.Land is not subject to depreciation and its reported balance remains unchanged from year to

48、year at the amount for which it was acquired.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Depreciation, cont.Thus, net property, plant and equipment is the amount reported for balance-sheet purposes of the investment in property, plant and equipment8 Less: accumulated depreciation $125,000The Balance Sheet, Assets, D

49、epreciation, cont.As explained previously, it consists of the cost of the various assets in this classification, less the depreciation accumulated to the date of the financial statement (net depreciated cost)9 Net Property, Plant and Equipment $260,000 The Balance Sheet, Assets, Depreciation, cont.D

50、epletion is a term used primarily by mining and oil companies or any of the extractive industries. Since Typical Manufacturing is not in any of these businesses, depletion is not shown in its financial statements. The Balance Sheet, Assets, Depreciation, cont.To “deplete” means to exhaust or use up.

51、 As oil or other natural resources are used up or sold, depletion is recorded (as a charge against income and a reduction from it cost) to recognize the amount of natural resources sold, consumed or used to date.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Deferred ChargesDeferred Charges are expenditures for items t

52、hat will benefit future periods beyond one year from the balance-sheet date.For example, costs for introduction of a new product to the market or the opening of a new location.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Deferred Charges, cont.Deferred charges are similar to prepaid expenses, but are not included in

53、current assets because the benefit from such expenditures will be reaped over periods after one year from the balance-sheet date.To “defer” means to put off or postpone to a future time.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Deferred Charges, cont.The expenditure incurred will be gradually written off over the

54、future period(s) that benefit from it, rather than fully charged off in the year payment is made.Typicals balance sheet shows no deferred charges because it has none.Deferred charges would normally be included just before Intangibles in the assets section of the balance sheet.The Balance Sheet, Asse

55、ts, IntangiblesIntangible assets (or “intangibles”) are assets having no physical existence, yet having substantial value to the company.Examples are:Franchise to a cable TV company allowing exclusive service in certain areas.A patent for exclusive manufacture of a specific article.A trademark or a

56、copyright.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Intangibles, cont.Another intangible asset often found in corporate balance sheets if goodwill, which represents the amount by which the price of an acquired company exceeds the fair value of the related net assets acquired.This excess is presumed to be the value

57、 of the companys name and reputation and its customer base, intellectual capital, and workforce.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Intangibles, cont.Intangible assets reported on the balance sheet are generally those purchased from others.Intangible assets are amortized(gradually reduced or written off, a p

58、rocess referred to as amortization) by periodic charges against income over their estimated useful lives, but in no case for longer than 40 years.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Intangibles, cont.The value of Typicals intangible assets, reduced by the total amount of these periodic charges against income

59、 (accumulated amortization), results in a figure for Typicals net intangible assets.10 Intangibles (goodwill, patents $2,250 Less: accumulated amortization (300)Net intangible assets $1,950The Balance Sheet, Assets, Investment SecuritiesInvestments in debt securities are carried at amortized cost on

60、ly when they qualify as “held-to-maturity.”To qualify, the investor must have the positive intent and the ability to hold those securities until they mature.The Balance Sheet, Assets, Investment Securities, cont.Early in 19X9, Typical purchased on the New York Stock Exchange mortgage bonds issued by