閱讀理解方法

1、英語：閱讀理解高分技巧一、常見題型分析(一)主旨大意題主旨大意題在閱讀理解試題中所占比例及難度都相當大。主旨大意是作者在文章中要表達的主要內(nèi)容，是全文的核心，作者在文章中努力通過各種細節(jié)信息來闡明中心話題。因此，把握主旨大意對于正確理解全文具有重要意義。要找出主旨大意，應(yīng)采用快速閱讀法瀏覽全文，閱讀時要注意抓住表達中心思想的句子。文章不同，中心句在文章中的位置也就不同，但一般情況下閱讀時應(yīng)特別留意文章的開頭、結(jié)尾及各個段落的首句和尾句，因為它們往往包含文章的中心議題。更多精彩盡在試題調(diào)研第9輯考前搶分必備常見的命題方式：What is the main idea of this passage

2、?What dose this passage mainly concern?The main theme of this passage is_The main point of the passage is_Which of the following is the best title for the passage?The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is_The purpose of the writer writing this passage is_Which of the following best d

3、escribes the passage as a whole?文章主題常?？梢酝ㄟ^文章的寫作方法來體現(xiàn)，有以下幾種情況：1。題句位于句首。主題句出現(xiàn)在文首，開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細節(jié)來解釋、支撐主題句所表達的主題思想。這是英語中最常見的演繹寫作法。2。主題句位于段末。主題句出現(xiàn)在文章結(jié)尾是作者采用了先擺事實，后作結(jié)論的手法。這種段落稱作歸納型段落。這是英語中最常見的歸納寫作法。3. 主題句首尾呼應(yīng)。為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結(jié)尾時再次點出主題，這種首尾呼應(yīng)的寫作方法也較為多見。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復(fù)，后面的表述往往有進一步的引申或發(fā)展的意味。4。主題句位于段落的中間。主

4、題句出現(xiàn)在文章的中間，通常前面只提出問題，文章的主題由隨之陳述的細節(jié)或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導(dǎo)出，而后又作進一步的解釋、說明或發(fā)展。5。主題句隱含在段意之中。全文沒有明確的主題句。其中心思想包含在各個句子中，在這種情況下，讀者要把所有已知的細節(jié)綜合起來，進行邏輯推理，概括歸納出主題句。【典例1】 The global energy crisis is approaching. What can we do? Here are some steps you can take。Cooling puts the greatest stress on your summer energy bill an

5、d the power grid(電網(wǎng)). Just as a tune-up for your car can improve your gas mileage, a yearly tune-up of your heating and cooling system can improve efficiency and comfort. Clean or replaces filters monthly or as needed。Drive the car that gets better gas mileage whenever possible if you own more than

6、one vehicle. If you drive 12,500 miles a year, switching 10 percent of your trips from a car that gets 20 miles per gallon to one that gets 30 mpg will save you more than 65 per year。Carpool. The average U.S. commuter(乘車上班族) could save about 260 a year by sharing cars twice a week with two people in

7、 a car that gets 20.1 mpgassuming the three passengers share the cost of gas. (2008安徽卷)This passage is mainly about _。A. energy-saving tips B. fuel-saving tipsC. do-it-yourself tips D. environment-protecting tips【解析】 本文主要介紹了如何節(jié)約能源。本文是一篇科普文章，主題很明顯，文章一開始就點明了主題，接下來整篇文章都是圍繞如何save energy展開，而save fuel僅僅只是

8、其中的一部分。故選A。針對主旨大意類題目，應(yīng)采用快速閱讀法(Skimming)瀏覽全文。在閱讀時，應(yīng)特別注意文章的開頭、結(jié)尾及段落的段首句和段尾句，因為他們往往名包含文章的中心議題?！镜淅?】 Domestic (馴養(yǎng)的) horses now pull ploughs, race in the Kentucky Derby, and carry police. But early horses werent tame (馴服的) enough to perform these kinds of tasks. Scientists think the first interactions hu

9、mans had with horses were far different from those today。Thousands of years ago, people killed the wild horses that lived around them for food. Over time, people began to catch the animals and raise them. This was the first step in domestication。The domestication of horses has had great effects on s

10、ocieties. For example, horse were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture. Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently. Before they were able to ride horses, humans had to cross land on foot. Riding horses allowed people to travel far gre

11、ater distance in much less time. That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another. The new from of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world. (2008北京卷)The passage is mainly about _。A. why humans domesticated horsesB. how humans and horses needed e

12、ach otherC. why horses came in different shapes and sizesD. how human societies and horses influenced each other【解析】 本文以時間為順序，記敘了人類對馬的馴化以及馬對人類的生活所產(chǎn)生的重要影響。本題考查主旨大意。前四段說明，人類馴養(yǎng)了野馬，使得馬的種類繁多，這是人類社會對馬的影響；最后一段說明，馬作為交通工具加速了人類文化傳播的進程。故文章的主題應(yīng)是D所說的內(nèi)容。此主題句出現(xiàn)在文章的最后一段。如果文章沒有明確的主題句，文章的中心思想往往包含在各個段落中，考生可采取提綱挈領(lǐng)的方法，通

13、過分析細節(jié)把文章的要點歸納出來，概括出全文的中心思想。選擇標題屬主旨大意題，是閱讀理解題?？嫉念}型之一。那么怎么樣選擇文章的標題？ 選擇文章標題屬深層次理解題，它要求考生在通讀全文的基礎(chǔ)上，認真分析主人公的特定心態(tài)、文章大意及作者寫作意圖，在此基礎(chǔ)上，所選出的標題還應(yīng)做到概括性、針對性、醒目性的有機結(jié)合。1。概括性原則 要求標題應(yīng)在最大限度上覆蓋全文，囊括文章的主要內(nèi)容，體現(xiàn)文章的主旨。標題實際上是文章主題的一種確認方式。前面我們提到，通過尋找主題句，往往很容易確定短文的標題。但大多數(shù)文章的主題句并不明顯，需要我們通過體會字里行間蘊含的意思從整體上把握文章的主旨，從全局的角度概括歸納出文章的標

14、題。要防止本末倒置，主次不分，以點代面，以偏概全。2。針對性原則 針對性原則是對標題外延的一種界定。概括性原則要求文章標題包括文章的主要內(nèi)容。但如果標題過大，就違背了針對性原則、針對性原則要求標題不能太過于概括，而是要直接指向文章的主旨。即標題不能太大也不能太小。要量體裁衣，大小適度。3。醒目性原則 標題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂。標題的好壞往往會影響文章的可讀性。讀者往往從標題上決定文章的閱讀取舍。故標題往往比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，目的是為了吸引讀者的注意力，喚起讀者對文章閱讀的興趣。所以在標題選擇的過程中，在滿足概括性和針對性的條件下，還要考慮標題的醒目性。(二)推理判斷題推理判斷題是

15、指在理解原文字面意義的基礎(chǔ)上，通過對語篇邏輯關(guān)系的分析和細節(jié)的暗示，作出一定的判斷和推理，從而得出文章的深層意義及隱含意義的過程。推理判斷題在閱讀中屬于難度較高的題型，通常占總題數(shù)的15%30%。它主要考查考生理清上下文邏輯關(guān)系的能力以及考生的識別能力。推理判斷題所涉及的內(nèi)容可能是文中某一句話，也可能是某幾句話，要求考生在遵循原文意義的基礎(chǔ)上，對文章字面信息進行分析、挖掘、邏輯推理，揭示其深層含義。常出現(xiàn)的推理題有邏輯推理，知識推理等。這類考題中常出現(xiàn)的詞有：infer, imply, suggest, indicate, conclude, learn from, probably, mos

16、t likely, can, could, might, may等。常見的命題方式：From paragraph one we can infer that_What can be inferred from the passage?We can infer from the text that?What can we learn from?We can conclude from the passage that_The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that_The author implies tha

17、t_This passage would most likely be found in_The authors attitude towardis_?推理判斷題要在閱讀理解整體語篇的基礎(chǔ)上，掌握文章的真正內(nèi)涵。(1)要吃透文章的字面意思，從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索，這是推理的前提和基礎(chǔ)；(2)要對文字的表面信息進行挖掘加工，由表入里，由淺入深，從具體到抽象，從特殊到一般，通過分析、綜合、判斷等，進行深層處理，符合邏輯地推理。不能就事論事，斷章取義，以偏概全；(3)要忠實于原文，不能主觀臆想，更不能以自己的觀點代替作者的觀點；(4)要把握句、段之間的邏輯關(guān)系，了解語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)。要體會文章的基

18、調(diào)，揣摩作者的態(tài)度，摸準邏輯發(fā)展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音?！镜淅?】 Michael Fish may soon be replaced as a weather forecaster by something truly fishierthe shark(鯊魚)。Research by a British biology student suggests that sharks could be used to predict storms。Lauren Smith, 24, is close to completing her study on sharks ability to sen

19、se pressure。If her studies prove the theory, scientists may be able to monitor the behaviour of sharks to predict bad weather。It has been discovered that a shark senses pressure using hair cells in its balance system。At the Bimini Shark Lab in the Bahamas, Miss Smith fixed hi-tech sensors to sharks

20、to record pressure and temperature, while also tracking them using GPS (Global Positioning System) technology。In Aberdeen, she was able to study the effects of tidal(潮汐的) and temperature changes on dogfishnone of which were harmed. She also used a special lab which can mimic(模擬) oceanic pressure cha

21、nges caused by weather fronts。She is due to complete her study and graduate later this year. She says she will be looking for a job which will give her the chance to enrich her experience of shark research. (2008天津卷)44. The passage is most probably taken from _。A. a short-story collectionB. a popula

22、r science magazineC. a research paperD. a personal diary45. What do we learn from the first four paragraph of the passage?A. Sharks may be used to predict bad weather。B. Sharks behaviour can be controlled。C. Michael Fish is not qualified for his job。D. Lauren Smith will become a weather forecaster。如

23、：Mary is due to leave at two oclock?！窘馕觥?本文為科普類文章，介紹了一位英國生物系學(xué)生對于鯊魚來預(yù)測暴風(fēng)雨的研究。44. B 推理判斷題。本題適宜用排除法。由文章內(nèi)容來看這是一篇科普文，A、D可刪除，由文章的語言來看，并未出現(xiàn)大量的專業(yè)術(shù)語，可刪除C “a research paper”(科研論文)45. A 推理判斷題。由第一段和第四段可知，前四段所要表達的含義為If her studies prove the theory, scientists may be able to monitor the behavior of Sharks to pred

24、ict bad weather。(科學(xué)家們可以通過監(jiān)視鯊魚的行為來預(yù)測不好的天氣”。故A 項正確。細節(jié)推斷題要求學(xué)生根據(jù)語篇關(guān)系，推斷具體細節(jié)，如時間、地點、人物關(guān)系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根據(jù)短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常識進行推理判斷。解答此類題，不僅需要我們有一定的社會基礎(chǔ)知識，而且還需要對細節(jié)以及有關(guān)背景知識有一個充分的理解?！镜淅?】 It had been some time since Jack had seen the old man. College, carrier, and life itself got in the way. In fact, Jack moved

25、clear across the country in pursuit of the dreams. There, in the rush of his busy life, Jack had little time to think about the past and often no time to spend with his wife and son. He was working on his future, and nothing could stop him。Over the phone, his mother told him, “Mr. Belser died last n

26、ight. The funeral is Wednesday?！?Memories fleshed through his mind like an old newsreel as he sat quietly remembering his childhood days。Inside he found these words carved: “Jack. Thanks for your time! Harold Belser?！薄癘h. My God! This is the thing he valued most ”Jack held the watch for a few minute

27、s, then called his assistant and cleared his appointments for the next two days. “Why?” his assistant asked?！癐 need some time to spend with my son,” he said. (2008江蘇卷)69. Why did Jack say he needed some time to spend with his son?A. He was very tired of his work and wanted to have a good rest。B. He

28、had promised to spare more time to stay with his son。C. He had missed his son and his family for days。D. He came to realize the importance of the time with his family?！窘馕觥?本文屬于記敘文，文章由鄰居之死而引出一個不容忽視的社會主題：友情、親情才是最重要的。69. D推理判斷題，由文中可知Belser的遺言對Jack觸動很大，同時也使他開始領(lǐng)悟到：只有親人、朋友才是生活中最重要的。因果推斷題要求考生根據(jù)已知結(jié)果推測導(dǎo)致該結(jié)果產(chǎn)

29、生的可能原因，考生要準確掌握文章的內(nèi)涵，理解文章的真正含義。回答推理判斷題的試題時，考生一定要牢記，能夠直接從文中找到的選項不是正確選項，因為與原文一樣的句子不叫推理。只有那些沒有在文中直接出現(xiàn)，但根據(jù)文中的信息經(jīng)過推斷可以得出的才是符合題意的正確選項?！镜淅?】As kids, my friends and I spent a lot of time out in the woods. “The woods” was our part-time address, destination, purpose, and excuse. If I went to a friends house an

30、d found him not at home, his mother might say, “Oh, hes out in the woods, ” with a tone(語氣) of airy acceptance. Its similar to the tone people sometimes use nowadays to tell me that someone Im looking for is on the golf course or at the gym, or even “away from his desk?！?For us ten-year-olds, “being

31、 out in the woods” was just an excuse to do whatever we feel like for a while。It was in a tree, too, that our days of fooling around in the woods came to an end. By then some of us has reached seventh grade and had begun the rough ride of adolescence(青春期). In March, the month when we usually took to

32、 the woods again after winter, two friends and I set out to go exploring. We climbed a tree, and all of a sudden it occurred to all three of us at the same time that were really were rather big to be up in a tree. Soon there would be the spring dances on Friday evenings in the high school cafeteria.

33、 (2008天津卷)55. How does the author feel about his childhood?A. Happy but short. B. Lonely but memorable。C. Boring and meaningless. D. Long and unforgettable。【解析】 本文描述了小時侯玩耍的“樹林”對與“我”和朋友們的意義。主要講述了我們在“樹林”中所從事的活動探索，以及之后隨著年齡的增長，不再去那里的過程。55. A 從全文看，作者在“樹林”里過的很愉快，又由最后一段可知，當我們一部分人上了七年級之后。我們在“樹林”中的玩耍就結(jié)束了。很短暫

34、。因此，正確選項為A。做這一類題時一定注意：1. 由表及里地準確把握字里行間的意思，切勿用自己的主觀想法或觀點代替作者的思想觀點。2. 要特別注意那些描寫環(huán)境氣氛的語言，以及表達感情、態(tài)度觀點的詞語和作者在文章中的措辭，尤其是感情色彩的形容詞。3. 能結(jié)合自己平時積累的有關(guān)英語國家的文化傳統(tǒng)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣等背景知識來識別評價。(三)詞義推測題該題型主要考查考生根據(jù)上下文推測詞義和語義的能力，突出考查對語境的分析和把握能力。近幾年的高考閱讀理解題越來越重視對猜詞悟義能力的考查，試題中有一到兩個小題是直接考查詞義猜測的。從考查內(nèi)容看主要有猜測某個生詞、熟詞、短語或句子的意思以及猜測代詞的指代等。常見的

35、命題方式：Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word?The wordcould best be replaced by?In theparagraph, the wordmeans(refers to)According to the passage,probably meansThe authors uses the wordto meanThe wordis most likely to mean?！镜淅?】 Parents and kids today dress alike, listen to the s

36、ame music, and are friends. Is this a good thing? Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 16-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager。“I would n

37、ever have said to my mom, Hey, the new Weezer album is really great. How do you like it?” says Ballmer. “There was just a complete gap in taste?！盡usic was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to mov

38、e in separate orbits。 (2008廣東卷)41. The underlined word “gulf” in Para.3 most probably means _。A. interest B. distance C. difference D. separation【解析】 本文講述“代溝”的發(fā)展、變化。以40歲左右為分界線，之前和之后與子女間的關(guān)系在改變，雖然代溝越來越窄，但仍沒有消失，家庭研究專家提醒新的平等關(guān)系也會導(dǎo)致子女對父母的不尊重。41. D 由上文中提到的 “he remembers his more distant relationship with h

39、is parents when he was a teenager?！币约啊癟here was just a complete gap in taste?！笨芍猤ulf應(yīng)表示兩代人之間關(guān)系的“代溝”。separation指“分開，分離”。猜測詞義時更多用到的方法是：結(jié)合上下文的意義、線索、內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系。一般情況下，上下文所提示的意義與所考詞匯通常是同義、反義或針對性解釋的關(guān)系，可直接確定詞義。根據(jù)上下文意義很難作出判斷的，就考慮用句法和內(nèi)在邏輯方法去判斷，符合句法和內(nèi)在邏輯的可能為正確答案，反之則排除。【典例2】Dear Hamilton,We are fortunate that in su

40、ch a large, high-pressure office we all get along so well. You are one of the people who keep the social temperature at such a comfortable setting. I dont know anyone in the office who is better liked than you。You can perhaps help with this. The collection of contributions towards gifts for employee

41、s personal-life events is becoming a little troubling. Certainly, the group sending of a gift is reasonable now and then. In the past month, however, there have been collections for two baby shower gifts, one wedding shower gift, two wedding gifts, one funeral(葬禮)remembrance, four birthday gifts, an

42、d three graduation gifts。Its not only the collected-from who are growing uncomfortable (and poor)， but the collected-for feel uneasy receiving gifts from people who dont know them outside the office, who wouldnt even recognize their graduating children, their marrying daughters and sons, or their de

43、ad relatives。This is basically a kind gesture (and one that people think well of you for)， but the practice seems to have become too wide-ranging and feels improper in todays office setting。Thank you for understanding. (2008北京卷)63. The underlined word “contributions” probably means _。A. money B. sug

44、gestions C. reports D. understanding【解析】 這是一篇書信，作者提出辦公室里存在一種不好的現(xiàn)象：無論有什么事，辦公室里所有人都湊份子錢。作者對這種做法提出質(zhì)疑，說這種風(fēng)氣不好，并希望收信人能夠關(guān)注此事。63. A 第二段說湊份子是為了買禮物慶祝職員個人生活中的大事，比如婚禮，葬禮等。結(jié)合選項判斷，畫線部分的contributions指money，故選A。做題時，首先要仔細看單詞來確定詞性，是名詞、動詞、形容詞還是副詞，(如上面的高考題中的contributions，根據(jù)-tion我們可以推知該詞應(yīng)該是名詞)；然后好好研究含有生詞的從句或句子與其他的句子或段落

45、之間的關(guān)系，或跟相鄰單詞或句子的關(guān)系，它們之間可能出現(xiàn)因果、比較、時間、例證等關(guān)系，有時候標點符號也可以提供線索。最后還要根據(jù)上下文檢測猜測結(jié)果的正確性。(四)細節(jié)理解題細節(jié)理解題在高考閱讀理解題中占有相當大的比例。從2007全國各地的試題來看，細節(jié)理解題占全部閱讀理解題的50%還多。細節(jié)理解題一般是根據(jù)短文提供的信息和事實提問的。細節(jié)題可分為兩種類型：一種是答案幾乎可以直接出短文中獲得，正確答案和原文中含相關(guān)信息的句子也幾乎相同；另一種細節(jié)題要復(fù)雜一些，有時在原文中找不到同正確選項相近的詞，正確答案可能是原文某一事實的結(jié)果、原因、前提等。細節(jié)理解題的特點是：要選擇的答案一定要在短文中找到相關(guān)

46、的詞、短語、句子或段落。選擇的依據(jù)必須是短文本身提供的信息，而絕不是根據(jù)自己的主觀假設(shè)或推測或是自己的觀點來決定。在閱讀過程中對一些涉及到who, what, when, where, how, why等?？嫉募毠?jié)內(nèi)容做適當標記，以便于解題時迅速、準確的查找。常見的命題方式：According to the author, who/what/when/ where/which/why/how?Which of the following statements is true/not true?The statement made by the author is based on the ev

47、idence/example/fact that_Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the text?The author states all of the following EXCEPT_當問題中含有not,except,but等表示否定、排除等意義的詞時，需要進行逆向思維。因此，一定要保持思維清晰、認真審題，不要武斷?！镜淅?】 Despite the fact that it has never been seen almost everyone is familiar with the legendary u

48、nicorn(獨角獸). Descriptions of unicorns have been found dating from ancient times. The great philosopher Aristotle theorized that there were two types of unicorn- the so-called Indian Ass and the Oryx, a kind of antelope. Unicorns are often used in the logo of a noble family, town council or universit

49、y as their special sign. Even Scotland is represented by a unicorn。According to the legend, anyone attempting to catch a unicorn had to be extremely cautious as it has a reputation for being very fierce. A clever trick suggested by unicorn-trappers, in order to catch this magnificent beast without b

50、eing hurt by its horn, was for the hunter to stand in front of a tree and then to move quickly behind it as the unicorn charged. Hopefully, the creature could then be captured when its horn was stuck in the tree。 (2008江西卷)56. Which of the following is TRUE of the unicorn?A. It was not historically r

51、ecordedB. Its horn was first used in FranceC. It was similar to the Indian Ass and the OryxD. It could be the symbol of a university57. To catch a unicorn, the unicorn-trappers had to try all of the following EXCEPT _。A. tempting the unicorn to attackB. making use of the tree as a protectionC. hidin

52、g quickly behind the unicornD. having the unicorn horn stuck in the tree【解析】 本文為一篇說明文，主要介紹了傳說中的獨角獸，如何捕捉，以及獨角獸角的用途等。56. D 細節(jié)理解題。A項錯誤是因為與第一段第二句不吻合；B項錯誤是因為與第三段中的事實不符，文中只提到了the French court用了unicornhorn，時間是the French Revolution in 1789，并未說這是第一次使用；C項錯在與第一段不符，文中只提到了Aristotle的理論闡述，并沒有說人們對the Indian Ass和the

53、 Oryx熟悉；D項與第一段倒數(shù)第二句內(nèi)容吻合。對細節(jié)考查通常涉及一些長難句，對此，不要驚慌，首先判斷是簡單句還是復(fù)合句，若是簡單句，先找句子的主、謂、賓，理解其主要意義，再加附屬成分的意義。若是復(fù)合句，先判斷從句，再分析各自的意義，最后聯(lián)合整句意義。對于細節(jié)理解題要認真，周全考慮方能選取正確答案。這種題的正確選項往往是原文意義的不同表現(xiàn)形式。干擾項常是以下幾種情況：選項本身正確，但不符合題干要求；選項本身錯誤或原文根本沒有提到；選項中含有原文信息，但其中個別詞描述的不準確，這種選項的干擾性最強，考生在答題時要十分注意。57. C 細節(jié)理解題。A項正確是因為與第二段中提到的the hunter

54、的誘捕行為吻合，即stand in front of a tree來引誘unicorn的攻擊，其目的就是catch a unicorn；B項正確是因為 the hunter 引誘unicorn來攻擊而后move quickly behind it(the tree)，其目的就是利用the tree作為掩護，而不是躲到unicorn的后面，所以C項錯誤；D項正確是因為與第二段最后一句吻合。問題中有時含有NOT，EXCEPT，BUT等表示否定、排除等意義的詞語，需要進行逆向思維。因此，一定要保持思維清晰，認真審題，不宜匆忙武斷?！镜淅?】Young adult filmmakers all hop

55、e to show their works in international festivals like Sundance and Toronto. But what about really young filmmakers who arent in film school yet and arent, strictly speaking, even adults?They are at the heart of Wingspan Arts Kids Films Festival, tomorrow, in a setting any director might envy: Lincol

56、n Center. Complete with “red carpet” interviews and various awards, the festival has much in common with events for more experienced moviemakers, except for the age of the participants: about 8 to 18?！癢hats really exciting is that its film for kids by kids,” said Cori Gardner, managing director of Wingspan Arts, a nonprofit organization offering youth arts programs in the New York area. This year the festival will include fil