胡壯麟語言學(xué)教程分章試題

1、胡壯麟語言學(xué)教程分章測試題一Chapter 8 Lan guage in UseI. Choose the best an swer. (20%)1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningDis con sidered.A. refere neeB. speech act C. practical usageD. con text2. A sentence is aBconcept, and the meaning of a sentence is o

2、ften studied inisolatio n.A. pragmatic B. grammaticalC. men talD. con ceptual3. If we thi nk of a sen ten ceas what people actually utter in the course of com muni cati on, itbecomes a (n)C.A. con stativeB. directive C. uttera neeD. expressive4. Which of the followi ng is true?V A. Uttera nces usual

3、ly do not take the form of sen ten ces.B. Some uttera nces cannot be restored to complete senten ces.C. No uttera nces can take the form of senten ces.V D. All uttera nces can be restored to complete senten ces.5. Speech act theory did not come into being un til A.A. in the late 50 s of the 20the ce

4、nturyB. in the early 1950 sC. in the late 1960 sD. in the early 21st century6. Cis the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is thecon seque nee of, or the cha nge brought about by the uttera nee.A. A locuti onary actB. An illocutio nary actC. A perlocuti onary actD. A performative

5、 act7. Accordi ng to Searle, the illocutio nary point of the represe ntative isB.A. to get the hearer to do somethi ngB. to commit the speaker to something s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of acti onD. to express the feeli ngs or attitude towards an exist ing state of a

6、ffairs8. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ_A_C.A. i n their illocutio nary actsB. i n their inten ti ons expressedC. i n their stre ngth or forceD. i n their effect brought about9. Ais adva need by Paul GriceA. Cooperative Prin cipleB. Polite ness

7、Prin cipleC. The Gen eral Prin ciple of Un iversal Grammar D. Adjace ncy Prin ciple10. Whe n any of the maxims un der the cooperative prin ciple is flouted, _Dmight arise.A. impolite nessB. eon tradictio nsC. mutual un dersta ndingD. conv ersati onal implicatures11. Decide whether the followi ng sta

8、teme nts are true or false. (10%)11. F Pragmatics treats the meaning of Ian guage as somethi ng intrin sic and in here nt.12. T It would be impossible to give an adequate descriptio n of meaning if the con text of Ian guage use was left uncon sidered.13. T What esse ntially disti nguishes sema ntics

9、 and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the con text of use is con sidered.14. F The major differenee between a sentence and an utteranee is that a sentence is not uttered while an uttera nee is.15. F The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but con text-depe ndent.16. F The meaning of an u

10、ttera nee is dec on texualized, therefore stable.17T. F Utterances always take the form of complete sentences18. F Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.19. T Speech act theory started in the late 50 s of the 20th century.20. T Austin made the dist in cti on betwe

11、e n a con stative and a performative.III. Fill in the bla nks. (20%)21. The no ti on ofcontextis esse ntial to the pragmatic study of Ian guage.22. If we think of a sen ten ceas what people actually utter in the course of com muni cati on, itbecomes anutteranee.23. The meaning of a sentence is abstr

12、act, and dec on texualized.24. _Constativewere stateme nts that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.25. _Performativewere senten ces that did not state a fact or describe a state, and werenot verifiable.26. A(n) _locuionaryact is the act of utteri ng words, phrases, clauses. It is the

13、 act ofconveying literal meaning by means of syn tax, lexic on and phono logy.27. A(n)illocutionaryact is the act of expressing the speaker s intention; it is theperformed in say ing someth ing.28. A(n) _commisiveis commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.29. A(n) _expressiveis to

14、 express feeli ngs or attitude towards an existi ng state.30. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim ofquantity,the maxim of quality, the maxim of relati on and the maxim of manner.IV. Explai n the followi ng terms, using examples. (20%)31. Conv ersatio nal implicature32. P

15、erformative33. Locuti onary act34. Q-pri nciple (Horn)V. An swer the followi ng questi ons. (20%)35. Expla in the followi ng remarks with examples or make some comme nts.“ Both semantics and pragmatics are concerned with meaning, but the differenee between them can be traced to two differe nt uses o

16、f the verb mean: (a) What does X mean? (b) What did you mea n by X?(東北師范大學(xué)，2006)36. Do you think B is cooperative in the following dialogue? Support your argument with Cooperative Prin ciple.(南開大學(xué)，2004)A: Whe n is the bus coming? B: There has bee n an accide nt further up the road.VI. An alyze the f

17、ollowi ng situatio n. (20%)37. What is the fun cti on of eon text in com muni cati on? Try to expla in the follow ing uttera nces rather than just state facts.(2) It would be good if she had a green skirt on.(1) The room is messy.Key: Ch apter8I. 15 DBCBA610 CBCADII. 1115 FTTFF1620 FFFTTIII. 21.c on

18、 text 22.uttera nee 23.abstract 24. Con statives25. Performatives 26. locutio nary27. illocuti onary 28. commissive 29. expressive 30. qua ntity31. Conversational implicature: In our daily life, speakers and listeners involved in conversationare gen erally cooperati ng with each other. I n other wor

19、ds, whe n people are talk ing with each other, they must try to conv erse smoothly and successfully .In accepti ng speakers presuppositliste ners have to assume that a speaker is not trying to mislead them. This sense of cooperati on issimply one in which people hav ing a con versati on are not no r

20、mally assumed to be trying to con fuse, trick, or withhold releva nt in formatio n from one ano ther. However, i n real com mun icatio n, theinten tio n of the speaker is often not the literal meaning of what he or she says. The real inten ti on implied in the words is called conv ersati onal implic

21、ature.32. Performative: In speech act theory an uttera nee which performs an act, such as Watch out (= awarnin g).33. Locutionary act: A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can beun derstood.34. Horn s -principle: (1) Make your contribution sufficient (cf. quantity); (

22、2) Say as much asyou can (give n R).35. Pragmatics is the study of the use of Ian guage in com muni cati on, particularly therelatio nships betwee n senten ces and the con texts and situati ons in which they are used. Pragmaticsin cludes the study of(1) How the in terpretati on and use of uttera nce

23、s depe nds on kno wledge of the real world;(2) How speakers use and un dersta nd speech acts;(3) How the structure of senten ces is in flue need by the relatio nship betwee n the speaker and the hearer.Pragmatics is sometimes con trasted with sema ntics, which deals with meaning withoutrefere nee to

24、 the users and com muni cative fun cti ons of senten ces.36. Yes, B is cooperative. On the face of itB s statement is not an answer to A s question. Edoesn t say “when. ” However, A will immediately interpret the statement as meaningknow” or “I am not sure. ” Just assume that B is being“releva nt ”

25、and “ in formative.an swer con tains releva nt in formatio n, A can work out that“ an accide nt further up the roadconven ti on ally invo Ives“ traffic jam, ” and“ traffic jam” preludes “ bus coming. ”not simply a statement of“when the bus comes ” ; it contains an implicature concerningbus comes. ”3

26、7. It occurs before and / or after a word, a phrase or eve n a Ion ger uttera nce or a text. The con textofte n helps in un dersta nding the particular mea ning of the word, phrase, etc. The con text may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used.(1) a. A mild criticism

27、of some one who should have clea ned the room.b. In a Ian guage class where a stude nt made a mistake, for he inten ded to sayc. The room was wan ted for a meeti ng.(2) a. A mild way to express disagreeme nt with some one who has complime nted on a ladyappeara nee. b. A regret that the customer had

28、not take n the dress. c. That she wore a red shirtwas not in agreeme nt with the custom on the occasi on.Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Moder n Lin guisticsI. Choose the best an swer. (20%)1. The person who is often described as“ father of modern lingBstics . ” is _A. Firth B. Saussure C. Hallid

29、ayD. Chomsky2. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees Ianguage interms of A.A. function B. meaning C. sig nsD. system3. The prin cipal represe ntative of America n descriptive lin guistics isC_.A. Boas B. Sapir C. BloomfieldD. Harris4. Gen erally speak in

30、g, theAspecifies whether a certa in tagmeme is in the positi onof the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.A. Slot B. Class C. RoleD. Cohesion5. AGrammar is the most widespread and the best un derstood method of discuss ingIn do-Europea n Ian guages.A. Traditi onal B. Structural C. Functional D

31、. Gen erative6. AGrammar started from the America n lin guist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950sand the early 1960s.A. Stratificatio nal B. Case C. Relatio nalD. Mo ntague7. In Halliday iew, theBfun cti on is the fun cti on that the child uses to knowabout his surro undin gs.A. pers onal B. heuristicC

32、. imagi nativeD. i nformative8. The rheme in the sentence “ On it stood Jane D ” js.A. On it B. stood C. On it stood D. Jane9. Chomsky followsCin philosophy and men talism in psychology.A. empiricism B. behaviorism C. relati on alismD. men talism10. TG grammar has see nCstages of developme nt.A. thr

33、ee B. fourC. fiveD. six11. Decide whether the followi ng stateme nts are true or false. (10%)11. F Following Saussure dsstinction between Iangue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued thatphon etics bel on ged to Ian gue whereas phono logy bel on ged to parole.12. F The subject-predicate distinction is the s

34、ame as the theme and rheme contrast.13. T London School is also known as systemic lin guistics and fun cti on al li nguistics.14. T According to Firth, a system is a set of mutually exclusive options that come into play at some point in a lin guistic structure.15. F America n Structuralism is a bran

35、ch of diachro nic lin guistics that emerged in depe nden tly in the Un ited States at the begi nning of the twen tieth cen tury.16. F The Stan dard Theory focuses discussi on on Ian guage uni versals and uni versal grammar.17. T America n descriptive lin guistics is empiricist and focuses on diversi

36、ties of Ian guages.18. T Chomsky soncept of linguistic performanee is similar to Saussure concept of parole,while his use of lin guistic compete nee is somewhat differe nt from Saussure s Ian gue.19. T Glossematics emphasizes the nature and status of linguistic theory and its relation to descripti o

37、n.20. F If two sentences have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they would be the same in terms of textual cohere nee.III. Fill in the bla nks. (20%)21. The Prague School practiced a special style ofsynchronicLin guistics.22. The Prague School is best known and remembered for

38、its con tributio n to pho no logy and thedisti ncti on betwee n _phoneticsand phono logy.23. The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in BritainwasMathesius_(X) _J.R Firth_.24. Halliday Systemic Grammar contains a functional component, and the theory behind h

39、isFun ctio nal Grammar is ystemiC.25. Systemic-Functional Grammar is a(n) socially_sociogically orientedfun cti on al li nguistic approach.26. Structuralism is based on the assumpti on that grammatical categories should be defi ned not interms of mea ning but in terms of _ _stucture_ istributi on.27

40、. In the history of America n lin guistics, the period betwee n 1933 and 1950 is also known as_BloomfieldianAge.28. Descriptivismin Ian guage theories is characteristic of America.29. The starting point of Chomsky s TG grammar iatenesshypothesis.30. Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a _hypothesismaker, li nguistic uni versal, and an evaluati on procedure.IV. Explai n the followi ng terms, using examples. (20%)31. FSP32. Cohesion33. LAD34. Case GrammarV. An swer the followi ng questi ons. (20%)35. Why is S