美國文學(xué)史選讀1

1、History And Anthology of American Literature (Volume)美國文學(xué)史及選讀1PartThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主義時(shí)期的文學(xué) 1. 17世紀(jì)早期English and European explorers開始登陸美洲。在他們之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占領(lǐng)。 2. 17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(

2、弗吉尼亞和馬薩諸塞)開始了美國歷史 3. 美國最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugueses (荷蘭人，瑞典人，德國人，法國人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。 4. 美國早期文學(xué)主要為the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日記和日志)， 他們寫關(guān)于the land with dense forests and deep-b

3、lue lakes and rich soil. 5. 第一批美國永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亞詹姆斯頓)。 6. 船長約翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被認(rèn)為是美國第一部真 正意義上的文學(xué)作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first dist

4、inctly American literature written in English.他講述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans. 7. 美國第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith寫了封信自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亞墾荒以來發(fā)生的各種事 件的真實(shí)介紹“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happ

5、ened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”. 8. 他的第二本書1612年弗吉尼亞地圖，附：一個(gè)鄉(xiāng)村的描述“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”. 9. 他一共出版了八本書，其中有關(guān)于新英格蘭的歷史及描述。其破產(chǎn)后做為向?qū)ought a post as guide to the Pilgrims.他1624年弗吉尼亞通史“General History of Virginia”,講述了傳奇故事how the Indian princess Pocaho

6、ntas( 波卡洪特斯)saved him. 10. 他保存了殖民者在Jamestown早期開荒史及explored the rivers and bays around the Chesapeake region(切薩皮克 地區(qū))，最重要的是he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers”instead of “gentlemen”for the tough job of planting colonies and p

7、ushing the frontiers westward. 11. 早期新英格蘭文學(xué)主要關(guān)于theological, moral, historical and political. 12. 清教徒堅(jiān)韌耐勞，嚴(yán)格遵守教義the Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harsh church想建立神權(quán)社會found a theocracy,他們生活簡樸，意志堅(jiān)定，我行我素，不屈不撓地斗爭they had toughness, purpose and character, the

8、y grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他們的基本價(jià)值觀；注重勤勞，節(jié)儉，虔誠和節(jié)制hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety這些也成了早期美國作品主導(dǎo)思想。一、William Bradford and John Winthrop威廉·布拉德福德和約翰·溫思羅普 普利茅斯第一任首長：William Bradford; 波斯頓第一任首長： John Winthrop. 1 William Bradford:普利茅斯開發(fā)歷史“The History of Plymouth P

9、lantation”文章從1630年開始寫起an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.文字簡潔，認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)，直接敘述，可讀性強(qiáng)simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.1637年他用簡單的律詩對自己一生寫了個(gè)總結(jié)，后來科登·馬瑟寫道：他是眾人之福，也是眾人之父“a comm

10、on blessing and father to them all” 2 John Winthrop:新英格蘭歷史“The History of New England”.1630年登上“阿貝亞”（Arbella）to Massachusetts 并開始寫日記keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年正式出版is notable for its candid simplicity and honesty. 3 他們并不出于創(chuàng)作需要而是記錄歷史，但卻運(yùn)用了直接生動的散文格式使文章成為了好的文學(xué)作品 the need to record im

11、portant events in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account literary excellence. 4 清教徒（Puritan）:就是要凈化他們的宗教信仰和行為方式，要純潔自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier”. 總認(rèn)為自己是上帝選民looked upon themselves as a

12、 chosen people.對他們的生活方式提出異議就是反對上帝旨意anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing Gods Will and was not to be accepted.對自己的信仰視之如命，對別人信仰不能容忍they were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. 制定法律限制個(gè)人生活行為made laws about private morality as well as pu

13、blic behavior霍桑稱他們?yōu)椤昂诿济墓虐宓那褰掏健薄皊tern and black-browed Puritans”.二、John Cotton and Roger Williams約翰·科登和羅杰·威廉姆斯 1 John Cotton第一批知識分子代言人，稱為“新英格蘭教父”the Patriarch of New England”. 1633年到Boston 開始一直是這社區(qū)精神導(dǎo)師，他所宣講的由宗教來統(tǒng)治國家的神權(quán)思想直接影響了當(dāng)時(shí)人們的行為 he was the “teacher”(spiritual leader) of the community a

14、nd its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy(a state ruled by the church)他的影響主要通過教堂講壇來完成his primary influence was through the pulpit. 聽眾對他深信不疑。他們清教徒強(qiáng)調(diào)權(quán)威，忽視民主they were much more concerned with authority than with democracy. 2 Roger Williams:1631年came to the Massachusetts后被放逐到現(xiàn)羅德島Rhode Islan

15、d。對不同意見者并不贊同對 其迫害而是屈服與容忍，他認(rèn)為行為上的德，信仰上的誠并沒有給任何人強(qiáng)迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)力，沒有任何政治秩序和教會體制能夠直接體現(xiàn)神本身的意旨the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with G

16、od. 他對印第安語言非常感興趣Indian language.他寫過開啟美國語言的鑰匙或也叫做美洲新英格蘭部分土著居民語言指南“A Key into the Language of America” or “A Help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England” 三、Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor安妮·布萊德斯特和愛德華·泰勒 這兩位清教徒寫的詩達(dá)到相當(dāng)高水平，真正能稱得上是詩作。 1 Anne Dudley Bradstreet

17、是早期詩人中最風(fēng)趣的詩人之一one of the most interesting of the early poets. 1630年乘 “Arbella”到Massachusetts.她的文學(xué)創(chuàng)作在撫養(yǎng)八個(gè)子女家庭勞作繁重勞動下進(jìn)行的。 2 她的第一部作品由她的姐夫交給倫敦出版商，the title of this collection of poems, in classical allusion(用比喻的方 法)即在美洲誕生的第十個(gè)謬斯“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”詩歌中傳奇故事有點(diǎn)言過其實(shí)，但對日常瑣事敘述相當(dāng)高超poetic

18、ventures were overambitious but wrote well when dealt with the simple events of her daily life. 3 Edward Taylor:清教徒詩人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世紀(jì)中期一些杰出 詩人風(fēng)格和形式his work followed they style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。他大部分作品關(guān)于宗教的，大部分詩歌直接以贊美

19、詩為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作的most of Taylors work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on the Psalms. 在世時(shí)沒出版過作品，1937年發(fā)現(xiàn)手稿，1960年泰勒詩歌全集。 Part The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命時(shí)期文學(xué) 1 托馬斯·佩因常識 Thomas Paines “Common Sense”; 托馬斯·杰弗遜獨(dú)立宣言 Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence” 2

20、 在經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，英國要求美出口原材料，后從英國購回高成本的機(jī)器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country. 3 在政治方面，要求他們歸英國政府統(tǒng)一管理，交各種稅收但在議會中卻沒有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the col

21、onies without giving them representation in Parliament. 4 美獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence. 諾亞·韋伯斯特（Noah Webster）說：文化上的獨(dú)立，藝術(shù)上的著名。 5文學(xué)上獨(dú)立的代表作： 1785年杰弗遜：弗吉尼亞洲的聲明Jeffersons “Notes on the State of Virginia”; 1791年巴特姆：旅行筆記 “Travels” by Bartram 一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富蘭克林1706-1790

22、殖民地時(shí)期作家。獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭前惟一的杰出的美國作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.協(xié)助杰弗遜起草獨(dú)立宣言和美國憲法aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”and Constitution. 1 其還是美國第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表達(dá)能力，簡潔明了，有點(diǎn)幽默，還是一位諷刺天才as an author he had power of expression

23、, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic. 2 教材作品自傳”The Autobiography” 二、Thomas Paine 托馬斯·佩因（1737-1809） 1 被稱為“人類最平凡的人“（Great Commoner of Mankind）.美國著名政治小冊子作家pamphleteer. 是政治諷刺的天才a political satirist of genius. 2 美國危機(jī)“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense” was a series of sixteen pamph

24、lets.這些冊子在部隊(duì)中被廣泛傳閱，極大恢復(fù)士氣鼓舞民兵斗志，增強(qiáng)勝利信心was read at once to all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired the success of that citizens army。. 3 教材作品：美國危機(jī)：“The American Crisis”. 三、Thomas Jefferson托馬斯·杰弗遜（1743-1826） 1 美國歷史上最為廣泛影響人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more

25、 deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富蘭克林一樣具人道主義精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.啟蒙運(yùn)動的產(chǎn)物a product of the Enlightenment,對各領(lǐng)域都有興趣：law, philosophy, education, science, mechanics. 2 盡全力為美國尋找一條自由、自我之路：where the people might have a fresh start toward liberty, selfhood. 作為 人文主義都他注重人本身的德行和能力，不看重世俗

26、中特權(quán)a humanist looked to merit and ability alone, not to privilege法律保障每個(gè)人與生俱來的權(quán)利the natural rights of man must be secured by law inalienably for all, irrespective of station 政府是一個(gè)必要的魔鬼，政府在普遍贊同下才合法，其目的是為個(gè)人謀福利，而不是壓榨與剝削人民。政府須為民提供言論、思想、結(jié)社、出版、信仰、教育和創(chuàng)業(yè)等自由.government, a necessary evil, found sanction only i

27、n the common consent of a social contract, its purpose was the benefit of the individual, not his exploitation; it must provide freedom of speech, thought, association, press, worship, education, and enterprise. 3 教材作品：獨(dú)立宣言(1776年7月4日)：“The Declaration of Independence”。 四、Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞諾（

28、1752-1832） 1 革命戰(zhàn)爭后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period 既是一位詩人也是 政治方面的新聞記者double role as poet and political journalist.作品形式是新古典主義類，但本質(zhì)上卻屬浪漫主義類he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit。一個(gè)諷刺小說家、傷感作家、一個(gè)人道主義者was also at once a satiris

29、t of the British and a sentimentalist, a humanitarian. “美國革命詩人”（the poet of the Revolution）;“美國詩歌之父”（Father of American Poetry）. 2 他如今被認(rèn)為是美國政府中的一名勇敢的斗士has only recently been recognized as a courageous champion of American popular government. 作為詩人，他預(yù)示了美國文學(xué)獨(dú)立的到來as a poet, Freneau heralded American lit

30、erary independence 他后期詩歌同早期華麗的對偶句詩歌形成鮮明對比，后期形成了自然、簡潔、言之有物的風(fēng)格in contrast with the ornate style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction. 3 作品：野忍冬花： “The Wild Honey Suckle” 印第安人的墳地： “The Indian Burying Ground” 致凱提·迪德： “To a Caty-Did” Part The Literature of

31、 Romanticism浪漫主義文學(xué) 1. 1828年安德魯·杰克遜當(dāng)選7th 總統(tǒng)，標(biāo)志著“美國總統(tǒng)中，弗吉尼亞王朝的結(jié)束” the frontier hero Andrew Jackson as the 7th President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents. 1861年開始Civil War. 2. 美國逐步成為一個(gè)工業(yè)化和城市化國家，科技創(chuàng)造大量物質(zhì)財(cái)富同時(shí)又加劇了社會動蕩the United States

32、had begun to change into an industrial cause society, technology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social disorders. 3. 這段時(shí)間大部分作家思想受到了新大陸本身所處環(huán)境及歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮雙理影響The attitudes of Americas writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the

33、romantics traditions of Europe. 4. 浪漫主義共同點(diǎn)romantics shared certain general characteristics:他們都注重道德，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義價(jià)值觀及直覺感 覺，并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭，人類社會是腐敗之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies

34、 a source of corruption. 6 超驗(yàn)主義（1830sthe Civil War）：既不講究邏輯，也不講究系統(tǒng)，它只強(qiáng)調(diào)超越理性的感受，超越法律和世 俗束縛的個(gè)人表達(dá)，他們相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強(qiáng)調(diào)善為萬物之源，萬物都是善的一部分as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and c

35、ustom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part. 7 美國早期的主要文學(xué)形式，說教類及宣言類作品被長篇小說、短篇故事和詩歌所取代，成這一時(shí)期文學(xué)的主 要形式novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americas principal

36、literary forms. 8 From the early 1800s to the civil war 美國是一個(gè)充滿矛盾的國家，人們既有各種精神上的幻想，又有日益強(qiáng)烈 的物質(zhì)主義的現(xiàn)實(shí)需求。美國人生生活上、藝術(shù)上開始努力尋找新的自由及理念，社會的沖突及極端想法在血腥的國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爭中達(dá)到了頂峰was a land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing materialism. Americans had sought new liberties an

37、d new ideas in life and art, but conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody civil war. 一、Washington Irving華盛頓·歐文1783-1859 1. 他是美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家，大眾化風(fēng)格was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism familiar style. 2. 他的作品簡單明了，但絕不是一些業(yè)余作家的平淡無味，這歸因于他始終把作品同自己的人格特征結(jié)合起來， 作品中盡量表現(xiàn)出自己

38、的個(gè)性the apparent ease of his writing is not simply that of the gifted amateur; it results from his purposeful identification of his whole personality with what he wrote。他溫文爾雅，放眼世界，幽默謙虛，他用自己大氣，優(yōu)雅的寫作風(fēng)格與美國本土的一些特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行有機(jī)結(jié)合，最后形成自己的風(fēng)格he was urbane and worldly, yet humorous and gentle, his great and graceful s

39、tyle combine with American roots shaped his independent literary personality。他是第一個(gè)不折不扣的純文學(xué)作家，他寫作純是為快樂和為了創(chuàng)造快樂he was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure. 3教材作品：作者自敘：“The Authors Account of Himself”; 睡谷傳奇：“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”. 二、James Fenimore Coope

40、r詹姆斯·芬尼莫·庫珀1789-1851 1美國第一位憑著膽識走上文壇的著名小說家the first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare. 2庫珀開創(chuàng)了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁，即邊疆傳奇小說和海上傳奇小說 Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga. 1824年領(lǐng)航者最為成功“The Pilot” the best of hi

41、s many sea romances. 1839年他寫過第一部美國式正官方歷史美國海軍 he wrote the first official history of the U.S. Navy. 3庫珀邊疆小說皮襪子故事集由5部小說共同組成，阿倫·內(nèi)文斯（歷史學(xué)家）認(rèn)為這五部小說是迄今為止美國最接近史詩的一部大作，his frontier stories “Leather Stocking Tales” including five novels: The Last of the Mohicans”. Allan Nevins calls these five novels “th

42、e nearest approach yet to an American epic”.通過這些人物的描寫，作者記錄了當(dāng)時(shí)美國人思想意識，還使歐洲人意識到美國with a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, Cooper made the American conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of American.4教材作品：最后的莫希干人：“The Last of The Mohicans” 三、William Cullen Bry

43、ant威廉·卡倫·布萊恩特1794-1878 1. 1817年偉大史詩死之思考（希臘語），人們一致認(rèn)為這是當(dāng)時(shí)美國最杰出的一篇詩作the stately poem called ” Thanatopsis” (Greek, meaning “view of death”) introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time. Bryant merits a reputation as a poet.2. 致水鳥是其巔峰之作，“用美國英語寫作的最完美的短詩”，“To a Waterfowl” is pe

44、rhaps the peak of his work, “Most perfect brief poem in the language”. 3. 當(dāng)歐文用自己的作品預(yù)示美國散文時(shí)代的到來時(shí)，布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證實(shí)了美國的詩歌也達(dá)到了相當(dāng)高的 水平，他是第一個(gè)獲得美國主要詩人稱號的作家As Irving had shown that American prose had come of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attentio

45、n. He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet. 4. 教材作品：死之思考：“Thanatopsis” 致水鳥：“To a Waterfowl” 四、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·阿倫·坡1809-1849. 1. ( 南方文學(xué)信使)坡充分展示了自己作為編輯、詩人、文學(xué)評論家、小說作家的杰出才能showed his true talents as an editor, a poet, a literary critic, and a writer of fiction. 2. 1845

46、 年詩集烏鴉出版“The Raven” was published as the title poem of a collection 在歐洲，坡被人們稱作詩 歌與小說二種文學(xué)創(chuàng)作風(fēng)格的探路者，對法國文壇一些作家影響特別深遠(yuǎn)in Europe, he was hailed as a pioneer in poetic and fictional techniques. His influence was especially strong on many French writers. 3. 教材作品：給海倫：“To Helen” 烏鴉：“ The Raven” 安娜貝爾·李“ An

47、nabel Lee” 鄂榭府崩潰記“The Fall of the House of Usher” 五、Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉爾夫·沃爾多·愛默生1803-1882 1 他是把超驗(yàn)主義思想引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)，被看作是超驗(yàn)主義運(yùn)動的領(lǐng)袖he was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement 愛默生首先強(qiáng)調(diào)的是個(gè)人主義、思想獨(dú)立和自強(qiáng) he beli

48、eved above all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance他崇尚英勇，并不忌諱變化和有沖突的思想he admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas. 2 他的散文同他的詩歌一樣極富個(gè)性，他的許多隨筆是由日記中的一些詞條，演講中的內(nèi)容，筆記里的東西等 整理出來的，這些作品往往缺乏比較好的組織結(jié)構(gòu)；然而他構(gòu)句的水平卻相當(dāng)高超，一些經(jīng)過推敲后的句子不僅思想深刻，而且讓人難以忘懷his prose style is sometimes

49、as highly individual as his poetry. Many of his essays were put together from his journal entries, speeches, and random notes, and they are often somewhat disorganized. Yet his skill in polishing each sentence into a striking thought makes his writing memorable. 3 教材作品：論自然：“Nature”; 論自助：“Self-Relian

50、ce” 六、Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴維·梭羅1817-1862 1 他是愛默生最忠實(shí)的信徒，是他把愛默生的許多理論付諸了實(shí)踐he was Emersons truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emersons theories. 2 教材作品：沃爾登 我生活的地方；我為何生活：“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”在這部書中闡釋了他去體驗(yàn)這種生活的原因，他認(rèn)為一個(gè)一星期最好工作一天，而剩下的六天時(shí)間則用來思索，他也認(rèn)為人類心靈的自助和獨(dú)立最為重要

51、，每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式he explained many of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of life. He thought it better for a man to work one day a week and the rest of the week could be devoted to thought. For Thoreau, as for Emerson, self-reliance and independence of mind ranked above all each should find ou

52、t his own way of living. 七、Nathaniel Hawthorne納撒尼爾·霍桑 1他是通過觀察和聆聽別人談話來獲得創(chuàng)作素材的，聽人家講的一些新英格蘭口頭故事、民間傳說及各種鬼怪趣事Hawthorne gathered his material by observing and listening to others whose talk was filled with New England Lore, legend, and superstition. 2 霍桑獨(dú)特的才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過一些極具象征意義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德品質(zhì)，最好的例 證便是波士頓清教徒引以自娛的紅字，小說的每一個(gè)字，每一幅畫面和每一個(gè)事件都能夠達(dá)到了一個(gè)特定的效果，它講述了關(guān)于罪的故事，罪對不同人的影響以及有些人獲得拯救的故事Hawthornes unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stori