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1、英文合同常用詞匯與句型 初步學(xué)習(xí)了英文合同的整 體結(jié)構(gòu)后,讀者可能仍然覺(jué)得一頭霧水,感覺(jué)不到對(duì)本合同結(jié)構(gòu)從何處下手進(jìn)行具體的解讀。沒(méi)有關(guān)系,讀者只需要與大家一起繼續(xù)閱讀就會(huì) 發(fā)現(xiàn)那些固定在英文合同結(jié)構(gòu)中的術(shù)語(yǔ)原來(lái)都是如此的簡(jiǎn)單和易于理解。為什么呢?因?yàn)檎麄€(gè)英文合同結(jié)構(gòu)不過(guò)是一個(gè)個(gè)英文條款組成的而已,同時(shí),其中還有大量 的定型化的有很強(qiáng)規(guī)律可循的常用條款(即前文提到的通用條款“General Provision”以及其他常見(jiàn)“Useful Provision”)。 而且,構(gòu)成這些條款的詞匯、短語(yǔ)和句型也存在著很強(qiáng)的重復(fù)性。所以說(shuō)掌握這些條款以及組成這些條款的常見(jiàn)句式和詞匯,就成為攻克合同英語(yǔ)閱讀
2、的關(guān)鍵。如果 讀者把合同的結(jié)構(gòu)比作人體的骨骼,那么這些通用及常用條款就是這些骨骼組合在一起的穴位與脈絡(luò)。事實(shí)上,研究由這些條款組成的合同結(jié)構(gòu)不但對(duì)高效閱讀英文 合同有幫助,而且對(duì)于英文合同起草能力的培養(yǎng)也是大有裨益的,因?yàn)檫@可以幫助讀者在起草合同時(shí)達(dá)到結(jié)構(gòu)的完整和健全,從而有效地避免合同漏洞。讀者在掌握 普通英語(yǔ)(比如通過(guò)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)考試)后進(jìn)入到專業(yè)英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)階段時(shí),首先遇到的障礙就是這些由平時(shí)不太熟悉的詞匯與句型表達(dá)的專業(yè)含義。如果可以把英文合 同結(jié)構(gòu)比作“森林”,那么英文合同中常用的詞匯與句型便是其中一類重要的“樹(shù)木”。所以,重點(diǎn)研究這類專業(yè)表達(dá)的規(guī)律,是掌握英文合同閱讀的一個(gè)重要技 巧。
3、本章中,讀者將用兩節(jié)內(nèi)容訓(xùn)練讀者對(duì)合同詞匯和句型的掌握。第一節(jié)著重講解,第二節(jié)著重練習(xí)。 第 一節(jié)英文合同詞匯與句型解析 法律英語(yǔ)難學(xué),基本上是當(dāng)代中國(guó)法律人的 一個(gè)共識(shí)。難在何處呢?可能法律英語(yǔ)詞匯的掌握就是第一只攔路虎。當(dāng)我們打開(kāi)英文合同時(shí),經(jīng)常會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)非常難以理解,即使是常用的合同條款中也充斥著大量的 難以理解的詞匯。例如下面這句話(在下文中將進(jìn)一步解析) “Limits on Indemnification. No indemnification is required under Section insert the number of the Section in which Par
4、ty B agrees to indemnify Party A until the aggregate amount of Losses plus Litigation Expenses exceeds $500,000, and then only for the amount by which the aggregate amount of Indemnifiable Losses exceeds $500,000.”學(xué)過(guò)法律英語(yǔ)的人都知道,這個(gè)句子實(shí)際上在法律英語(yǔ)句子中是比較短小和簡(jiǎn)單的一句,語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題難不倒我們,難的是里面的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵的 詞匯,比如indemnification、inde
5、mnify 、 Indemnifiable 、aggregate、Litigation以及exceed。如果我們知曉上面的列舉的幾個(gè)所謂法律英語(yǔ)詞匯的含義分別是:補(bǔ)償(名詞)、補(bǔ)償(動(dòng) 詞)、補(bǔ)償(形容詞)、總計(jì)、訴訟、超出,那么本句就很容易理解。它的含義實(shí)際上就是指: “補(bǔ)償限額。只有損失總額(加上訴訟費(fèi) 用)超過(guò)($500,000)時(shí),才能根據(jù)第(插入乙方同意補(bǔ)償甲方的條款編號(hào))條要求補(bǔ)償,此時(shí)也只對(duì)可補(bǔ)償費(fèi)用中超過(guò)($500,000)的部分進(jìn)行 補(bǔ)償?!?除 了生僻的詞匯以外,我們還要注意大量的我們平時(shí)熟悉但不能按照普通英語(yǔ)含義理解的詞匯。這樣的詞,我們稱之為“熟詞生義”。這些詞匯的存在
6、也是我們必須解 決的一個(gè)問(wèn)題。比如,“abandon”這個(gè)詞匯。大家都知道它的含義是“放棄”,但在法律英語(yǔ)里它的常見(jiàn)含義卻變成了“棄權(quán)”和“委付”,即:在一般的 民事法律關(guān)系中,其可以被理解為“棄權(quán)”,在商事保險(xiǎn)法律關(guān)系中,其可以理解為“委付(保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物發(fā)生推定全損時(shí),由被保險(xiǎn)人把保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的物的所有權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓給 保險(xiǎn)人,并向保險(xiǎn)人請(qǐng)求賠償全部保險(xiǎn)金)”。再比如“service”,大家對(duì)這個(gè)詞非常熟悉,都知道它是“服務(wù)”的意思,但在法律英語(yǔ)中它的含義卻被特 定地引申成了“送達(dá)”,經(jīng)常被用在與法律訴訟程序相關(guān)的表達(dá)上,比如“accept service of the writ”即可以理解為“對(duì)令狀送達(dá)的
7、接受”。 除了以上我們遇到的兩類詞匯外,還有一類 法律英語(yǔ)專用詞匯。它們基本上之出現(xiàn)在法律 英語(yǔ)中,在其他地方根本見(jiàn)不到它們的身影。比如在法律文件中我們前文已經(jīng)提到的大量像therein(在其中)、thereinafter(在下文中)、 thereof(其)、thereto(附隨)、herewith(與此一道)、whereas(鑒于)、thence(從那里)、aforesaid (上述的)等詞匯中,由here/there/where等表示方位的副詞與in/after/in/of/with等介詞連在一起構(gòu)成的古舊英語(yǔ)。此外 也會(huì)見(jiàn)到一些英語(yǔ)的外來(lái)詞,比如拉丁詞匯。我們知道在英國(guó)的法制史上,法律曾
8、有一段是用拉丁文寫就的。所以,不可避免的在當(dāng)代英美法律文件中仍可以見(jiàn)到一 些拉丁文身影。 具體到如何學(xué)習(xí)和記憶英文合同中的這些詞 匯和短語(yǔ),筆者認(rèn)為通過(guò)對(duì)英文合同中的短語(yǔ)和句子的理解和記憶是讀者掌握戰(zhàn) 勝這只攔路虎的好方法。以下內(nèi)容是筆者在實(shí)際工作中積累的一些最常見(jiàn)的合同英語(yǔ)表達(dá),認(rèn)真研究學(xué)習(xí)它們相信對(duì)讀者會(huì)有幫助。1.開(kāi)場(chǎng)白(合同的當(dāng)事人背景 介紹) 合同The contract is made and entered into on_day of_(month),_(year),by and between:_(hereinafter refered to as the “Party A”
9、), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of_,with its registered office located at_,and _( hereinafter refered to as the “Party B”),and inpidual,with nationality of_residing at_. 參考譯文:本合同于_年_月_日簽訂,雙方當(dāng)事人為:依照_州法律組織設(shè)立的_公 司(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“甲方”),主營(yíng)業(yè)地為_(kāi),與_國(guó)籍的_(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“乙方”),居住于_。 注釋與說(shuō)明: (1)by
10、and between 表示合同由哪些當(dāng)事人訂立,如果是三方或三方以上當(dāng)事人則使用“by and among”。 (2)organized and existing 在表明法人身份時(shí),可以使用此表達(dá)方法或者使用“incorporated and existing”。 (3)registered office 此表達(dá)意思為“注冊(cè)所在地”,另外一個(gè)常見(jiàn)詞是“principal office(主營(yíng)業(yè)地)”。 2.過(guò)渡條款 Now therefore,in consideration of the pmises and covenants described hereinafter,Party A a
11、nd Party B agree as follows: 參考譯文: 因此,雙方基于各自提供之對(duì)價(jià)訂立本合同,并做如下約定: 注釋與說(shuō)明: (1)“in consideration of the pmises and covenants”表示“在當(dāng)事人提供的對(duì)價(jià)基礎(chǔ)上”而非僅指“考慮到”。讀者應(yīng)重點(diǎn)理解“pmise”這個(gè)詞。在一般場(chǎng)合下它是指與房屋相關(guān) 的基礎(chǔ)不動(dòng)產(chǎn)或處所,比如“ancillary pmises(附屬房產(chǎn))”、“business pmises(營(yíng)業(yè)場(chǎng)所)”。但是,在英文合同它卻變成了“前提條件(可以引申理解為對(duì)價(jià))”,“in consideration of the pmise
12、s and covenants”直接含義就是“基于對(duì)此前提條件和承諾的考慮”,引申理解為“基于對(duì)價(jià)”。 3.結(jié)尾條款 IN WITNESS WHEREOF,the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized repsentatives of both parties on the date and year first written above. 參考譯文: 本合同由被正當(dāng)授權(quán)之人,于本協(xié)議于上述記載之日期代表雙方當(dāng)事人訂立,特此證明。 注釋與說(shuō)明: (1)“in witness wh
13、ereof”的含義類似于中文合同中常見(jiàn)的“口說(shuō)無(wú)憑,立此為證”。 (2)“execute”在英文合同中常解為“簽署”,而非“執(zhí)行”。 4. favor “in favor of somebody”=“in ones favor”的意思主要有兩種: (1)以某人為受益人 We have instructed our bank to open an irrevocable documentary letter of credit in your favor(in favor of you). The amount is $ 1300.00. 參考譯文:我們已通知我方銀行開(kāi)立以你方為受益人的、不可撤
14、消的、跟單信用證,其金額為一千三百美金。 注釋與說(shuō)明: Airrevocable是指“不可撤銷的”含義。其詞根為“revoke撤銷”,在合同法中對(duì)“要 約”的撤銷即為“revoke”,但應(yīng)注意其名詞形式為“revocation”,以防止拼寫錯(cuò)誤。 (2)有利于某人 “The balance of power between contracting parties usually tips in favor of the party who drafts the written contract.?!?參考譯文:合同雙方的締約力量的天平常常向起草者傾斜。 注釋與說(shuō)明: A.除本要點(diǎn)所講favor
15、用法之外,讀者還應(yīng)關(guān)注balance一詞在法律英語(yǔ)中的常見(jiàn)含義。除表示 “平衡”外,其還經(jīng)常表示“結(jié)余”,比如“account balance(賬號(hào)余額)”。 5.subject to sth “subject to sth”: (1)遵從、遵守 This letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits(1983 Revision),International Chamber of Commerce,Publication No.400. 參考譯文:本信用證遵守國(guó)際商
16、會(huì)第400號(hào)出版物,即跟單信用證統(tǒng)一規(guī)則(1983年修訂版) (2)根據(jù)(法律、法規(guī)、合同等) Subject to this section,an appeal shall be brought in such manner and shall be subject to such conditions as are pscribed by rules made under subsection(5). 參考譯文:根據(jù)本條規(guī)定,上訴應(yīng)該根據(jù)(5)款訂立的規(guī)則內(nèi)規(guī)定的方式提出,并須受該規(guī)則所規(guī)定的條件 限制。 (3) 作動(dòng)詞用,意思是“服從于”,“隸屬于”,“使經(jīng)受”。 Rates of Ex
17、change often subject to alterations 匯率經(jīng)常處于變動(dòng)中。 Ancient Rome subject at most of Europe to her rule 古羅馬征服了大半個(gè)歐洲。 We must subject all the applications to careful scruting. 我方必須對(duì)所有的申請(qǐng)進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的審查。 (4)由上述第(3)個(gè)含義引申為“辦理”、“存在” Where validity of a contract is subject to any procedure such as approval or registrat
18、ion, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision shall govern. 法律、行政法規(guī)規(guī)定應(yīng)當(dāng)辦理批準(zhǔn)、登記等手續(xù)生效的,依照其規(guī)定。 注釋與說(shuō)明: A.本句譯文中“應(yīng)當(dāng)辦理XX手續(xù)”的結(jié)構(gòu)還可以直接使用“go through famality”這個(gè)短語(yǔ)。比如“go through customs famalities(辦理通關(guān)手續(xù))”。 Where a standard term is subject to two or more interptations, it
19、shall be interpted against the party providing it. Where a discrepancy exists between the standard term and a non-standard term, the non-standard term pvails. 對(duì)格式條款有兩種以上解釋的,應(yīng)當(dāng)作出不利于提供格式條款一方的解釋。格式條款和非格式條款不一致的, 應(yīng)當(dāng)采用非格式條款。 6.除非另有規(guī)定 “除非另有規(guī)定”的多種表達(dá)句式 (1)unless the context otherwise requires In this Ordinan
20、ce,unless the context otherwise requires, “state”means a territory or group of territories having its/their own law of nationality. 參考譯文:在本條例中,除非上下文中另有規(guī)定,“國(guó)家”指擁有自身國(guó)籍法的一領(lǐng)域或一組領(lǐng)域。 注釋與說(shuō)明: A.除了使用require之外,常見(jiàn)的同義詞還有 privide,stipulate,specify等。 (2)save(except) as otherwise provided 應(yīng)注意的是在此表達(dá)中的save 和except可以
21、互換使用。 Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof. 參考譯文:除非本合同另有規(guī)定,所有通知和請(qǐng)求以航空掛號(hào)信寄出后8日應(yīng)視為送達(dá)收悉,以電傳方式發(fā)出 則
22、在發(fā)送時(shí)視為收悉。 注釋與說(shuō)明: A. herein=in here=in this legal document B. hereof=of here=of this legal document 7.without pjudice to “without pjudice to”的基本含義是“不損害”。但在不同語(yǔ)境下,仍可分以下兩種具體含義: (1)“在不影響的原則下” Withou pjudice to section 24,the following will shall be treated as properly executed. 參考譯文:在不影響第24條的原則下,以下遺囑視為正式
23、簽署。 (2)“不妨礙” The Party A shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without pjudice to the Party As right to claim compensations. 參考譯文:不妨礙甲方索賠權(quán),甲方仍有權(quán)取消部分或全部合同。 注釋與說(shuō)明: 注意理解“cancel”一詞。在合同法中,有合同解除制度。常用的英文表達(dá)為“cancel”和 “rescind”。 8.如果 “如果”的表達(dá)方式:以下四種方式均可以表達(dá)假設(shè)關(guān)系,但應(yīng)注意其假設(shè)
24、的程度是呈逐一遞減的狀態(tài)的,即 使用should時(shí)可能性最小,其次為“in the event”,再次為“in case”,最后也是最常見(jiàn)的是“where”(即等于普通英語(yǔ)中的“if”)。 (1)where Where an employee is granted any period of annual leave, the employer shall pay him annual leave pay in respect of that period not later than the day on which he is next paid his wages after that
25、period. 參考譯文:如果雇員被給予任何一段期間的年假,則雇主最遲須于該段期間后的第一個(gè)發(fā)薪日給付該雇員該段 期間的年假薪酬。 A.注釋與說(shuō)明: 應(yīng) 注意理解本句中的“in respect of”,這一表達(dá)在此處實(shí)際上就代替了“of”,比如“acution in respect of damages to goods(貨物損壞之賠償)”所以“ annual leave pay in respect of that period”就可以簡(jiǎn)化理解為“annual leave pay of that period(該段期間的年假薪酬)”。另外,需要提示的是在英文合同中最常見(jiàn)的兩個(gè)表示“關(guān)于”的表
26、達(dá)除了“in respect of”外還有“with respect to”。 (2)in case In case of any discrepancy, the Chinese language text shall pvail. 參考譯文:如有差異,以中文文本為準(zhǔn)。 (3) in the event In the event of a breach, there is a greater chance that a court will enforce explicit terms. 參考譯文:如有違約,則法院極有可能執(zhí)行明確的合同條款。 (4)should Should the Par
27、ty B not make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Provision 18 to this contract,the Party A shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Party B agrees to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payme
28、nt under negotiation. 參考譯文:如果乙方并非因本合同第18條規(guī)定的不可抗力而未按照合同規(guī)定的期限交貨,則只要乙方同意支 付罰金,并由付款行從議付中扣除,甲方便同意乙方延期交貨。 注釋與說(shuō)明: 讀者應(yīng)注意“should”一詞在表示假設(shè)時(shí),使用倒裝語(yǔ)序。 9. any person who doesshall “any person who doesshall”表示“任何做某事之人應(yīng)”。 Any person who is an employee at the commencement of the period during which the business or pa
29、rt thereof is closed down for the purpose specificed in subsection(1),and who is not otherwise entitled to annual leave pay in respect of any day during that period,shall,as regards the period beginning on the appropriate day and ending on the day pceding the first day of the close down,be entitled
30、to annual leave calculated in accordance with subsection (4). 參考譯文:任何因第(1)款所指明目的而停業(yè)或部分停業(yè)期間開(kāi)始時(shí)已經(jīng)成為雇員之人,若非因該次停業(yè)而 無(wú)權(quán)獲得該段期間任何一天的年假薪酬,則就始于適用日而止于停業(yè)首日之前一日之期間,應(yīng)有權(quán)享有按照第4款計(jì)算的年假。 注釋與說(shuō)明: 本句斜線部分是本句型的機(jī)構(gòu),應(yīng)注意排除文中大量插入語(yǔ)的干擾。 10. for the purpose of “for the purpose of”:就而言 For the purpose of this Agreement, “control”sh
31、all mean either the ownership of fifty-one percent or more of the ordinary share capital of the company carrying the right to vote at general meetings or the power to nominate a majority of the board of directors of the Company. 參考譯文:就本協(xié)議而言,“控制”系指擁有在股東大會(huì)上有投票權(quán)的百分之五十一或以上的公司普通股股 本,或擁有任命公司董事會(huì)中多數(shù)董事的權(quán)利。 注
32、釋與說(shuō)明: 在英文合同和其他法律文件中的很多情況下,這個(gè)句型并非是指“為了XX目的”而是指“就XX法律問(wèn)題而 言”。其他例子比如“for the purpose of Article XX(就XX條款而言)”。 11.provided that “provided that”:但是 (1)Provided that the acceptance of rent or mesne profits by the Party A after the expiration of the term of the tenancy hereby created shall not be deemed to
33、operate as a waiver or breach of any of the terms hereof nor as a new periodic tenancy by way of holding over or otherwise.A new tenancy shall only be created by a fresh tenancy agreement in writing signed by the Party A and the Party B. 但是甲方在本協(xié)議所產(chǎn)生的租賃關(guān)系期滿后獲得的租金或中間收益的行為,不得被認(rèn)為構(gòu)成棄權(quán)或是對(duì)本協(xié)議 的違反,亦不得認(rèn)為構(gòu)成了一
34、個(gè)新的租賃期限或其他任何解釋。新的租賃關(guān)系的產(chǎn)生只能以甲方和乙方以書(shū)面訂立的形式為之。 注釋與說(shuō)明: A.英文合同中很少使用“but”一詞,表示轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)常常使用本結(jié)構(gòu)及本結(jié)構(gòu)的變形 “provided, however, that”。同時(shí),應(yīng)用此結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)大多會(huì)像下面例(2)一樣,放在句子的后半部分,表示轉(zhuǎn)折。 (2)This Agreement commences on the date the last party signs it and expires after number years, unless it is terminated earlier as provided in thi
35、s Agreement. At the expiration of this Agreement, the parties may negotiate a renewal or extension of the term, provided that the Party B is in full compliance with this Agreement at that time. 參考譯文:除本協(xié)議另有規(guī)定外,本協(xié)議自最后在其上簽字的一方簽字時(shí)生效并于年后失效。在本協(xié)議失 效之際,合同當(dāng)事人可以協(xié)商延長(zhǎng)合同期限,但是乙方在彼時(shí)應(yīng)完全符合本協(xié)議的要求。 12.notwithstanding
36、“notwithstanding”:即使,表示一種讓步。 (1)If the Party A places an order within the time designated in this offer, the price for the goods will remain firm notwithstanding any variation in the costs of producing the goods. 參考譯文:如果在要約指定的時(shí)間內(nèi),由甲方發(fā)出了訂單,則貨物價(jià)格應(yīng)保持不變,即使生產(chǎn)成本發(fā)生變化。 (2)Notwithstanding any other provision
37、s to the contrary herein,insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties. 參考譯文:即使存在與本合同相悖的規(guī)定,保險(xiǎn)范圍和責(zé)任限制亦應(yīng)當(dāng)以各方同意為準(zhǔn)。 注釋與說(shuō)明: A 在英文合同句子中有兩個(gè)常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)性標(biāo)志詞匯,即此處的表示讓步關(guān)系的“notwithstanding”和前述的表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的“provided that”。在較復(fù)雜的句子中讀者經(jīng)常會(huì)見(jiàn)到這兩個(gè)表達(dá)方法同時(shí)使用,閱讀的技巧在于全句的主干一定不會(huì)出現(xiàn)在“notwithstanding”和 “provi
38、ded that”引導(dǎo)的讓步和轉(zhuǎn)折從句中。比如下面的例子(注意斜體字標(biāo)出的部分): The indemnity, release, holding harmless, defendance and protection obligations assumed in Article XX shall apply in respect of the full liability of the indemnitee for claims, notwithstanding the indemnitee may be entitled to contribution thereto from any o
39、ther person and notwithstanding such liability may relate to negligence of a third party, provided that in such event the indemnifying party shall be fully subrogated to the rights of the indemnitee against such third party. 參考譯文:規(guī)定在XX條款中的補(bǔ)償、免責(zé)、免受損失、以及抗辯和保護(hù)的義務(wù)應(yīng)適用于與被補(bǔ)償人相關(guān)的所 有責(zé)任;即使被補(bǔ)償人還可向他人主張權(quán)利,即使該等責(zé)任
40、可能與第三人的過(guò)失相關(guān);但是在此等情形下,被補(bǔ)償人應(yīng)將其可向該等第三人主張的權(quán)利讓與補(bǔ)償人。 閱讀提示: A. 讀者應(yīng)理解在本句中實(shí)際上存在五方關(guān)系人,即補(bǔ)償人(indemnifying party)、被補(bǔ)償人(indemnitee)、第三人(third party)、他人(any other person) 以及隱含的“向被補(bǔ)償人主張權(quán)利的他人”。本條款實(shí)際上會(huì)出現(xiàn)在某些復(fù)雜的商事合同中,比如“甲方(被補(bǔ)償人)向乙方(補(bǔ)償人)購(gòu)買由丙方(他人,通常是 保險(xiǎn)公司)質(zhì)量承保的某種產(chǎn)品。結(jié)果甲方在使用該產(chǎn)品時(shí),因?yàn)槎》剑ǖ谌耍┻^(guò)錯(cuò)造成了戊方(可向被補(bǔ)償人主張權(quán)利的他人)的人身傷害?!贝藭r(shí),為了甲
41、乙 雙方為避免此類事件發(fā)生后發(fā)生扯皮,所以就常常在雙方的產(chǎn)品買賣合同中進(jìn)行類似本條款的約定。 B.讀者應(yīng)理解本條 款中的句子主干在于The indemnity, release, holding harmless, defendance and protection obligations assumed in Article XX shall apply in respect of the full liability of the indemnitee for claims,而不是notwithstanding和provided that引導(dǎo)的讓步和轉(zhuǎn)折從句。 13.here/there
42、/where+in/after/of等介詞 herein/hereafter/hereof以及therein/thereafter /thereof等 英 文中有大量這種由“here/there/where”加上“by/in/after/of/to/with”構(gòu)成的虛詞。理解的關(guān)鍵就在于將后面的介詞 前置然后再加上“here/there/where”所指代的this/that/which,最后再根據(jù)上下文解析出實(shí)際含義。 注釋與說(shuō)說(shuō)明: (1)here 常常指代“本法律文件”,所以在英文合同中便常常指代“contract”。比如herein即為“in this contract(在本合同中)”
43、。 (2)there雖沒(méi)有具體的指代,只能根據(jù)上下文推敲;但是他們經(jīng)??梢岳斫鉃闈h語(yǔ)中的“該等、及 其、由此、其中”等等虛詞。比如下面的這個(gè)例子: If a technological achievement accomplished by an inpidual was an assignment from the legal person or other organization with which he formerly served and was chiefly accomplished by utilizing the material and technological re
44、sources of the legal person or other organization with which he is currently serving, the rights and interests therein shall be determined in accordance with the agreement reached between the legal person or other organization with which the natural person formerly served and the one with which he i
45、s currently serving. If they fail to reach an agreement, the two parties shall share the technological achievement reasonably in proportion to their contributions to the accomplishment thereof. 參考譯文: 個(gè)人完成的技術(shù)成果,屬于執(zhí)行原所在法人或者其他組織的工作任務(wù),又主要利用了現(xiàn)在法人或者其他組織的 物質(zhì)技術(shù)條件的,應(yīng)當(dāng)按照該自然人原所在和現(xiàn)所在法人或者其他組織達(dá)成的協(xié)議確認(rèn)其中權(quán)益。不能達(dá)成協(xié)議的,
46、根據(jù)對(duì)完成該項(xiàng)技 術(shù)成果的貢獻(xiàn)的大小由雙方合理分享。 hereby=by this contract herein=in this contract hereafter=after this contrat hereof=of this contract hereto=to this contract herewith=with this contract thereby=by that therein=in there thereafter=after that thereof=of that thereto=to that therewith=with that whereby=by wh
47、ich wherein=in where whereafter=after which whereof=of which whereto=to which wherewith=with where 14.as of the date as of the date of XX:追溯性地表示“自某年某月某日起” The contract is effective as of a certain date 參考譯文:本合同自某年某月某日起生效。 15.in question “in question”表示“該、此” A price to be paid by the Party A under it
48、s obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question. 參考譯文:甲方根據(jù)返銷或回購(gòu)貨物合同的義務(wù)所支付的價(jià)格應(yīng)為世界市場(chǎng)價(jià)格,結(jié)合考慮該貨物的其他交貨 條件。 16.根據(jù) “根據(jù)”的常見(jiàn)表達(dá)方式 (1)subject to (參見(jiàn)前文第5點(diǎn)) (2)in accordance with In case no settlement c
49、an be reached,the dispute shall be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission. 參考譯文:如未達(dá)成和解方案,則糾紛應(yīng)當(dāng)提交給中國(guó)國(guó)際貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì),根據(jù)該會(huì)頒布的仲裁程序暫行規(guī) 定進(jìn)行仲裁。 (3)pursuant to To giv
50、e notice pursuant to this Agreement, a party must send written notice to the other party at the address stated in this Agreement. 參考譯文:根據(jù)本協(xié)議給予通知,一方必須向本協(xié)議中規(guī)定的另一方地址發(fā)送書(shū)面通知。 (4)in compliance with Each party shall contribute his paid in capital in compliance with the items specificed in the schedule to t
51、he contract. 參考譯文:合同各方應(yīng)根據(jù)本合同附件中所載明的項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行出資。 17.including but not limited to “including but not limited to”:包括但不限于 All intellectual property rights associated with the goodsincluding but not limited to company names, trade names, trademarks, service marks, trade dress, patents, designs, and copyrights
52、remain the property of the Party B, provided that any such rights associated with particular specifications supplied by the Party A are not the Party Bs property. 參考譯文:與貨物相關(guān)的所有知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán),包括但不限于公司名稱、商業(yè)名稱、商標(biāo)、服務(wù)標(biāo)記、商業(yè)外觀、專 利、設(shè)計(jì)、著作權(quán),均屬于乙方財(cái)產(chǎn),但是甲方提出的任何與特別規(guī)定相關(guān)的權(quán)利不屬于乙方財(cái)產(chǎn)。 18.常理解為“有權(quán)利做某事”的英文表 達(dá) “有權(quán)利做某事”的幾種常見(jiàn)表達(dá)方式 (1)
53、have the right to do Where the obligee does not notify the obligor its pision, consolidation or change of domicile so as to make it difficult for the obligor to perform the obligations, the obligor has right to suspend to perform or have the subject matter deposited. 參考譯文:債權(quán)人分立、合并或者變更住所沒(méi)有通知債務(wù)人,致使履行債
54、務(wù)發(fā)生困難的,債務(wù)人可以中止履行 或者將標(biāo)的物提存。 注釋與說(shuō)明: A.domicile表示住所,例如“rescidential domicile(經(jīng)常居住地)”。 B.“have sth deposited”表示“提存”。 (2)be entitled to do The Party A is entitled to inspect, or to have its agent inspect, the Goods at the Party Bs place of business or point of shipping. 參考譯文:在乙方營(yíng)業(yè)地或運(yùn)輸?shù)丶追接袡?quán)自行或委托其代理人檢驗(yàn)貨物。
55、(3)do sth at ones option or/and discretion (4)have the authority to do 19有義務(wù)做某事 “有義務(wù)做”的幾種表達(dá)方式 (1)have the obligation to do (2)be obliged to do Party A was obliged to sell their house in order to perform his obligation. 甲方有義務(wù)出賣房產(chǎn)以履行義務(wù)。 (3)be liable/responsible to do 20英文合同中常見(jiàn)的幾種“擔(dān)保物權(quán)” 學(xué)習(xí)幾個(gè)重要的擔(dān)保物權(quán)概念 (
56、1)encumbrance:在財(cái)產(chǎn)上設(shè)定的他物權(quán)的總稱,包括 mortgage,charge,pledge,lien等??珊?jiǎn)稱為“權(quán)利負(fù)擔(dān)”。 (2)mortgage:特指不動(dòng)產(chǎn)抵押,“按揭”。 (3)charge:抵押,包括動(dòng)產(chǎn)抵押和不動(dòng)產(chǎn)抵押。 (4)pledge:質(zhì)押 (5)lien:留置 Party A further repsents and warrants that the Land is free and clear of any and all claims, charges, easement, encumbrances, lease, covenants, securit
57、y interest, liens, option, pledge, rights of others, or restrictions, whether imposed by agreement, understanding, law, equity or otherwise. 參考譯文:甲方進(jìn)一步陳述和保證,土地不存在任何權(quán)利主張、抵押、地役權(quán)、權(quán)利負(fù)擔(dān)、租約、契約、擔(dān)保 權(quán)益、留置權(quán)、購(gòu)買權(quán)、質(zhì)押、他人權(quán)利或限制,無(wú)論是以協(xié)議、諒解、普通法、衡平法還是其他方式設(shè)定。 21. 合同英語(yǔ)中“因?yàn)椤钡谋磉_(dá)方法 (1)owing to (2)attributable to Should the
58、Party A be unable to arrange insurance in time owing to the Party Bs failure to give the above-mentioned advice of shipment by cable or telex,the Party B shall be held responsible for any and all damages and/or losses attributable to such failure. 參考譯文:如果甲方不能及時(shí)安排買保險(xiǎn)的原因是乙方未能以電報(bào)或電傳方式發(fā)出上述裝運(yùn)通知,則由此產(chǎn)生 的損失和損害賠償責(zé)任應(yīng)由乙方承擔(dān)。 (3)due to
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