Chapter 10 Government

1、Chapter 10Government. Constitution Constitutionbasic instrument ( (起重要作用起重要作用) ) law, drawn up in 1787, came into effect in 1789. Two characters: checks and balances 制衡原則制衡原則/制約與平衡制約與平衡 specified exactly what power the central government had and which power was reserved for the states. The Preamble原

2、文如下：原文如下： We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitut

3、ion for the United States of America.漢譯如下：漢譯如下： 我們合眾國人民，為建立更完善的聯(lián)盟，樹立正義，我們合眾國人民，為建立更完善的聯(lián)盟，樹立正義，保障國內(nèi)安寧，提供共同防務(wù)，促進(jìn)公共福利，并使保障國內(nèi)安寧，提供共同防務(wù)，促進(jìn)公共福利，并使我們自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特為美利堅(jiān)合眾國我們自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特為美利堅(jiān)合眾國制定本憲法。制定本憲法。 11791年12月15日 信仰、出版、集會(huì)、示威自由 21791年12月15日攜帶武器的自由 31791年12月15日軍隊(duì)不得進(jìn)入民房 41791年12月15日免于不合理的搜查與扣押 51791年12月

4、15日正當(dāng)審判程序、一罪不再理、無罪推定、征用私產(chǎn)需賠償 61791年12月15日刑事案件接受陪審團(tuán)審判的權(quán)利 71791年12月15日民事案件接受陪審團(tuán)審判的權(quán)利 81791年12月15日禁止過度嚴(yán)厲的刑罰和罰款 91791年12月15日憲法未列明的權(quán)利同樣受保護(hù) 101791年12月15日憲法未賦予政府的權(quán)利都屬于各州和人民 111795年2月7日限制聯(lián)邦法院對(duì)各州的管轄權(quán) 121804年6月15日總統(tǒng)選舉辦法 131865年12月6日廢除奴隸制度 141868年7月9日國籍、處罰程序、眾議員選舉、叛國罪、國債，所有公民享有平等被保護(hù)權(quán) 151870年2月3日所有公民不得由于膚色、種族的區(qū)

5、別或曾被強(qiáng)制勞役（即曾身為奴隸）而受到選舉權(quán)的限制。（不包括性別） 161913年2月3日國會(huì)對(duì)所得稅的征收權(quán) 171913年4月8日代表各州的聯(lián)邦參議員必須直接選舉 181919年年1月月16日日禁止在美國國內(nèi)制造、運(yùn)輸酒類（后被第禁止在美國國內(nèi)制造、運(yùn)輸酒類（后被第21條條廢止）廢止） 191920年8月18日公民的選舉權(quán)不因性別而受限（即賦予女性選舉權(quán)） 201933年1月23日規(guī)定總統(tǒng)任期、國會(huì)議事程序 211933年年12月月5日日廢除第廢除第18條修正案條修正案 221951年2月27日總統(tǒng)最多連任一次 231961年3月19日首都華盛頓哥倫比亞特區(qū)指派總統(tǒng)選舉人的辦法 24196

6、4年1月23日選舉權(quán)不受稅收限制 251967年2月10日總統(tǒng)與副總統(tǒng)的繼任規(guī)則 261971年7月1日保護(hù)18歲以上公民選舉權(quán) 271992年5月7日禁止隨意改動(dòng)議員薪酬 Significance of the ConstitutionTaking precedence (優(yōu)先權(quán) ) over all state constitutions and laws, and over laws made by the congress;優(yōu)先于所有州的憲法和法律，和由國會(huì)制定的法律 First of its kind in the world在世界上尚屬首次 , it has inspired do

7、zens of other countries to seek political reform. The Political SystemLegislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch (立法機(jī)構(gòu)）立法機(jī)構(gòu)） （行政機(jī)構(gòu)）（行政機(jī)構(gòu)） （司法機(jī)構(gòu)）（司法機(jī)構(gòu)） Congress President Supreme Court (國會(huì)) (總統(tǒng)) (最高法院)House of Repre- (the chief/ 4-y term/ sentatives+Senate Commander-in-chief) 眾議院+參議院The Gove

8、rnment1. The Legislative Law-making制定法律制定法律 and the supreme legislative body最高立最高立法機(jī)構(gòu)法機(jī)構(gòu) ； Two houses: the Senate參議院參議院 the House of Representatives眾議眾議院院 Capitol Hill 美國國會(huì)美國國會(huì)Official Mansion: the Capitol13大圓頂兩側(cè)的南北翼樓，分別為大圓頂兩側(cè)的南北翼樓，分別為眾議院眾議院和和參議院參議院辦公地。辦公地。眾議院的會(huì)議廳就是美國總統(tǒng)宣讀年度國情咨文的地方。眾議院的會(huì)議廳就是美國總統(tǒng)宣讀年度國

9、情咨文的地方。國會(huì)大廈東面的大草坪是歷屆國會(huì)大廈東面的大草坪是歷屆總統(tǒng)總統(tǒng)舉行舉行就職典禮就職典禮的地方的地方國國人把國會(huì)大廈看做是民有、民治、民享政權(quán)的最高象征。人把國會(huì)大廈看做是民有、民治、民享政權(quán)的最高象征。 Capitol Hill 美國國會(huì)美國國會(huì) The Legislative Branch-CongressCongressSenate House of RepresentativesIt is the law-making and the supreme legislative body of the nation. The Senate has 100 voting membe

10、rs, two from each of fifty states. It has 435 voting members plus a nonvoting representative from Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia respectivelyThe Senate Members: 100, two from each of the 50 states. Term: 6 years. Senator: at least 30 years old, a citizen of the us for 9 years.PS:Presiding

11、officer主席 the Vice President He does not cast his ballot unless the vote is tied(平局平局 ).只有在參議院表決時(shí)贊成票和反對(duì)只有在參議院表決時(shí)贊成票和反對(duì)票相等情況下才投票票相等情況下才投票 The House of Representatives Members: 435. They are distributed among the states according to their population.按各州人口比例選出 Term: 2 years. Qualifications for being a

12、representative:at least 25 years old; a US citizen for no less than 7 years; serve for a term of two years.The Function of Congress Function of Congresspassing/making laws for the Union; Either house may introduce legislation on any subject except the revenue bills稅收法案稅收法案 which must originate in th

13、e House of Representatives. Foreign Language Teaching and Research PressThe procedure 1 legislative proposal from a member of either house of Congress. 提出議案2 sent to a proper Committee 委員會(huì)審議holding hearings聽證會(huì) on the bill; vote on the bill.3 reported to the House by the committee從從委員會(huì)附加一份報(bào)告回到議院附加一份報(bào)

14、告回到議院 .The committees recommendations with the report are very important.4 The attitude of two houses. 兩會(huì)協(xié)商兩會(huì)協(xié)商Different opinionsconference committee work out a compromise.5 President總統(tǒng)簽署總統(tǒng)簽署Act : sign it or veto it.If it is vetoed, congress can override the veto by a two thirds majority 行政和立法是相對(duì)獨(dú)立的

15、，總統(tǒng)總要受到議會(huì)這樣那樣的反對(duì)?？偨y(tǒng)不可能命令國會(huì)做什么和不做什么。他只能說服國會(huì)，或直接向選民呼吁形成輿論壓力，或通過討價(jià)還價(jià)、政治交易等手段，使國會(huì)通過他的立法計(jì)劃。 2 The Executive - carry out the lawsThe executive branch consists of 14 departments and many independent agencies； Cabinet內(nèi)閣內(nèi)閣 is formed by department headssecretaries (大臣大臣; 副部長副部長) ； source of advice and assista

16、nce to the presidentPresident is the chief of the executive. first citizen最顯赫的第一公民 his wifeFirst Lady第一夫人 The powers of the president: 1. He can issue rules, regulations and instructions他可以發(fā)布規(guī)則，法規(guī)和指令 2. He is the commander in chief of the armed forces 他是武裝部隊(duì)的總司令 3. He controls American foreign polic

17、y 他制定和實(shí)施的外交政策 . 4. he plays an important role in making laws for the nation. A: He can proposes legislation to Congress. B: He Can also veto any bill passed by Congress. 5. He checks the judicial branch. The president has the authority to appoint justices法官法官 , including members of the Supreme Court

18、.What are presidential qualifications in US?Natural-born American citizen of and over 35 years-old;Being resident within the US for at least 14 years; Serve one or two successive terms of four years. Franklin D. Rooseveltthe only president who served more than two successive terms. After World War I

19、I, Congress adopted an amendment limiting a president to two successive terms only.The White HouseOfficial presidential residenceThe president works and lives here and the offices of most of his staffs are also located there, such as White House Staff, National Security Council and the Central Intel

20、ligence Agency (CIA), etc. The White House at Christmas nightThe limits of the president He asks Congress for every dollar his administration spends. His nomination of officials and foreign treaties must be confirmed by the Senate. He has to report to Congress on his military actions abroad for appr

21、oval. If he abuses his power or commits a crime, he may be impeached by Congress.3.The judicial branch Supreme court the only court created by the US constitution. Court of last resort最高上訴法院； One chief justice首席大法官 and eight associate justices助理大法官One justice one voteLife terms 終身制The powers of the

22、Supreme CourtTo interpret laws / constitution 解釋法律/憲法 To hear appeals from any federal court cases審理審理任何聯(lián)邦法院的上訴案件 To hear appeals from state court cases that involve the Constitution or national laws.審理州法院涉及憲法和國家法律審理州法院涉及憲法和國家法律的上訴上訴案件 May declare a law unconstitutional.可以宣布法律違憲可以宣布法律違憲 May declare

23、a presidential act unconstitutional可以宣布總統(tǒng)違憲?？梢孕伎偨y(tǒng)違憲。 .The limits of the Supreme Court Limited by the President who appoints judges and may grant parole and reprieves總統(tǒng)任命法官，總統(tǒng)可以同意同意假釋和緩刑 Congress may impeach and convict any federal judges and may propose an amendment to the constitution if the Supre

24、me Court declares a law unconstitutional.國會(huì)可以彈劾并定罪任何法官如果最高法院宣布一項(xiàng)法律違反憲法，國會(huì)可以提出修正。The courts of appeals The 12 federal courts of appeals 上訴法院To share the burden of the Supreme Court分擔(dān)責(zé)任 The 94 federal district courts.Lowest courtThe court of appeals can review decisions of the district courts.Exercise

25、BranchPeopleResponsibilitiesExecutive( )Cabinet( )( ) Congress100 ( )435 ( )Make laws( )Supreme Court( )( )1. Fill in this graphic organizer wit information about how U.S. government is organizedPresidentCarry out lawsLegislativeSenatorsRepresentativesJudicialJudgesInterpret laws2. Put a check () in

26、 the correct column for each job listed.Government EmployeesElectedAppointedthe presidentthe cabinetthe vice presidentsenatorsfederal judges3. Choose the best answer according to the information in the unit.1)Americans do not want to have a strong national government because ( ) a. they are afraid o

27、f their political leaders b. they are afraid it will put limits on their individual freedom c. they are much more concerned with national glory d. they are strong enough to build oneb2) The Constitution of the United States ( ) a. gives by far the most power to congress b. gives by far the most powe

28、r to the president c. gives by far the most power to the supreme court d. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersd3) In the U.S., the president can ( ) a bill from Congress, but the bill can still become law if at least ( ) of the members in each house vote for it when it is vot

29、ed on again. a. void, 2/3 b. veto, 1/3 c. veto, 2/3 d. void, 1/3c Political Parties Democratic Party Republican Party Republican Party 共和黨共和黨Democratic Party民主黨& Donkey & ElephantIn 1847, American artist Thomas Nest drew a political picture with a donkey representing the Democratic Party and

30、 an elephant representing the Republican Party. From then on, they became the symbol of the two parties. Foreign Language Teaching and Research PresssymbolsPolitical parties Two-party system Democratic party-1790s blue Founders: Jefferson and Madison Liberal ideas自由思想自由思想 The republican party-1854re

31、d Antislavery party Conservative保守 Grand Old Party (GOP) 大老黨Voter baseVSGenderAgeFamily statusIncomeMenWomenOlder AmericansYounger votersWhites from married couples with children living at homeSingle, separated but not divorced, or divorced High-income votersLaw-income votersThe Democratic PartyThe

32、Democratic Partyliberal自由主義自由主義; Governmentplaying an important role in the economy and emphasizing full employment; Favor civil rights laws, a strong social security system and less restrictive abortion laws, etc.;支持民權(quán)法，支持強(qiáng)大的社會(huì)保障制度，要求限制墮胎。 More disposed to傾向于傾向于 search out a method of living with R

33、ussia and China and to look for reduction in arms spending.The Republican PartyThe Republican Partyconservative保守義義保守義義; Favor an economic systemgiving enterprises a greater freedom and demand the government to control inflation; 支持企事業(yè)自由發(fā)展，要求政府控制膨脹。 Stress the need for law and order強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)法律和秩序的需求; Oppo

34、se complete governmental social programs and free choice of abortion;反對(duì)大規(guī)模的政府社會(huì)保障計(jì)劃 Favor a strong military posture and assertive stands in international relations在國際關(guān)系上支持強(qiáng)大的軍事姿態(tài)和自信.Since WW, Two parties have held the presidency in turn. Function of PartiesTo nominate candidates for office and help

35、them in their election campaigns. find the most suitable candidates; help candidates to collect the money needed, mobilize動(dòng)員動(dòng)員 the party activists or hire people to help them with the propaganda宣傳宣傳 ; urge the public to vote for them and undermine暗暗中破壞中破壞the rivals by exposing their personal flaws o

36、r attacking their policies. Presidential ElectionRepublican Party 共和黨共和黨Democratic Party民主黨&DifferencesEconomic policiesSocial policiesVoter baseVoter baseVSGenderAgeFamily statusIncomeMenWomenOlder AmericansYounger votersWhites from married couples with children living at homeSingle, separated

37、but not divorced, or divorced High-income votersLaw-income votersBe 35 years Be 35 years old.old.Be born in the USABe born in the USACan you be Mr. or Miss President?live in the U.S.A for 14 live in the U.S.A for 14 yearsyearsThe ProcedureJuneJanuaryPrimary electionJulyAugustNational Representatives

38、 Conference NovemberElectionRunningInaugural address就職演說就職演說 January 1. Primary election: for the nomination of candidates at national party conventions( 提名候提名候選人預(yù)選會(huì)選人預(yù)選會(huì)) 2. National Representatives Conference: partys official candidate for the presidency is selected by casting votes (各黨確定正式候選人各黨確定

39、正式候選人) 3. Running: nation-wide presidential campaigns by the candidates. (總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選運(yùn)動(dòng)總統(tǒng)競(jìng)選運(yùn)動(dòng)) 4. Election: General electionthe voters across the nation go to the polls. (全國選民投票全國選民投票) Electoral Collegewinner-take-all feature, majority of electors. (選舉團(tuán)投票）選舉團(tuán)投票）538 electors100Senators參議院參議院 435Congressmen國

40、會(huì)議員國會(huì)議員3 electors The District of Columbia哥倫比亞特區(qū)哥倫比亞特區(qū) 535Representatives in Congress國會(huì)的代表國會(huì)的代表 Inaugural address 總統(tǒng)就職演說總統(tǒng)就職演說 January in the next yearElection i) The primary election Its purpose is to elect people (candidates) who attend the partys national convention. The primary elections are con

41、sidered the first step and part of the formal voting process, but each state has its own rules. In most states primaries are “closed” ii) The general election Election of the President Date: on the second Tuesday after the first Monday in November in election year. The number of electors: 538 Two st

42、ages: the people in each state choose the list of presidential electors for the state; the electors from all the states cast their votes for presidential candidates, electing a president and vice-president. The candidate for president must win the absolute majority of all the electoral votes. Presid

43、ential ElectionOnly the candidates nominated by the two major parties have the chance to win a Presidential election; The election process is complex; The Presidential election (four stages): The first stage: the major parties hold conventions to choose candidates for President and Vice-President an

44、d to determine the partys platform. Presidential ElectionThe second stage is the campaigning stage. By early fall the presidential race is on. From that time until the election day, voters are bombarded from all sidesby radio, television, newspapers, and personal communications with political materi

45、al. There are whistle stop tours by train, by plane, and by car. The candidate delivers countless speeches and shakes countless hands. This is a very important stage in the general election. Presidential Election The third stage is the time for voters to choose the list of presidential electors for

46、the state. The number of electors of each state is equal to that of its senators and representatives in Congress. There are altogether 538 presidential electors, 535 from the states and 3 from the District of Columbia (without seats in Congress).Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press Presidential Election All the candidates of Presidential electors are party nominees. People will vote their party candidate for the presidency. As a result, a voter is actually choosing a President when he casts his vote for an electo